psc 124 quiz #4 Terms Chapters 10 and 7

Maastricht Treaty

A treaty signed in the Dutch city of Maastricht and ratified in 1992; it commits the EU to monetary union (a single currency and European Central Bank) and to a common foreign policy. "Economic Community" becomes the "European Union", European Court of Justice strengthened, further extension of QMV, social charter adopted, decision to adopt a single currency, the Euro, by 2002. Three decision-making pillars: -Pillar One: Common Market- more supranational, QMV -Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy- more intergovernmental, mostly consensus -Pillar Three: Justice and Home Affairs- same as pillar two

ASEAN

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) International Integration

World Court (ICJ)

Also called the International Court of Justice ICJ. the judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states. International Court of Justice, branch of UN Only states can sue/be sued Main use Optional clause - retaining sovereignty US withdrew from the optional clause 1986 (case with Nicaragua) - only case-by-case basis Judges Panel of 15 judges, 9-year terms Chosen by majority of both SC and GA Permanent members have one judge Can add judge if appropriate for the case Weakness

Amnesty International

An influential nongovernmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights

Intergovernmental organization (IGOs)

An organization (such as the UN and its agencies) whose members are state governments.

Secretary General (current SG)

Antonio Guterres of Portugal Began term of office January 1, 2017 His over-arching priority: pursuit of peace in a conflict-torn world

economic and monetary union

Economic Union: Composed of both a common market and a customs union, extends to include several macro-economic policies. An Economic Union can include a Monetary Union.

World Bank

Formally the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, an organization that was established in 1944 as a source of loans to help reconstruct the European economies. Later, the main borrowers were third world countries and in, the 1990s, Eastern European ones.

one laptop per child program

In 2005, Nicholas Negroponte, who previous founded MIT's Media Lab, founded One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), which works with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to deliver low-cost laptops to children in developing nations. But this week, OLPC announced something a little bit different

International Organizations (IOs)

Intergovernmental organizations such as the UN and nongovernmental organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross. There is non-governmental organizations (NGOs) WWF, Save the Children There is intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) Unicef, EU, NATO Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) There has been a huge growth in IGOs does this mean inter dependence? Perhaps end of sovereignty? Regional IGOs (EU, ASEAN, African Union) Global IGOs (UN, OPEC, WHO)

Optional clause

International Court of Justice, branch of UN Only states can sue/be sued Main use Optional clause - retaining sovereignty US withdrew from the optional clause 1986 (case with Nicaragua) - only case-by-case basis

African Union

International Integration The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa, with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).

Taking cases to national courts (e.g. Exxon-Mobil case - lecture)

Labor rights group sued in US court Used Alien Tort Claims Act (ATS cases) Allegations ExxonMobil defense Supreme Court heard Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co (Nigeria), decided for RDP Said ATS cases can proceed if complaints "touch and concern" the US directly Rex Tillerson, Secretary of State, was senior VP and then President of EM at the time Article Plaintiffs: Exxon Mobil had the ability to control the actions of soldiers But Exxon Mobil didn't, and its policies were "run out of Houston" US District Court Judge Lamberth 2014 - plaintiffs can't find justice in Indonesian courts (corruption) so US courts have jurisdiction Case can go ahead - 10/2015 decision

Mercosur

Mercosur (Latin America) International Integration Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela (which was suspended on December 1, 2016).

Functionalism

Moves towards integration could be explained by the growth of specialized technical organizations that cross national borders. As cross-border connections intensify, states become drawn together into stronger international economic structures.

Nuremberg Tribunal

Nuremberg Tribunal post WWII Individuals can be held responsible - this was new Conclusion of trials served to foster several international agreements including: The Genocide Convention 1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 The Convention on the Abolition of the Statute of Limitations on War Crimes 1968 The Geneva Conventions on the Laws and Customs of War, 1949

The Three Pillars

Peace and security Human rights Development

Greek economic crisis

Significant financial losses for Eurozone countries and the IMF, which are owed the majority of Greece's roughly $300 billion national debt. Adverse impact on the IMF and the credibility of its austerity strategy. Loss of Greek access to global capital markets and the collapse of its banking system.

