Protestant Reformation (1500-1522)

Jews were expelled from England in ______ and from France in ______ and again in ______. In Germany, not a unified country until after the early modern period, the situation varied from place to place.

1. 1290 2. 1306 3. 1394

From _____, the Roman Church decreed that Jews should wear _______________ as a mark of humiliation for their refusal to ____________________ to Christianity.

1. 1295 2. badges 3. convert

From the ____th century, there was, in many parts of Europe, the __________________________, which took hearsay evidence, encouraged neighbors to inform on neighbors, and used _________________ to ferret out people who did not agree with orthodox Catholicism.

1. 13 2. inquisition 3. torture

By the late ___th century, Christian Humanist (Church reformers) writers, such as Erasmus, Nicholas de Cusa, Philipp Melanchthon, and Ulrich Zwingli, also sought reform from _____________________ the Church.

1. 15 2. within

Before the ___th century, kings and lay people rarely joined forces in criticizing the Church: To condone lay questioning of the __________ would be to condone questioning of all authority-religious and civil.

1. 15th 2. church

Declared the official religion of the Roman Empire in _____, Christianity had split into two camps in _______.

1. 391 2. 1051

Martin Luther launched the Reformation by posting his ____ ______________ on the castle church door at Wittenberg on _____ ______________ ______.

1. 95 Theses 2. 31 October 1517

___________________________ (Russia and Christians in the Ottoman Empire) acknowledged an orthodox patriarchy based in _____________________________ and recognized even by the Ottomans as speaking for its Christians.

1. Eastern Europe 2. Constantinople

Religious books sold well. The writings of Meister Eckhart and Thomas a Kempis were very popular well beyond ____________________. The devotio moderno emphasized a practical individual faith that was very popular in the ________ Countries.

1. Germany 2. low

Martin Luther lived in ___________________ where the central authority of the emperor was ___________ and the German princes were ___________________.

1. Germany 2. weak 3. strong

One Swiss Protestant reformer, __________ ____________, went further, arguing in Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) that God, who knows all things, has already determined who is saved (the ________________) or damned (the reprobate ).

1. Joh Calvin 2. elect

Some popes (e.g., Julius II; Alexander VI; Leo X) behaved like great ___________________________ Renaissance princes themselves-which in the long run harmed papal prestige and the sense that popes were ______________________ leaders.

1. Machiavellian 2. spiritual

Thanks to this support, and because the Holy Roman Emperor-in part because he never explored the ________ ____________-was weak and poor, Protestantism spread across Europe to northern Germany, Bohemia, France, England, Scotland, and Scandinavia. The ________________________ ________________________ had been launched!

1. New World 2. Protestant Reformation

Since before the fall of the __________________ Empire more than 1,000 years previously, Europe had been officially and primarily _____________________.

1. Roman 2. Christian

Charles V, the Holy ________________ Emperor, opposed Luther's ideas and summoned him to answer a charge of heresy at the __________ ____ ___________ in April 1521.

1. Roman 2. Diet of Worms

If Martin Luther had been living in a more centralized monarchy, such as _____________, France, or even ____________________, his life would have been forfeit.

1. Rome 2. England

While Church and _______________ generally cooperated in both East and West, there were ____________________ in the West during the Middle Ages.

1. State 2. clashes

_________________________ Europe acknowledged the Bishop of Rome later known as the pope-as the _______________ of Christ.

1. Western 2. Vicar

The Bible should be ________________________ into the vernacular, printed using the new _________________________ of the printing press, and made available to the people. (Protestant idea)

1. available 2. technology

Church courts monitored personal ________________________ but had the potential to split communities and breed __________________________.

1. behavior 2. resentment

Traditionally, the medieval Catholic Church has been portrayed as ____________________ and unpopular-but this view is often taken directly from works of literature such as Chaucer's ___________________________ or the propaganda of Protestant reformers.

1. corrupt 2. Caniberry Tales

After the success of these councils, there was hope that the Church would become more _______________________ and that conciliarism-the idea that councils should have the power to determine Church _______________-would make reform possible by giving priests and _______ people a voice in Church governance.

