PSC 185 MT1

Francis Bacon

-Accused of bribery in 1621 - 1st person to have written essays some thinks he wrote shakespere. Also wrote advancement about learning, he wanted to learn about different education than inherited information. - Wrote " Nouorraanum" which is new logic because the old knowledge is not what it used to be. - Advise to abandon "I think therefore I am" and use inductive method instead if yo u want to know something list when it appears; abandoned a priori speculation proposed inductive method; warning regarding various "idols"

Flourens

-Criticism of Gall (and Spurzheim?) -Ablation studies open up animal brains to cut out a section of the brain allow the animal to heal to determine what were the consequences of the lesion. -Found that action general function had no action properties in one region like the cortex or frontal lobe. -Concluded that brain act as a whole and it is not segregated. -Gall was skeptical that he removed too big of a piece, which turend out to be true -But people start realizing there is localization such as Broca

Charles Darwin

-Early Life born February 12, 1809, 5th of 6 children, in distinguished family father a physician, the son of Erasmus Darwin mother a daughter of Josiah Wedgwood I mother died when 8, raised by older sister poor student, but active outdoor activities father's frustration about lack of direction contemplated medical career, but left Edinburgh at age 18 then prepared for Holy Orders in Church of England; to Cambridge met Johns Stevens Henslow, professor of botany BA 1831 at age 22 opportunity to serve as naturalist on the Beagle under Captain Robert Fitzroy; Dec. 27, 1831-Oct. 2, 1836 age 30 married his first cousin, Emma sons: Sirs George, Francis, and Horace died Apr. 26, 1882; buried in Westminster Abbey -Ideas The Voyage of the Beagle (1840-43/31-34): the tremendous diversity of life incessant environmental change On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859/50) background read Thomas Malthus on Sept. 28, 1838 sketch by 1842; 200 page manuscript by 1844 June 18, 1858, paper from Alfred Russell Wallace July 1, 1858, joint presentation at Linnaean Society November 24, 1859, Origin published all 1250 copies sold on first day! basic concepts 1. Spontaneous variation in individual characteristics 2. Overproduction -> "struggle for existence" 3. Natural selection of better adapted variants 4. Speciation; emergence of new species 5. Continuity without teleology The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871/62) human evolution; sexual selection The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/63) evolutionary basis of behavior; continuity Biographical Sketch of an Infant (1877/66) early child developmental psychology

Hobbes

-First to follow Francis Bacon's ideas Materialistic monism: 1. Mind is brain substance (reductionism) 2. Activity in brain creates images and ideas (epiphenomenalism) 3. Whole universe merely particles of matter in motion (atomism) Collectivistic and hedonistic ethics: 1. Humans driven by pleasure and pain 2. Necessity for social compact 3. Hierarchical social system with authoritarian government at top

Descartes

-Influence on His Thought 1. Opposition to authority and dogma: iconoclastic 2. Mathematics and metaphysics: rationalistic system 3. Scientific and philosophical revolutionaries The Cartesian Method 1. Doubt everything; be skeptical; accept nothing except that which is clear and certain - the self-evidently true 2. Analyze the problem into its parts and treat each separately 3. Arrange thoughts from the simple to the complex 4. Provide full and complete enumeration of all aspects of the phenomenon; omit nothing, without exception Cartesian Psychology -The Mind-Body Dualism The Mind - pure spirit, free, rational The Body -material (hydraulic) machine hence, "physics of physiology" reflexes (undulatio reflexa) The Dilemma: how interaction? Mind-Body Interactionism The pineal gland (conarium)

Janet

...Studied under Charcot Succeeds him as head of the Psychological Laboratory Wrote The Mental State of Hystericals (1892/33) "fixed idea" causes mental dissociation influence of the unconscious (priority dispute with Freud) Influenced Jung, Breuer, Freud, and Prince

Pinel

Background Institutions: Bedlam (London); Bicêtre & Salpêtrière (Paris) Theory: Somatic view of mental illness Treatment: Physical, harsh, even brutal Reforms first at Bicêtre (1793/48) and then at Salpêtrière (1795/50) Books Nosographie philosophique ("Philosophical Classification of Diseases," 1798/53) Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale ou la mania ("Treatise on Insanity," 1801/56) -Came up with the metric system. -There was a number of spontaneous recoveries once the harsh treatments were up lifted