International Law 4 sources of International Law

Sources of international law Enforcement International Court of Justice (World Court) International cases in national courts 1. Treaties 2. Custom 3. General principles of law 4. Legal scholarship

Alien Tort Claims Act

The Alien Tort Statute (28 U.S.C. § 1350; ATS), also called the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), is a section of the United States Code that reads: "The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." Since 1980, courts have interpreted this statute to allow foreign citizens to seek remedies in U.S. courts for human-rights violations for conduct committed outside the United States.

Chocolate wars

The Chocolate War refers to the dispute between Britain, Ireland and Denmark and other chocolate-producinmg nations in the European Union. France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy and others refused to recognise chocolate produced by these three nations, proposing it should be banned. The reason for the Chocolate War centred around the ingredients of the chocolate. France and Belgium and their allies argued that the presence of vegetable oil in British chocolate meant that it was not true chocolate. Purists in the complaining nations believed that only cocoa butter oil should be used in chocolate production, and consequently that such products did not have the right to be called chocolate. Britain, Ireland and Denmark argued otherwise. Despite pressure, Britain and the British public stood hard against this opinion. Suggestions were made prevent the to rename British chocolate as 'Vegalate', but British government and chocolate manufacturers refused to compromise on the matter. The Chocolate War came to conclusion in 2003. The European Union Commission decided in favour of the British, avoiding any further conflict. The decision was warmly greeted by British popular opinion and chocolate manufacturers such as Cadbury's and Nestle were similarly pleased. To this day much of British chocolate continues to be produced with the same ingredients as in 1973 and considerably more British chocolate is loved and consumed than thirty years ago.

IAEA

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957.

UN Secretariat

The UN's executive branch, led by the Secretary General office of Secretary General Bureaucracy for administering UN policy and programs Develops international civil service system - diplomats and bureaucrats with allegiance to world Led Secretary-General Nominated by UNSC, approved by GA for 5-year terms

Peacekeeping

The UN's own forces (borrowed) Calm regional conflicts, help implement peace agreements (Don't MAKE peace, KEEP it) Neutral role between conflicting groups - buffer and "honest broker" Must be invited by host government Can be observers (unarmed) or peacekeepers (armed) "Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, police and civilian personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict situations and assist conflicting parties to implement the peace agreement they have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including promoting human security, confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development."

Universalism vs. relativism

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, issued by the United Nations in 1948, and the Geneva Conventions (which define fair treatment of prisoners of war) are based on the theory of moral universalism. In other words, human beings all have certain rights and to deny those rights is always immoral.

WIPO

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world".

Collective Security

The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor; sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization (such as the UN) to which both the aggressor and its opponents belong.

UN Charter

The founding document of the United Nations it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN. "The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends."

European Union

The official term for the European Community and associated treaty organizations. the EU has 28 members states and is negotiating with other states that have applied for membership.

Diplomatic recognition

The process by which the status of embassies and that of an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined.

UN principles and structure

UN Structure There are Autonomous Agencies: 15 agencies, with ties to UN but not run by UN Specialized technical organizations IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) WHO (World Health Organization) UNESCO (Education, Scientific and Cultural) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) WTO, IMF, World Bank (World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) ILO (International Labor Organization) 1. State equality 2. Full sovereignty over their own affairs 3. Full independence and territorial integrity 4. States should carry out their international obligations " The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends." The UN is not a world government- created to serve state's' needs Three pillars: 1. Peace and security 2. Human rights 3. Development

Disintegration

What happens in political disintegration is that various parts of a political entity come to feel that their differences are too serious to be overcome by whatever similarities they feel. This often happens when a country is made up of people from different ethnic groups. In the case of the EU, it could happen because that political entity is made up of a group of sovereign nations that have many historical, ethnic, and cultural differences. -the process of losing cohesion or strength. -the process of coming to pieces.

Just war doctrine (and aggression)

a category in international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) and how they can be justly fought (jus in bello) Just war vs aggression Not based on nonviolence The only allowable use of force - response to aggression (moral use) *Jus ad Bellum Principles: Decision to Go to War Just cause Legitimate authority Right intention Probability of success Proportionality Last resort

crimes against humanity

a category of legal offenses created at the Nuremberg trials after WWII to encompass genocide and other acts committed by the political and military leaders the the Third Reich (Nazi Germany).

