Protestant Reformation AP Euro

John Wycliffe-

(1320-1384) a religious reformer from England. He is known for his belief that Christ is humanity's only lord, and that power should depend on a state of grace. He was a hero for those that had been abused by the Church. He also attacked multiple church doctrines (transubstantiation); he spread his belief that Scriptures are the supreme authority. He was condemned a heretic, and his followers were persecuted.

Thomas a Kempis-

(1379-1471) a German monk and writer; wrote Imitation of Christ, which was about devotion and became very influential. His writings represent devotio moderna, which was a religious movement that occurred in the Netherlands

Frederick the Wise-

(1463-1525) he was the elector of Saxony. He founded the university where Martin Luther taught (Wittenberg). Frederick protected Martin Luther from the Pope and emperor at the Imperial Diet. When Luther was excommunicated, Frederick let him stay at his house. Even though Frederick was sympathetic towards Luther, he remained Catholic.

Pope Leo X-

(1475-1521) one of the most extravagant Renaissance popes. He was originally named Giovanni de' Medici (son of Lorenzo). He was successful in driving the invading French out of Italy, but was defeated by Francis I. He was also a patron of the arts, and by selling indulgences for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, he inadvertently started the Protestant Reformation. He condemned Luther as a heretic and his followers as well.

Luther-

(1483-1546) a man from the working class who is considered to have started the Protestant Reformation. Luther formulated his own religion and church. He posted his 95 Theses (1517), which criticized the selling of indulgences, and overall issues of the Church. Protestants considered him a hero, but Catholics thought of him as a heretic. He believed that all you needed was faith, and that you could build it through knowledge. The Church brushed Luther off at first, but he became more and more influential.

Zwingli-

(1484-1531) Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss theologian and a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. He accepted the Scriptures, but also applied them to doctrines and practices.

Henry VIII-

(1491-1547) he was the King of England, and greatly influenced the English monarchy. He was married 6 times, and killed 2 of his wives. He secretly married Anne Boleyn, while still married to Catherine of Aragón, and was excommunicated.

Charles V

(1500-1558) a Holy Roman emperor, and Spanish king who fought to keep the Roman Catholic empire together against Protestantism. He supported the Peace of Augsburg, and knew that it was best to keep German princes and people from fighting each other. The treaty was created to stop peasant revolts, but was later changed by Calvinism

Calvin-

(1509-1564) a second generation reformer, who was 18 when Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses. From the beginning, Calvin's goal was to form a new religion (enthusiastic). He wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, which said that God is all powerful, and man is sinful by nature. Unlike Luther, Calvin believed in predestination; he did not believe in redemption (people can't change).

John Knox-

(1513-1572) a religious reformer and was the founder of the Presbyterianism Church in Scotland. He aided a Protestant Revolt against the regency, and formed an anti-government party. With the help of Elizabeth I of England and Knox, the Protestant party controlled the Scottish government.

Why did Henry close monasteries and confiscate property?

Around 400 religious houses were closed in 1536. Henry VIII closed monasteries and confiscated property to boost his treasury and to create a group of supporters who now had a stake in the new Tudor order.

What was the state of the Church on the eve of the Reformation

At the eve of the Reformation, the Pope had little power over the people spiritually and so there was corruption. Nobleman had positions in the Church and Pluralism was occurring. The high ranking officials had multiple positions which made it hard to do the best job because they couldn't make a commitment. People were also finding other ways to make their salvation easier. They thought they could be saved through relics, which later became popular. Relics were usually the physical remains of a saint.

What was Calvin's background?

Calvin (1509-1564) was a second generation reformer and his intent (unlike Luther) was to formulate his own religion. He wrote the "Institutes of the Christian Religion" which stated the idea of predestination, God is all powerful, and that man is sinful by nature. Because of this, he became one of the leaders of the Protestant movement.

Act of Supremacy

English act of Parliament that recognised Henry VII as the "Supreme Head of the Church of England". It also required an oath of loyalty from Englished subjects that recognised his marriage with Anne Boleyn.