1. democratic 2. policy 3. lay

Any piece of religious __________________ or practice without scriptural foundation should be rejected or ______________________ out of hand, including the hierarchy of popes and bishops; elaborate rituals and church decor, including ___________________, images of saints, and so on; and most of the sacraments. (Protestant idea)

1. dogma 2. abolished 3. crufixes

Sacraments might or might not be useful in inclining an individual toward God, but they did not automatically result in _________________________ or salvation, that would be telling God what to ____.

1. forgiveness 2. do

The performance of ___________________ works, especially the _________ sacraments, which forgave sins and produced ________________.

1. good 2. 7 3. grace

Penalties ranged from public ___________________________--adulterers were made to stand in the town square in a white sheet--to horrible death. Heretics were ______________ publicly at the stake in a ceremony that came to be known as an "auto-de- fe"-an "act of ___________."

1. humiliations 2. burnt 3. faith

Martin Luther was equally appalled at the worldliness and corruption of the Church, especially the Church's practice of selling __________________, e.g., the sale of indulgences all over Germany by a Dominican priest named Johann Tetzel, who was trying to raise money for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in ___________.

1. indulgences 2. Rome

Protestants believed that no human being could ________________ salvation through his or her own efforts; salvation was entirely up to ________.

1. merit 2. God

Still, the _______________________ of Constantinople never had the administrative authority of the pope: the Russian ____________________ Church, under a patriarch in Moscow, had broken away in 1448, and others would break away to form separate Orthodox churches in the ___th century.

1. patriarch 2. Orthodox 3. 19

Indeed, other rituals, the whole apparatus of _________________, sacraments, processions, blessings, holy water, the sign of the ____________, veneration of images, and so on were, at best, __________________ and, at worst, mere superstition and _____________________.

1. priests 2. cross 3. useless 4. idolatry

The excommunication of Martin Luther made little response in ______________, giving Luther and his followers a clear field and time to get their _____________________ out.

1. print 2. message

Martin Luther was obsessed with his own _________________________; his unworthiness of God's _________________.

1. sinfulness 2. worthy

Martin Luther received government ________________ and _________________

1. support 2. protection

Church _________ were sent far away to ___________; the perception of greed and worldliness of the Church was widely resented.

1. taxes 2. Rome

Medieval Spain had been very ___________________ of both Jews and Muslims, but as we have seen, Isabella and Ferdinand harried them out of the country. Many fled to Portugal, but in 1497, Manuel I decided on __________________ conversions, causing many to leave for Greece and North Africa.

1. tolerant 2. forced

Western European kings were increasingly ___________________________ with the Church's claim to have given them their _______________.

1. uncomfortable 2. power

Protestantism excommunicated Martin Luther only in _________.

1521

Catholics believed that salvation was won through ____ mutually supportive means:

2

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A Humanist Church Reformer in Sweden

Kings wanted to appoint ______________ because they were also royal vassals and officials.

Bishops

____________________ had been, until quite recently, the ruler's chief advisors.

Bishops

Just because books emphasizing individual faith were popular, it not mean that everybody was happy in ________________________.

Christ Dome

Rulers were crowned by the _________________.

Church

They were prohibited by successive Church councils from employing Christians or appearing in public on ___________________ or other Christian holidays.

Easter

________________ alone justified the individual in God's eyes.

Faith

________________, that is, belief in God, in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and in His Church.

Faith

What was the Catholic Theology?

If you are good, you go to Heaven. If you are bad, you go to Hell. If you are neither, you go to Purgatory to pay off your sins to later go to Heaven.

The catalyst of the Protestant Reformation was ______________ _______________ (1483-1546).

Martin Luther

Unity was restored in 1417, when a series of Church councils deposed all three competing popes and elected a fourth, _____________________.

Martin V

Jews, _______________________, and other minority groups were second-class citizens, even when they were not persecuted and expelled.

Muslims

Most people were ___________________ Catholics.

Orthodox

The glorious exception to this really sad of punishment of religion was _________________.

Poland

What was John Calvin primarily known for?

Pre-destiny (God already knows whether you are saved damned and you can't prove him wrong)

Unlike previous "heresies," __________________ ideas survived.

Protestant

From this radical but simple idea by the Protestants claiming that God's will comes from being faithful, came three equally revolutionary planks of __________________________.

Protestantism

The early modern Church was not in great shape to fight these battles after the French king abducted the papacy to Avignon between 1309 and 1374, and the Great ______________ of 1374-1417.