International Criminal Court (ICC)

a permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Designed to hear cases re genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity Universal jurisdiction - can prosecute individuals of any state (contrast with World Court) Three triggers State turns over an individual Special prosecutor of ICC initiates case against wishes of the state (if crimes occurred in signatory state) Security Council initiates, even for individuals from non-signatory states Rome Statute 1998 created ICC; adopted 1998, went into force in 2002 The ICC: A Permanent Court to Hear War Crimes Cases

cultural imperialism

a term critical of US dominance of the emerging global culture. is the economic, technological and cultural hegemony of the industrialized nations, which determines the direction of both economic and social progress, defines cultural values, and standardizes the civilization and cultural environment throughout the world.

neofunctionalism

a theory that holds that economic integration (functionalism) generates a "spillover" effect, resulting in increased political integration. Economic integration generates a "spillover" effect, a political dynamic that drives integration further - closer economic ties require more political coordination.

sanctions

a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule. official permission or approval for an action.

common market

a zone in which labor and capital (as well as goods) flow freely across borders. Free movement of Products Capital Labor Services In addition, distortion of competition amongst the members is no longer tolerated, while discrimination of member-state products within the common market is illegalized

Free trade area

a zone in which there are no tariffs or other restrictions on the movement of goods and services across borders. no internal obstacles to trade (tariffs and quotas). This creates a problem, as external products will tend to enter the area via the country with the lowest tariff (with the "rules of origin" providing only a partial solution). In order to deal with that issue, some countries move on to a...

IMF (international monetary fund)

an intergovernmental organization (IGO) that coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments, and national accounts. Along with the World Bank, it is a pillar of the international financial system. imf conditionality: an agreement to loan IMF funds on the condition that certain government policies are adopted. Dozens of the third world states have entered into such agreements with the IMF in the past two decades.

WHO (world health organization)

an organization based in Geneva that provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.

Euratom

an organization created by the 1957 Treaty of Rome to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management.

ECOSOC

economic and social council purpose of UN programs advance economic development and social stability (ECOSOC)

disinformation

false information that is intended to mislead, especially propaganda issued by a government organization to a rival power or the media.

EU Eurocats

is "a staff member of the administrative commission of the European Union"[1] or more broadly, any official of the European Union.[2] The term was coined by Richard Mayne

supranational

larger institutions and groupings such as the EU to which state authority or national identity is subordinated. aims to create a new, independent layer, above the nation-state without replacing it, that can force the member-states to adopt certain policies against their will. Some of the most fundamental policies are carried out by the states, others by the supranational level. (The European Union is a mix between these two systems)

POWs

prisoners of war (POWs). Exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC. soldiers who have surrendered and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war.

International norms

the expectations held by participants about normal relations among states. Some norms are widely held Idea of sovereignty Adherence to treaties In principle, norm against genocide Some issues are more controversial and can diverge Veiling of woman Death penalty Female Genital Cutting (FGC)

Digital divide

the gap in access to information technologies between rich and poor people, and between the global North and the global South

international integration

the process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones; the gradual shifting upward of some sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures. process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones; the gradual shifting upward of some sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures. Challenges to a state? Ex. United Nations? ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), Mercosur (Latin America), African Union, European Union

Human rights

the rights of all people to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights) and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights) Are codified, i.e. written down, in international documents and binding treaties Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 8 UN treaties (e.g. Convention against Torture, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women)

war crimes

war crimes: violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as mistreatment of prisoners of war or the unnecessary targeting of civilians.

FAO

'Food And Agriculture Organization A United Nations agency that works on international efforts to defeat hunger by helping developing countries modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices.

Treaty of Rome

(1957) The founding document of the European Economic Community (EEC) or Common Market, now subsumed by the European Union.

Single European Act

(1985) An act that set a target date of the end of 1992 for the creation of a true common market (free cross-border movement of goods, capital, people, and services) in the European Community (EC). Improvement of the common market, extension of qualified majority voting (QMV), European Parliament strengthened.

UNICEF

(Children's Fund - programs benefitting children)

Responsibility to protect

(R2P) Principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state.

UNHCR

(Refugees - protect, assist, repatriate refugees)

WTO (world trade organization)

-an organization begun in 1995 that replaced the GATT and expanded its traditional focus on manufactured goods. The WTO created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

1948 The core UN document on human rights; although it lacks the force of international law, it sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners alike.