What was the influence of Erasmus in the Reformation?

Erasmus stated the points that explains the problems with the Church and that the church needed to be changed. He was committed to reform its abuses from within the church. His works were very popular and were very influential almost everyone had a copy of his book. It was only second best seller to the bible.

What was the social impact of the Reformation?

Family was now placed at the center of human life. More emphasis was put on the idea that the husband was the ruler and his wife the obedient servant. Luther and Calvin also emphasized that a woman's role to bear children was a part of the divine plan. Protestant Reformers also called upon families to read the Bible and participate in religious practices together. This stimulated education for women so that they could read the Bible and other religious literature, but overall the Reformation did not noticeably transform women's subordinate place in society. Education also changed due to the Reformation. Protestant educators began incorporating humanist methods in schools and universities. Protestant reformers also broadened the base of those being educated; Luther advocated that that all children should have the opportunity of an education provided by the state. There were also changes in religious practices; indulgences, the veneration of relics, pilgrimages, monasticism, and clerical celibacy were all abolished. Saints's days and religious carnivals were also abolished.

Why did Henry break away from Rome?

Henry broke away from the Church and Rome because he wanted a divorce from his current marriage with Catherine and the Church would not allow it. He wanted to marry again so that he would have an heir to his throne.

What was the influence of Thomas More?

In 1516 More published his first edition of "Utopia." Thomas More was a supporter of the Humanist movement. He remained Catholic his whole life, but also believed that reform was needed in the Catholic Church; he believed, though, that the reform had to come from within the Church itself. He was commemorated by the Church of England as a "Reformation Martyr".

What were indulgences and why did Luther consider them abuse?

Indulgences were an exchange. If someone did something for the Church, they would spend less time in Purgatory. Instead of exchanging indulgences, the Church began selling them for funding. Other people (Tetzel) also began selling indulgences, and people were being scammed. Luther felt they were an abuse because it wasn't right to promise people that they would spend less time in Purgatory. He also felt that the Pope could not grant a pardon from God.

How did Calvinism affect society?

It created Ecclesiastical Ordinances. They were a special body for enforcing moral discipline. They oversaw the moral life, daily behavior and doctrinal orthodoxy of Genevans and to admonish and correct deviants.

What was the modern devotion?

It was a movement for religious reform, and the renewal of pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity in life. It began mostly due to Gerard Groote (deacon), and came to an end with the Protestant Reformation.

What were some other aspects of Luther's theology?

Luther believed that an understanding of the Gospel is needed to distinguish the difference between the Gospel and the law. He thought that this was the root of the problem with many theological errors. In his theology, it also includes that God is the ruler of two kingdoms, one by law and the other by the Gospel. He also states that God rules his earthly kingdom by the secular government.

What was Luther's answer to the problem of how to achieve salvation?

Luther believed that by grace through faith alone could one achieve salvation. He believed that all you need is faith, and an understanding of the Bible.

Why didn't Luther support the peasant revolt?

Luther didn't support the Peasant revolt because Luther was living with Frederick the wise at the time so he sided with the nobles. He also believed that the state and government was ruled by God so the laws that were put in place by the government are also God's laws.

Why is Luther considered a "conservative revolutionary"?

Luther was considered both conservative and revolutionary because he created a revolution between the Church and society. He made bold moves against the Catholic Church's corrupt ways and made his thinking known to the people. Luther was also against the many changes of social and political actions from traditional ways of the Church.

Why was Luther's philosophy successful?

Luther was successful because his ideas and philosophies appealed to people in all classes. People were also being scammed by the indulgences and they were fed up with the corruption in the Church. People wanted change and Luther's philosophy was a good option at the time.

Who was the catholic opponent of Luther and why was he forced to accept The Peace of Augsburg?

Luther's opponent was Charles V and he was forced to accept The Peace of Augsburg because he lost the Schmalkaldic war and failed at uniting his empire. He opposed Luther but did not object to him being able to leave safely from the Diet of the Worms.

How did northern humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation?

