Protestant Reformation & Religious Wars

Concord at Bologna

France -treaty in 1516 which implemented the pope's right to receive the first year's income of new abbots and bishops -increased royal power, as the French crown was now given authority to select new bishops and abbots

Henry of Navarre

France, A politique whose rise to power ended the French Civil Wars; converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, but privately remained a Calvinist and issued Edict of Nantes. Henry IV

Nobility of the Robe

France- new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

Jean & Pierre Leclerc

France- two protestant brothers arrested and tortured by french government to death.

Waldrenses

France- wrote a profession of faith, but unlike Germany, the response was brutal. Pope Paul ordered attack and thousands were killed. In response Germany, England, and Switzerland wrote letters of protest. Spain wrote letters of congratulations

Habsburg- Vois War

French War, Habsburg ( Charles V- holy roman emperor) vs. French Leaders ( Francis I, Henry II, etc.)

Archbishop Cranmer

From England-important to the development of the church of England-author of book of common prayer, replaced Cardinal Wosley. secretly protestant.used the opportunity to have Henry VIII work with parliament to secure the birth of the Anglican Church(Protestant)

Protestant Union

Germany- Known also as Union of Evangelical Estates. (1608) alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spread of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholic princes responded with the Catholic League (1609). The two armed camps erupted in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648).

Edward Seymour

Guardian of Edward VI during his reign.

pope paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor

Duke of Alba

Lead a Spanish army into the Netherlands on orders from Phillip II of Spain. Made a council in the Netherlands and he was known for inspiring terror. His percecution send many fleeing from the Netherlands for sefety

Beggars of the Sea

Netherlands- a blockade so that philip of spain could not get reinforcements to Netherlands

Alexander Farnese

Netherlands- duke of Parma; sent by Philip II to finally crush the revolt; used knowledge of war tactics to quiet cities 1 by 1; Protestants forced to convert of leave. Replaced duke of Alba

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Gustavous Adolphus

Richelieu supported lutheran against Catholic hapdburs because he hated them so much,. divide gemany. swedish phase of 30 years war. made pact with france in 1631, sweds would fight war and french would fund it.

Margaret of Parma

Ruler of the Dutch under Philip's rule. Her easy treatment allowed the calvanists to go a little berserk. Philip replaces her with the more brutal Duke of Alba

Heptameran

Short Stories written by Francis's sister Mary, to articulate consequence of the Habsburg-vois War. French promise, but economic despair.

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Hans Bohm

preached to pilgrims in 1476; talked about repentence but became intrigued by the poverty; he acknowledged the greed of the clergy and the poverty of the common people and suggested they stop paying taxes and tithes; contributed to anabaptist movement. Led "Band of the shoe"

william of Nassau

prince of Orange; leader of Dutch and helps them try to break away from Philip II's Catholic rule

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.

Edict of Restitution

(1629) Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

Edict of July

1561 France- stated that huganos can hold assemblies and worship as long as it was outside town walls, where others would not see you. The result was that this upset both protestants and catholics.

Edict of January

1562 France- forbade violent actions against Huganos. sparked more french civil war.

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

106 anti theses

Catholic response to the 95 Theses, written by Johann Tetzel.

Albrett von Woldstein

Catholic, owned 1/4 of bohemian land. Ferdinand called for him to gather 20,000 troops, and he gathered 50,000. He saw an opportunity to unify Germany. fought way all the way to tip of sweden, gaining up to 140,000 troops on the way.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany. Attack on the Church was an attack on the state.

Fuggers

House of, was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in Habsburg possesion by Charles V. However, they soon went bankrupt.

80 years war

It began as a revolt of the 17 Dutch providences against Philip II of Spain. William of Orange helped win the war, also called the Dutch War of Independence.

Act of Submission of the clergy

Prevented the Church from making any regulations without the Kings consent

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Ferdinand II

This was the name of the future ruler of the Holy Roman Empire who instigated a Protestant revolt by closing Protestant churches in Bohemia. This led to the 30 Years War.

39- Articles

Also known as the Elizabethan Articles, it laid out the rules for Anglicanism. (Laws of the mild Protestant Church she created.)

pilgrimage of Grace

England-An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.

The Burning Room

France- Trials for Heretics, most found guilty by Francis II. Method of showing states power and influence.

Field of Cloth and Gold

In 1520 a elaborate gathering was hosted to celebrate the new alliance between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France, both were young men and got the idea that they should wrestle, Francis won and Henry Stormed off, ruining the diplomatic alliance.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

ptolemy

estimated the earth was 12000 miles in circumfrence

Catholic League

formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne

Tyndale

translated the Bible into English. His works would lead to the King James translation, he was then burned at the stake in 1536.

The First book of common prayer

written by Archbishop Cranmer, it contained catholic ritual. communion replaced mass recognized Catholicism as the religion of the people, but the shift towards Protestantism

95-Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

Cardinal de Granvelle

Bishop in Netherlands brought in by Margaret of Parma

The Hammer of Witches

(1486) - Written by two Dominican monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, was sanctioned by Pope Innocent VIII as an official guide to the church's detection and punishment of witches. The authors describe why they believe that most witches are women rather than men.

supremacy act

(1534) Henry VIII of England declared that he was independent from the Pope's control, and therefore his entire country would belong instead to the Anglican church. This specifically made him the head of the church and the final religious authority in England.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Jane Grey

(1553) Disputed claimant to the throne for 9 days. Edward VI's will named this young lady as his successor in an attempt to prevent Mary from acceding to the throne and restoring Catholocisim to England. Her father's involvement in Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary resulted in her execution.

Edict of Ambroise

1563 France- gave limited freedom of religion to royalty and aristocrats, they can now choose, this contradicted first two edicts.