Schism

Nearly every _____________________ state established Christianity as its official religion.

Western European

What was significant about Saint Peters?

Whatever the Pope says about religion must be made by God

Some princes, mostly in the North, agreed with Martin Luther, and Fredrick the _____________, Elector of Saxony (1463-1525), gave him sanctuary.

Wise

Did Catholicism believe in earning your way to Heaven?

Yes

Did Lutherism believe that God could make the decision if you are saved or not?

Yes

What was Johann Tetzel significant for?

The Grand Commissioner of Indulgences (time off in Purgatory)

Martin Luther _______________ from two coincidental historical developments.

benefited

Weakened by _________________________ and perhaps overconfident, the Church did not act decisively.

corruption

On the other hand, recent research indicates that most people hauled before the Inquisition were not burnt and that its ________________________ was worse than its reality.

descriptions

Most clergy were doing their jobs under _______________________ conditions.

difficult

Heresy was the Church's term for anyone who _________________ with the Church.

disagrees

Protestant reformers found God's will for his people in the Word, that is, Scripture, and its working out by the _____________ alone.

faithful

One reason for the mass movements of Western Catholics was de-emphasis of the _____________________ and the authoritarianism of the Church, and an increased role for the laity.

hierarchy

Martin Luther was steeped in the critical method and mentality of Christian _______________________.

humanism

One reason for the mass movements of Western Catholics was a less greedy, worldly Church with more emphasis on Christ's ______________, humanity, and poverty.

humility

Because it took a while for the Church to respond, Martin Luther and his followers had time to work out the _________________________ of his ideas.

implications

Rising literacy (to about 15-20 percent of the total population in _______) also allowed for the rapid spread of Martin Luther's ideas.

mass

Most people turned to religion to give their hard lives ________________________ and consolation. Here, we get into an area of great controversy among historians.

meaning

One reason for the mass movements of Western Catholics was a translation of scripture into the __________________________.

minavacular

Lay people participated ___________________ in Church ritual.

minimally

Because Christians were forbidden from lending money at interest, Jews found a niche as bankers and _______________________-a niche that only increased their unpopularity in some quarters.

money-lenders

Too often, the papacy neglected the obligation to be a ________________ example.

moral

These problems of the Church produced increased anticlericalism and grassroots _________________________ to change the Church.

movement

The Diet Worms responded to Martin Luther's refusal to recanting by declaring an ____________________.

outlaws

There was a shortage of priests in Christ Dome, who were often ______________ educated and sometimes failed to be good moral exemplars.

poorly

If all three groups (kings, lay people, and reformers) ever came together, real change would be _______________________.

possible

Kings wanted sole ___________________________ in their lands.

power

The invention of the _______________ _____________ in Germany in the mid-15th century enabled Martin Luther's ideas and translations of the Bible to spread rapidly.

printing press

At the Diet of Worms, courageously, Martin Luther refused to _______________.

recant

Bibles in hand, there was no need for a corps of __________________________, sacrosanct clergy (including popes, archbishops, and bishops) to interpret it for the people. (Protestant idea)

religion

The state enforced __________________________, by requiring attendance at weekly mass and persecuting Christian heretics.

religious conformity

Martin V and his successors concentrated on _____________________ and strengthening papal power.

reviving

These different Protestants attitudes to ministry were paralleled by different attitudes towards _______________________.

salvation

Catholics found religious truth in ___________________, Church tradition, and papal and conciliar decisions.

scripture

Protestants saw the only hope for reform in __________________ authority, that is, righteous lay rulers.

secular

Kings resented papal power to __________ their subjects.

tax

The Church ____________ a high proportion of people's income.

taxed

During the High Middle Ages (1100-1300), there arose mass movements of Western Catholics-sometimes inspired by _________________________, sometimes arising on their own-who had problems with their Church, most famously the Albigensians (Albigeois in French), the Lollards, and the Hussites.

theologians

Martin Luther was a devout Augustinian priest and professor of __________________ at the University of Wittenberg.

theology

One area of fundamental disagreement between 16th century Catholics and Protestants was their source of religious _________________.

truth

But, recent archival research illustrative of people's actual lives (___________, church records of donations, and clubs) shows a healthier Church.

wills