Schuman Plan

1952 - European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): Created by the Treaty of Paris, proposed by Robert Schuman. For the purpose of Coal and Steel, the member countries where to be as if "one country". Member States (the "Six"): Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg Institutions: the High Authority (Executive), Council of Ministers (Legislative), Assembly, Court of Justice

ESCSC

1952 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): Created by the Treaty of Paris, proposed by Robert Schumann. For the purpose of Coal and Steel, the member countries were to be as if "one country". Member states (the "Six"): Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg Institutions: The High Authority (Executive), Council of Ministers (Legislative), Assembly, Court of Justice

European Community

1957 European Economic Community (EEC): Created by the Treaty of Rome. Decides on Customs Union and Common Market. European Integration progresses without the UK for now.

Lisbon Treaty

A EU agreement that replaces a failed attempt at an EU constitution with a similar set of reforms strengthening central EU authority and modifying voting procedures among the EU's expanded membership. replaced the failed attempt at a European Constitution in 2004. Streamlined decision-making, replaced overlapping treaties with integrated text. Charter of human rights becomes legally binding on all member states. New position of "High Commissioner on Foreign Affairs and Security Policy". EU becomes slightly more democratic and allows for the first time for member states to "exit".

European Commission

A European Union body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests. Supported by a multinational civil service in Brussels, the commission's role is to identify problems and propose solutions to the Council of Ministers. Truepower 28 commissioners that do not represent countries just the issue areas and the President is in Luxemburg

Council of the EU

A European Union institution in which the relevant ministers (foreign, economic, agriculture, finance, etc.) of each member state meet to enact legislation and reconcile national interests. Formerly known as the Council of Ministers. While the meeting takes place among the state leaders, it is called the "European Council" no formal power, just meetings the 'true legislative body" of the EU. Are top people from member states so they have high informal influence.

UN General Assembly

A body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes non binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council General Assembly- includes all states currently 193 (addition of S. Sudan 2011) One vote per state- state equality principle Make-up of GA changed post-colonialism: often concerns/complaints of developing countries The functions and powers of the GA Control of finances for UN programs and ops Pass resolutions- merely advisory (327 in 69th session 2014-15) Appoint non-permanent members of Security Council Coordinate UN agencies and programs (ECOSOC) They have control over finances; coordinate/fund UN programs and there's 14 main programs they use

UN Security Council

A body of 5 great powers which can veto resolutions (China, France, Russian Federation, UK, and US) and ten rotating member states that makes decisions about international peace and security, including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces. Security Council: the five great powers and 10 non-permanent rotating states Executive- really embodies all the decisions Leader- Security General the new is Antonio Guterres of Portugal began term in January 1, 2017. His overarching priority: pursuit of peace in a conflict-torn world 5 permanent members with veto power 10 non-permanent (rotating members) to gain regional balance 9 (of 15) votes needed to pass binding resolutions Decisions are binding on all UN member states Powers of UNSC: Define security threat Choose a response Enforce through mandatory directives/resolutions They define what a threat is to peace and security Proposed changes to the Security Council Japan and Germany as permanent members? African Seat? India? Islamic country?

customs union

A common external tariff adopted by members of a free trade area; that is, participating states adopt a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in from outside. a single unified external tariff is adopted. Why do some nations prefer to stick to an FTA in the face of its disadvantages? All states do single tariff and some people object to this; the UK did, the UK market was the third in the world at the time and becoming part of the EU they had custom union meaning high tariffs on outside things like North America for example.

European Court of Justice

A judicial arm of the EU, based in Luxembourg. The court has actively established a jurisdiction and its right to overrule national law when it conflicts with EU law.

European Parliament

A legislative body of the European Union that operates as a watchdog over the European Commission and has limited legislative power. This is where the people are elected in, it's getting increasingly more power. Right now the European consensus can override the parliament.

ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross

A nongovernmental organization (NGO) that provides practical support, such as medical care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and to prisoners of war (POWs). Exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC.

diplomatic immunity

A privilege under which diplomats' activities fall outside the jurisdiction of the host country's national courts.

UNDP UN Development Program

A program that coordinates the flow of multilateral development assistance and manages 6000 projects at once around the world (focusing especially on technical development assistance) UNDP (Development in poor countries) UN program

Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

A transnational group or entity (such as the Catholic Church, Greenpeace, or the International Olympic Committee) that interacts with states, multinational corporations (MNCs), other NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Professional organizations Economic/ business orgs Service orgs (Doctors without Borders) Political orgs (Amnesty International) Cultural orgs (International Olympic Committee) Religious groups (Catholic Church)