Many humanists argued that the Church controlled too much, this relates to the Protestant Reformation because the whole reformation was based off of more religious freedom. Another principle of humanism was the idea that people should have the freedom to learn, especially by translating manuscripts so that they could know what they said. This relates to the Protestant Reformation because this idea of freedom to learn was also in the Protestants' minds. Many Protestants were interested in having the Bible translated so that more people could read it. Overall, humanism promoted more religious freedom, and the Protestant Reformation occurred because of the need for religious freedom.

What was predestination? Who were the elect? How did one show that you were a member of this group?

Predestination is the belief that whether or not someone will go to Heaven, or achieve salvation, is already determined before they are born; Calvin strongly believed in this idea. The elect were the select people allowed into Heaven by God. People in this group would show it by staying on the path of righteousness; they would have to remain moral throughout their lives.

Ignatius Loyola-

Roman Catholic theologian and the founder of the Society of Jesus. Also a leading opponent of the reformation

Give specific examples of how the Council of Trent both reformed and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine.

Scripture and tradition were affirmed as equal authorities in religious matters, but only the Church could interpret Scripture. Faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation. Also, the seven sacraments, the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, and the clerical celibacy were all upheld. Belief in purgatory and the efficacy of indulgences was affirmed (selling of them was prohibited). The most important decree that was passed established theological seminaries in every dioceses for the training of priests.

What role did cuties have on the growth of Protestantism?

Teachers and students of Luther, from the University of Wittenberg, spread his teachings. When preachers arrived in cities, debates arose about Protestantism; this further spread Luther's teachings. Also, Protestant writings were massed produced in competitive media cities, which made the city more likely to adopt the religion. Overall, ideas were more easily spread in cities.

Who were the Anabaptists?

The Anabaptists were members of a radical movement during the sixteenth century Reformation. They believed baptism was solely an action to show the person's faith. They reject infant baptism, believed in the shunning of non-believers, had simplistic lives and wanted a separation of church and state.

What areas did the Church eventually win from the Protestants?

The Church eventually won back most of what they had lost during the Reformation, especially in Germany and eastern Europe. Along with these places, they also had the New World.

What two weapons did the Church use to combat Protestantism?

The Church used the Society of Jesus and the Council of Trent to battle against Protestantism.

Why did the German princes support Luther and how did he use nationalism?

The German Princes supported Luther because his beliefs gave them an opportunity to break away from Rome and have more power. The Church owned a good amount of land and the German princes wanted some of it. Also, if the princes converted to Protestantism, their people would follow, earning Luther a huge increase in followers.

What were the provisions of the The Peace of Augsburg?

The Peace of Augsburg declared that the religion of the prince was the religion of the people. This allowed German princes to determine the religion of their people; this weakened Rome because now the princes could break away from Catholicism.

How did the Reformation affect modern nationalism?

The Reformation affected modern nationalism because it basically ended the Roman Catholic Empire. It caused a religious division, and resulted in many religious wars.

How was the English Reformation different from Luther and Calvin?

The Reformation in England was started by Henry VIII for political reasons, while the Protestant Reformation was about religion. Henry broke away from the Church because he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn, and the Pope had refused. The Act of Supremacy was passed, which made the king the "supreme head on earth of the Church of England".

How was the hope of reconciliation with Protestants ended by the Council of Trent?

The hope of reconciliation with Protestants ended by the Council of Trent because they made the decision that it was better to try and keep the remaining Catholics, Catholic. The council also didn't want to change the original Church Doctrines and change tradition. They also believed that the Protestant's beliefs were far too different from their own and that there was no way of changing their thinking.

What were the radical changes in religious practices due to the Reformation?

They replaced large church services with private prayer sessions, they abolished saint days and religious carnivals.

What was Luther's background and how did it contribute to personal observations about the Church?

When Luther was 46 he abandoned his law studies to join an Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. He became a monk in 1506, and was ordained in 1507. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509, and returned to Erfurt to teach and study. In 1510, Luther visited Rome and was appalled by the worldliness of the Roman clergy. Sometime during studies, Luther came to the realization that salvation comes from God's grace, which is accepted through faith (all you need is faith). All this experience contributed to Luther's personal observations because he was very well educated. He knew a lot about the Church and its doctrines, which made it easier for him to support his arguments.

