PSB Final Quiz

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia. a. Broca's b. conduction c. Wernicke's d. subcortical

a. Broca's

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word. a. Deep b. Surface c. Superficial d. Fluent

a. Deep

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction. a. Micropolygyria b. Tauopathy c. Ectopia d. Hemispherectomy

a. Micropolygyria

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from the _______ lobe. a. N400; temporal b. N400; frontal c. P600; temporal d. P600; frontal

a. N400; temporal

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech? a. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song. b. Removal of the left temporal cortex of birds eliminates characteristic song patterns. c. Brain damage results in permanent song elimination. d. Deafened female birds are more sensitive to left-brain injury.

a. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. a. Wernicke's b. Broca's c. conduction d. global

a. Wernicke's

Phonemes are the a. basic sounds of a language. b. grammar of any language. c. words of a language. d. prosody of any language.

a. basic sounds of a language.

Damage to the connections between Wernicke's area and Broca's area lead to _______ aphasia. a. conduction b. fluent c. nonfluent d. global

a. conduction

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of a. dyslexia. b. apraxia. c. childhood aphasia. d. Broca's aphasia.

a. dyslexia.

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______. a. in childhood; in adulthood b. in adulthood; in childhood c. during sleep; during wakefulness d. in women; in men

a. in childhood; in adulthood

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that a. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial. b. the right hemisphere has a greater effect on vocal behavior. c. juveniles do not have to be exposed to vocal adults to develop normal singing behavior. d. both human and bird communication incorporate prosody.

a. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

17. Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in a. prosopagnosia. b. astereognosis. c. epilepsy. d. dyslexia.

a. prosopagnosia.

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to a. the left visual field. b. the right visual field. c. the left hemisphere. d. None of the above; responses are the same in either hemisphere.

a. the left visual field.

A symptom of aphasia called "paraphasia" is characterized by a. the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes, or unintended words. b. impaired reading. c. stumbling speech. d. impaired writing due to involuntary movements.

a. the substitution of words by sounds, phonemes, or unintended words.

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months. a. 3 b. 7 c. 12 d. 18

b. 7

Which symptom has not been reported in the brains of people with dyslexia? a. Micropolygyria b. Asymmetrical planum temporale c. Excessive cortical folding d. Ectopias

b. Asymmetrical planum temporale

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. a. Wernicke's b. Broca's c. conduction d. global

b. Broca's

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness. a. Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia c. anomia; apraxia d. global aphasia; conduction aphasia

b. Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia? a. Global b. Connectionist c. Gestalt d. Motor

b. Connectionist

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition? a. Planum temporale b. Fusiform gyrus c. Arcuate fasciculus d. Angular gyrus

b. Fusiform gyrus

Which statement about childhood aphasia is most true? a. Aphasia produced by brain injury in childhood is severe and permanent. b. Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood. c. Childhood aphasia and adult aphasia are similar in their recovery patterns. d. The brain progressively increases its ability to compensate for injury with aging.

b. Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

. _______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters. a. Deep b. Surface c. Superficial d. Fluent

b. Surface

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test? a. The patient recently had a stroke b. The patient may need to undergo neurosurgery c. The doctor is attempting to diagnose an aphasia d. The doctor wants to localize the brain region that is causing a visual problem

b. The patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language? a. Transfer of information over the arcuate fasciculus contributes to the connection between comprehension and production of speech. b. When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds. c. Broca's area formulates a motor plan in preparation of speaking the appropriate word and transmits that plan to motor cortex for implementation. d. Deficits in language result from a disconnection between brain regions in the language network.

b. When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called a. micropolygyria. b. chronic traumatic encephalopathy. c. ectopia. d. hemispherectomy.

b. chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time. a. melodic intonation b. constraint-induced movement c. edema reduction d. intense massage

b. constraint-induced movement

In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize a. words. b. faces. c. songs. d. spoken language.

b. faces.

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right; this suggests that a. humans have an inborn mechanism to navigate in their environment. b. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language. c. much of brain plasticity is hardwired into the brain. d. laterality decreases as we age.

b. humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

Astereognosia is the a. failure of binaural hearing. b. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation. c. complete numbness of the fingers and hand. d. failure to accurately perceive faces.

b. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Hemispheric specialization is also known as a. prosopagnosia. b. lateralization. c. hemispheric centrality. d. location of function.

b. lateralization.

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm. a. mirroring b. restraining c. attachment to d. forced movement controlled by

b. restraining

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough. a. deep b. surface c. frontal d. temporal

b. surface

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage. a. within 3 weeks b. within 3 months c. between 6 months and 1 year d. during speech therapy

b. within 3 months

According to research, what percent of right-handers have a clockwise whorl of hair on the crown of the scalp? a. 10% b. 35% c. 93% d. 99%

c. 93%

Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion? a. Sign language is simply not a language. b. Chimpanzees do not produce novel sequences of signs. c. Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers. d. Chimpanzees do not have the fine motor control to fully execute ASL.

c. Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Which area of the avian brain is crucial for song production? a. Lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN) b. Dorsolateral medial nucleus (DLM) c. High vocal center (HVC) d. Area X

c. High vocal center (HVC)

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus? a. Face blindness b. Inability to recognize the difference between a wrench and a hammer c. Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers d. Inability to discriminate between a basketball and a soccer ball

c. Impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate? a. The number of human languages is expanding sharply as global populations increase. b. The number of human languages is staying remarkably stable in spite of rising global population. c. Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization. d. Many new languages are emerging as a result of increasingly sophisticated communications systems.

c. Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.