Pierre Abelard

French a. He was a conceptualism ( which means we create our own ideas form the bottom up)after studying about realism and norminalism and realized they were wrong. b. Realism vs. Norminalism; i. Realism is that abstract ideas really exist according to Plato we know and have a prototype of each object ii. Norminalism: abstract ideas are nothing more than name your language dictates how you think

Liebeault

French country doctor -Hypnotic induction technique and treatment unsuccessful book (only sold 1 copy in 10 years) mostly because he was uneducated -successful treatment of Bernheim's patient

Berheim

French medical professor, founding of clinic - hypnosis as suggestibility varies with individual this lead to controversy with Charcot

Comte de Buffon

Histoire naturelle ("Natural History," 1749ff/42ff) - evolution by degeneration -a creationist, found that certain animals are created with certain organs and in certain environment they disappear. -Wrote "natural history" like cave fish -Theory of evolution by degeneration

Berkeley

Irish born educated Trinity College, Dublin world travels: Italy, Rhode Island became Bishop of Cloyne Works and Ideas An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709/24) 1. eye does not innately perceive distance 2. learns distance signs from tactual, kinesthetic, and muscular experience 3. signs include convergence, interposition, relative size, etc. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710/25): idealistic monism 1. to be is to be perceived (esse est percipi) 2. universals are illusions 3. problem of solipsism 4. solution: benevolent all-powerful God!

Hume

Life a younger son born in Edinburgh where studied law (but did not graduate) various public offices Treatise Upon Human Nature (1739-40/28-29) Ideas: Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748/37): skepticism 1. knowledge merely impressions and ideas 2. ideas bound by association (contiguity, similarity, cause/effect) 3. cannot know universals: metaphysics useless 4. no absolute or certain knowledge 5. even mind and self mere impression Influence Thomas Reid (1710-1796) Leibniz and Kant

Wundt

Life born 4th and last child only sibling to survive infancy was brother 8 years older, who left home when he was 2 father a poor Lutheran village pastor; descended from historians,theologians, economists, & geographers mother's side had natural scientists and physicians extremely lonely, few friends; poor health taught by tutor, his father's assistant did poorly in the Gymnasium; daydreamer, socially maladjusted didn't do well until father died began attending University of Tübingen where uncle was professor chose medicine, going to Heidelberg for internship then to University of Berlin to study under Müller & DuBois-Reymond lab work under Robert Bunsen first scientific publication age 21 received MD from Heidelberg at age 24 with highest honors (summa cum laude) Major Books 1) Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung ("Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception"), 1858-62 (26-30) argued for an experimental psychology as a new science; drew heavily on Weber, Müller, and Helmholtz 2) Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Tierseele ("Lectures on the Minds of Men and Animals"), 1863 (31) influenced by Darwin; argues for comparative psychology (yet only 26 of 454 pages devoted to animals) 3) Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie ("Principles of Physiological Psychology"), 1873, 1874 (41, 42) his masterpiece; six editions over the next 37 years, last in 1911 4) Grundriss der Psychologie ("Outline of Psychology"), 1896 (64) 5) Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetz von Sprache, Mythus, und Sitte ("Cultural Psychology: An Investigation of the Developmental Laws of Language, Myth, and Morality"), 1900-20 (68-88) higher mental functions through cultural materials Ideas Definition of the Field Subject matter: science of consciousness Distinction between immediate and mediated experience Nature of consciousness not stable, a process in flux not homogeneous - sensing, feeling, thinking, etc. cannot be reduced to physiological events mental events lawful Methodology of the Field Introspection Experimentation (e.g., reaction time) Historical analysis: for higher mental processes Goals of the Field Analyze conscious processes into their basic elements Discover how these elements are connected Determine their laws of association Elements of Experience Classified as sensations and feelings Feelings three dimensional: Pleasant-unpleasant Tension-release Excitation-calm Consciousness and Attention Focus versus field of consciousness Apperception versus apprehension former act of will - hence voluntarism Creative Synthesis: whole greater than sum of parts Mind-Body Problem: Psychophysical parallelism Principle of psychic causality

