Proteins RCC

T or F Positive nitrogen balance exists during periods of rapid growth (e.g., in infancy and adolescence).

True

T or F The primary function of dietary protein is to supply the necessary amino acids to build and repair body tissue.

True

T or F When negative nitrogen balance exists, an individual is less able to resist infection and general health deteriorates.

True

Indispensable proteins

nine amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body does not make adequate amounts to support body needs.

Amino acids

nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein.

Antibody

protein molecule produced by B cells as a primary immune defense for attaching to specific antigens.

Main functions of protein

*Structural tissue building *Source of energy *Water balance through osmotic pressure *Digestion and metabolism through enzymatic action *Cell signaling (insulin) *Transport (hemoglobin and transferrin) *Immunity (antibodies)

Men have a higher need than women for which of the following nutrients due to their larger muscle mass? a. Carbohydrates b. Minerals c. Proteins d. Vitamins

c. Proteins

A state of negative nitrogen balance may occur during periods of: a. pregnancy b. adolescence c. injury or surgery d. infancy

c. injury or surgery

Names of Dispensable proteins

*Alanine *Aspartic acid *Asparagine *Glutamic acid *Serine

Names of Conditionally indispensable proteins

*Arginine *Cysteine *Glutamine *Glycine *Proline *Tyrosine

Names of Indispensable proteins

*Histidine *Phenylalanine *Isoleucine *Threonine *Leucine *Tryptophan *Lysine *Valine *Methionine

List 4 conditions that can cause negative nitrogen balance

*Starvation *Surgery *Illness *Trauma *Stress

Complementary proteins in vegetarian diet

Combine plant protein foods so that they complement one another and supply all 9 indispensable proteins.

Protein digestion in the mouth

Mechanical-chewing, mastication

Most healthcare experts recommend that protein intake should contribute what percentage of total caloric intake?

10%-20%

Protein digestion in the stomach

Chemical-Pepsin starts the breakdown of protein. Rennin-only present in infancy and childhood for infant digestion of milk.

T or F Because they are smaller, infants and young children need less protein per unit of body weight than do adults

False

T or F Complete proteins of high biologic value are found in whole grains, dried beans, peas, and nuts.

False

T or F Protein provides a main source of body heat and muscle energy.

False

T or F The average American diet contains a relatively small amount of protein.

False

What are incomplete proteins?

Foods that are deficient in one or more of the nine indispensable amino acids. Usually plant protein foods (grains, legumes, nuts, seed, and vegetables) The exception is soy protein which provides complete protein.

What are complete proteins?

Foods that supply all the indispensable amino acids.

Differences of Indispensable, Dispensable, and Conditionally Indispensable proteins

Indispensable-Need protein from the diet. Body does not make enough. Dispensable-Body can synthesize from other amino acids (if available). Needed for healthy life but are not necessary (dispensable) in the diet. Conditionally Indispensable-normally not necessary (dispensable) but under certain circumstances (illness) they must be from the diet (indispensable)

Protein digestion in the small intestine

Pancreatic secretions-Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase. Intestinal secretions-Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidase. Absorbed directly into the portal blood circulation for use in building body tissues.

T or F Healthy adults are in a state of nitrogen balance.

True

T or F Egg protein has a higher biologic value than meat protein.

True

Neutral nitrogen balance

When catabolism and anabolism are occurring at the same rate, as in healthy adults.

Negative nitrogen balance

When more nitrogen (protein) is excreted than is ingested such as starvation.

Positive nitrogen balance

When nitrogen (protein) intake is greater than excretion-for example, during periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from illness.

Which of the following statements regarding the function of protein in the body are accurate? (select all that apply) a. Within the body, more than a thousand different proteins are made by combining amounts and proportions of the 22 amino acids. b. Proteins are required for the formation of all body structures. c. Dietary protein may be labeled complete or incomplete based on its fiber content. d. Dietary protein is broken down into amino acid particles by pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine. e. Amino acid particles are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa to be transported to the gallbladder. f. The body's protein tissues are in a constant state of flux.

a,b,d,f

Which of the following nutrients supplies energy to the body? a. Proteins b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Water

a. Proteins provide 4 cal/g of energy.

Which of the following is the best indicator that a patient needs TPN? a. Serum albumin level of 2.5 g/dl or less b. Residual of more than 100 mL c. Absence of bowel sounds d. Presence of dumping syndrome

a. Serum albumin level of 2.5 g/dl or less

Which plant protein contains all the essential amino acids necessary to support growth? a. Grains b. Soy c. Vegetables d. Legumes

a. Soy Soy is considered a complete plant protein that contains all of the essential amino acids.

Nine of the 20 amino acids are indispensable, meaning that: a. the body cannot make them and must obtain them from the diet. b. they are indispensable in body processes and the rest are not. c. the body makes them because they are the life essential ones. d. after making them, the body uses them for growth.

a. the body cannot make them and must obtain them from the diet

Which of the following foods provides a complete protein? a. Vegetables b. Meats c. Grains d. Legumes

b. Meats

A complete protein food of high biologic value contains: a. all 20 of the amino acids in sufficient amounts to meet human requirements. b. the nine indispensable amino acids in any proportion because the body can always fill in the necessary differences. c. all the 20 amino acids from which the body can make additional amounts of the nine indispensable ones as necessary. d. all nine of the indispensable amino acids in correct proportion to meet the human requirements.

d. all nine of the indispensable amino acids in correct proportion to meet the human requirements.

Dispensable proteins

five amino acids that the body can synthesize from other amino acids supplied through the diet and thus do not have to be consumed on a daily basis.

Conditionally indispensable proteins

six amino acids that normally are considered dispensable amino acids because the body can make them. However, under certain circumstances such as illness, the body cannot make them in high enough quantities and the become indispensable in the diet.