20. Disturbance in reading is called a. anomia. b. apraxia. c. alexia. d. agnosia.

c. alexia.

Apraxia is a. a loss of speech and language. b. an inability to write. c. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements. d. sensory impairment.

c. an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements.

Noninvasive stimulation mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation has revealed that the _______ area of Broca's area is important for semantic processing, while the _______ area of Broca's area is important for phonological processing. a. posterior; lateral b. medial; anterior c. anterior; posterior d. lateral; medial

c. anterior; posterior

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field a. can be repeated accurately. b. can be written down. c. cannot be repeated verbally. d. can be repeated, but only when clues are provided.

c. cannot be repeated verbally.

The human brain shows a clear _______ during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally. a. syntax phase b. time delay c. critical period d. developmental interlude

c. critical period

An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord. a. astereognosis b. hemispherectomy c. embryonic stem cells d. tau protein overexpression

c. embryonic stem cells

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed a. in split-brain patients. b. for consonants only. c. in right-handed individuals. d. in left-handed individuals.

c. in right-handed individuals.

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe. a. Wernicke's area; frontal b. fusiform gyrus; parietal c. planum temporale; temporal d. corpus callosum; parietal

c. planum temporale; temporal

People with conduction aphasia are unable to a. speak fluently. b. understand either written or oral materials. c. repeat words or sentences. d. comprehend music.

c. repeat words or sentences.

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except a. the use of stem cells. b. neurogenesis. c. reverse transcription. d. collateral sprouting.

c. reverse transcription.

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. a. right; left b. left; right c. right; right d. left; left

c. right; right

In humans, TMS of Broca's area indicates that the anterior portion of the region is responsible for a. phonological processing and semantic processing. b. phonological processing alone. c. semantic processing alone. d. repetition of words.

c. semantic processing alone.

Finding your way to your biopsychology class requires a. dichotic learning. b. prosidy. c. spatial cognition. d. DTI tractography.

c. spatial cognition.

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations. a. cortex; subcortical regions b. cortex; frontal lobes c. subcortical regions; cortex d. cerebellum; frontal lobes

c. subcortical regions; cortex

One of the interesting findings of DTI tractography is that a. the corpus callosum is narrower than was once thought. b. in some people, Broca's and Wernicke's area overlap at their extreme margins. c. the arcuate fasciculus is shorter than was once thought. d. in some speed readers the planum temporale is symmetrical.

c. the arcuate fasciculus is shorter than was once thought.

Williams syndrome provides evidence for a. environmental influences on language. b. the benefits of enrichment programs for children with dyslexia. c. the heritability of language. d. the epigenetics of language.

c. the heritability of language.

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it a. forces the patient to challenge the way the stroke has changed their physical appearance. b. encourages self-acceptance. c. tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm. d. trains the brain to move only the unaffected limb.

c. tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

The angular gyrus links the a. auditory and visual regions. b. auditory region and Wernicke's area. c. visual region and Wernicke's area. d. interhemispheric regions.

c. visual region and Wernicke's area.

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"? a. It consists of three phonemes. b. U is a morpheme. c. Break is an example of pragmatics. d. Able is a morpheme.

d. Able is a morpheme.

Which of the following has not been used for language training in apes? a. American Sign Language (ASL) b. Computerized symbols c. Colored plastic chips d. Braille

d. Braille

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers? a. Dementia b. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy c. Tauopathy d. Micropolygyria

d. Micropolygyria

Which feature is not a defining sign of aphasia? a. Paraphasia b. Neologisms c. Nonfluent speech d. Prosopagnosia

d. Prosopagnosia

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing. a. posterior; semantic b. anterior; phonological c. posterior; both semantic and phonological d. anterior; semantic

d. anterior; semantic

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in a. higher-order cognitive functions. b. fine sensory analysis of acoustic information. c. delicate control of all musculature. d. defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

d. defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

The official term for "punch-drunk" is a. stupefactus. b. ebriosum. c. mutus stercum. d. dementia pugilistica.

d. dementia pugilistica.

Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by a. the need for a respirator for the rest of the individual's life. b. extensive functional deficits that are permanent. c. extensive seizure activity. d. extensive functional recovery.

d. extensive functional recovery.

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called a. paraphasias. b. dyslexias. c. confabulations. d. neologisms.

d. neologisms.

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______. a. linguists; pragmatics b. dichotics; syntax c. morphemes; prosody d. phonemes; grammar

d. phonemes; grammar

Prosopagnosia is the inability to a. identify objects by touch. b. learn the names of objects that are seen. c. distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli. d. recognize faces.

d. recognize faces.

Cortical mapping of the brain of an individual while they are speaking their native language indicates that a. patterns of brain activation are invariant among languages. b. Broca's area may be in different locations in different people. c. some languages depend on the right hemisphere to a much greater extent than other languages do. d. slightly different patterns of activation may be seen among speakers of two or more languages.

d. slightly different patterns of activation may be seen among speakers of two or more languages.

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______. a. fusiform gyrus; prosopagnosia b. planum temporale; astereognosis c. Broca's area; prosody d. the corpus callosum; epilepsy

d. the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of a. the angular gyrus. b. the right inferior frontal region. c. Broca's area. d. the left posterior temporal region.

d. the left posterior temporal region.