Describe the crisis that Luther underwent after ordination?

When Luther was ordained, he was given the opportunity to celebrate his first mass. At the mass, he was so overwhelmed that when it was time to offer up the blood of Christ as a sacrifice, he hesitated and wanted to run from the alter. Also, Luther's family came to his first mass, including his father. His father had been very angry at Luther for abandoning his studies to join the Church. At Luther's banquet, his father gave a speech, and in the speech he scolded the entire monastery for allowing his son entry.

What was the Catholic response to Luther's challenge?

While Protestants saw Luther as their hero, Catholics viewed him as a heretic. The Catholic response to his challenge was the Counter-Reformation. The Council of Trent was formed; it was a way to ensure that Catholic areas remained Catholic (including the New World). The Spanish Inquisition began, which helped the Church because they needed a way to stop the spread of Protestantism. The Spanish Inquisition sought out heretics and punished them for their actions. The Society of Jesus was also formed (Jesuits). Indulgences were abolished.

What was Zwingli's contribution to Protestantism?

Zwingli was the man who started the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland through his preachings. His theology was accepted in Zürich, and from there spread to other Swiss cities.

"Curis regio, eius religio"-

a Latin phrase that means "whose realm, his religion"; this meant that the religion of the ruler became the religion of the people. This concept was used at the Peace of Augsburg to settle peasant revolts.

Geneva-

a city in Switzerland; it was the center for the Calvinist theology. Before Calvin moved there it was converted to Protestantism

Trent-

a northern Italy town; (1545-1563) the council of Trent was held here. It was considered the embodiment for the counter reformation

The Inquisition

a period of prolonged and intense questioning or investigating. A judicial institution, created by the papacy, for the sole purpose of seeking out heretics/acts of heresy

Peace of Augsburg-

a solution created to end peasant revolts that were occurring during the Protestant Reformation. The solution was that the religion of the prince, became the religion of the people. Charles V supported this idea, and it was a way to keep "peace among the pieces".

Schmalkalden-

a town in central germany; location where Martin Luther created the Schmalkaldic articles. They explained the protestant viewpoint

Counter Reformation

also called the Catholic Reformation, it was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the protestant reformation.

Protestant Revolt-

another name for the Protestant Reformation; Catholics and others who were against Protestantism called it a revolt because they saw it as heresy.

Faith-

complete trust or confidence in someone or something

Francis I-(1494-1547)

he was the king France for 32 years, and is known for his rivalry with Charles V, emperor of the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire. He was sympathetic to Protestantism during the 1520s, but in the 1530s he began prosecuting Protestants. After he died, his reign lost a lot of its glamour.

Sacrosanct-

regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with

Protestant Reformation-

religious movement that occurred from around 1517-1648. It was when people began breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church to pursue different religions. It was initiated by Martin Luther, and was continued by other reformers such as John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli. Out of this reformation came many different forms of Protestantism, and other religions. It was known as the Reformation to Protestants because it was considered a good thing, a reforming.

Wittenberg-

the birthplace of the protestant reformation in Germany. It is the place where the Church that Luther posted his 95 theses

Transubstantiation-

the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration

Diet of the Holy Empire -

the deliberative and legislature of the Holy Roman Empire also called the imperial diet. Luther was invited to one of these meetings (1521) and was protected by Frederick the Wise when he was banned.

Predestination

the divine foredaning that all will happen especially in regard to salvation Institutes of the Christian Religion-one of John Calvin's works about Protestant theology; it states that God was all powerful, and man is sinful by nature.

Consubstantiation-

the doctrine (especially in the Lutheran belief) that the substance of the bread and wine coexist with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist

Frequens

the rate of which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time

Indulgences-

the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contribution and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian Church in the High Middle Ages. Their abuse sparked Luther's reform movement.