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants, document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Battle of Lutzen

1632 (Swedish Phase) Sweds won against Wallenstein (Catholic) and protestantism is established in Norther Germany and Catholicism is established in Southern Germany (in this battle Gustav Adolphus dies)

Peace of Westphailia

1648 gave independence to United Provinces of the Netherlands, ended the 30 years war.

On the Jews and their Lies

A 65,000 word treatise written by Martin Luther in 1543. In it, Luther writes such quotes as the Jews are a "base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth." they are "full of the devil's feces ... which they wallow in like swine," and the synagogue is an "incorrigible whore and an evil slut". Basically, it is loaded with hatred toward the Jewish, and also seems to support their murder. This book had a major impact on German attitude toward the Jewish.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Sacred Congregation of the roman and universal Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.

politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

Against the Murderous thieving hordes of the peasants

A tract written by Luther. "Let everyone who can smite, slay, and stab the peasants, secretly and openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful or devilish than a rebel.", This was Luther's response to the revolt of the peasants claiming they were revolting in his name, saying he had never told them to revolt politically, only religiously.

Index of prohibited books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Pilgrimage of Grace

An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.

diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend., The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

St. Bartholomew's day massacre

Catholics plan to kill all the Huguenots that in Paris after Henry of Navarre and Margot's marriage in 1572. Wear white bands and kill about 3,000 in paris and about 20,000 in all of france.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

The Burning Times

Film-A term coined by Starhawk which refers to the massive witch hunts of europe. A misnomer because burnings were rare also she claims it as a genocide on women but her numbers in the millions are much higher than thought.

Henry of Guise

France (1550-1588) He led the Catholic League. Subsidized by Philip II of Spain, he vowed to fight until Protestantism was completely driven from France. He wanted to be the heir to the throne instead of Henry of Navarre or Cardinal de Bourbon. He was assassinated by his own bodyguards shortly before Christmas 1588 planned by the Valois king.

Fredrick the Wise

He was the leader of Saxony and the second most powerful person in the Holy Roman Empire. After Luther was exiled, he protected him from the threat of Charles and the church.

Loyola

He was the one who founded the Jesuits in 1534. He was a soldier. His leg was shattered when he was fighting for Charles VI. He believed that salvation could be achieved by self discipline and by doing good deeds. Loyola was the general of the order of the Jesuits and he trained them with discipline and strict obedience.

Ann Bolyn

Henry VIII made a new church in order to divorce Catherine and marry this woman who became his second wife, so that he could give birth to a son who could heir the thrown. They have daughter Elizabeth, and after Henry is excommunicated Elizabeth is regarded as a bastard child, and Anne is beheaded in 1536.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Heinrich Von Thurn

Protestant leader- Germany. threw governor into a pile of dung while freeing protestant leaders from a castle. proclaimed coup, which Ferdinand II gathered troops to destroy.

Jane Seymour

Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537), married him very shortly after the execution of Anne Boleyn in may of 1536, she would die soon after giving Birth to Edward VI that October.

Elizabeth I

Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada., Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.

Colombian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

Johann Tetzel

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther. wrote the 106 anti theses

Act of restraint of appeals

This act declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England, and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy. King Henry VIII used Parliament to legalize the Reformation in England. (p.471)

War of the Three Henry's

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV (Henry of Navarre))

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants. Bloody Mary. She gathered support and took the crown from Jane Grey, locking her and husband in the london tower. Married Phillip II (son of Charles V), which the english commoners hated. burned 300 people.

The Institutes

What: Synthesis of Protestant thought (written by Calvin) When: 1536 Where: Switzerland Significance: T.U.L.I.P. Total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, perseverance of the saints. Calvin laid forth his ideas and what he believed the protestant religion was about.

Catherine of Aragon

When Henry VIII needed a son to continue the Tudor dynasty, and he found out his wife Catherine of Aragon could not give him one (only a daughter, Mary), he sought an annulment. Of course, the Catholic Church denied him one, and in return Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church. Mother of Mary I. She was originally married to Henry's brother Arthur, but upon his death he married her. She was spanish, and was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella.

Pierre d'Ailly

Wrote Imago Mundi. estimated earth as 18000 miles in circumference. estimated that islands of Asia were only 5000 miles to west from Portugal.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Prince Henry " the navigator"

a member of the Portuguese royal family who hoped to acquire gold for Portugal and start a Crusade against the Muslims in Africa. He is thought to have founded a school of sailing and navigation in Sagres. His navigators began a series of explorations westward into the Atlantic and southward along the west coast of Africa in 1418.

Calvinist Fury

anti-Catholic riots and destruction in the Spanish Netherlands during 1566

Robert Kent

led rebellion and tried to organize separate government around a peasant commune

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

John Dudley (warwick)

hired by Edward Seymour to drive north and break up rebellion. when he returned he led successful coup and threw king seymour into london tower. wrote second book of common prayer.

Henry VIII

son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547., English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)., given the title of defender of the faith by Pope Leo X because he condemned Lutheranism. Henry believed it was his duty to England to provide an heir to the throne in order to avoid a battle for the crown. His wife could not give birth to a son for an heir, so he wanted an annulment of his marriage. Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment. Henry rebelled against the pope and declared himself "Supreme Head" of the Church of England. He ordered archbishop of Canterbury to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn. The Church of England later became known as the Anglican Church. They rejected the teachings of Martin Luther and never considered themselves protestant. Today, the descendants of the Anglican Church are called Episcopalians. He wrote the "assertion of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther"

Cardinal Wolsey

the English Archbishop, he worked on behalf of Henry VIII to get papal approval for his annulment to Catherine of Aragon, but failed to get any more than a hearing in Rome, was beheaded for failure

Puritanism

the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)