Galton

Life born Feb 16, 9th and youngest, to distinguished family father prosperous banker mother the daughter of Erasmus Darwin a child prodigy but unfavorable educational experiences 1st at series of boarding schools (age 8) 2nd to pursue medical training at Birmingham General Hospital (age 16) 3rd pursuing honors BA in mathematics at Cambridge emotional breakdown took non-honors degree in 1843 (age 21) returned to medical studies but his father died the following year, leaving him with sizeable fortune extensive travels in Egypt, Sudan, and Middle East 1845-46 returned to life of gentleman-farmer Early Career as a Scientist engaged in miscellaneous activities: ballooning, electricity 1st scientific paper in 1849 (27) on "telotype" printing telegraph in 1850 (28) became an explorer and geographer to southwest Africa until 1852 (30) in 1853 (31): got married, wrote Tropical South Africa, and awarded Gold Medal of Royal Geographical Society engaged in diverse scientific activities; diverse inventions wrote The Art of Travel (1855/33) elected FRS in 1856 (35) pioneered weather prediction (weather maps, isobars, cyclones, anti-cyclones, fronts) Later Career as a Psychologist Hereditary Genius (1869/47): Thesis: natural ability, eminence, and inheritance Evidence: 1. normal distribution and 2. family pedigrees Implication: eugenics English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874/52): Impetus: Alphonse de Candolles's study of environmental factors Innovation: self-questionnaire method Discoveries: birth order, education, etc. Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883/61): Anthology: about 40 previously published articles Some topics: 1. Associations: word association test 2. Mental imagery 3. Twin studies 4. Anthropometry -> Galton's "Anthropometric Laboratory" at the International Health Exhibition Measures: Keenness of Sight and of Hearing Colour Sense Judgement of Eye Breathing Power Reaction Times Strength of Pull and of Squeeze Force of Blow Span of Arms Height, both standing and sitting Weight N = 9,337! Natural Inheritance (1889/67): Scatter plots Regression line Final Years pioneering research on finger print identification (1890s/70s) arithmetic of smells (1894/72) Biometrica founded by Karl Pearson (1901) Eugenics Laboratory at University College, London (1904) helped found the Eugenics Education Society, which published Eugenics Review wrote Memories of My Life (1908/86) Influence Individual Differences Nature-Nurture Issue Psychometrics Measurement Statistics

Leibniz

Life father professor moral philosophy at Leipzig but died age 6 extremely precocious studied law doctorate at age 21 entered diplomatic service knew leading figures of day great mathematician: calculus calculating machine binary arithmetic Ideas New Essays on Human Understanding: attack on Locke's empiricism mind-body problem resolved through psychological parallelism monadology pre-established harmony petites perceptions: thresholds of awareness Influence: Christian Wolff (1679-1754), and hence to Kant

William James

Life first born son in wealthy Boston family younger brother Henry born 15 months later; followed by three younger siblings intellectually and culturally rich family environment extensive travels and education abroad but all children had unhappy adulthoods; Alice extensive illness William himself suffered from digestive disorders, insomnia, eye problems, weak back, hypochondriasis, and bouts of depression in later life first planned to become an artist (in 1860/18); studied painting for 6 months in studio of William Morris Hunt then entered Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard to study chemistry (in 1861/19); but disliked lab work; often fatigued then learned that family money running out; enrolled in Harvard medical school (in 1864/22) interrupted medical studies (in 1865/23) to assist Louis Agassiz in expedition to Brazil; but left traveled to Europe again (in 1867/25) obtained Harvard MD in 1869 (27) Chief Works: Principles of Psychology (1890/48) Principles: Psychology, Briefer Course (1892/50) Talks to Teachers on Psychology (1899/57) Varieties of Religious Experience (1902/60) Ideas Subject Matter of Psychology: "Psychology is the Science of Mental Life, both of its phenomena and their conditions" Methods of Psychology Introspection Experimentation Comparative method Specific Topics Consciousness Stream of consciousness Five major characteristics: 1. It is personal; my thought 2. It's constantly changing 3. It's sensibly continuous; fundamentally a single chain 4. It deals with objects independent of itself - reality 5. It's selective Mind-Body Problem Emotion: James-Lange Theory Self: Self-esteem Habit

Helmholtz

Life mother descendent of William Penn father philology instructor at a military college delicate health; tutored at home read old physics texts; conducted optical experiments at 17 entered institute to become army surgeon rapid movement up academic ladder: Berlin Academy of Arts (age 27) Königsberg (age 28) Bonn (age 34) Heidelberg (age 36) Berlin (age 50) at Berlin: research in physics, thermodynamics, meteorology, electromagnetism enobled in 1882 (age 61): hence the "von" visited US in 1893; met William James; died year later Contributions "The Conservation of Force" (1847/26) Measured the speed of nervous conduction (1850/29) Ophthalmoscope (1851/30) Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-76/35-46): The Theory of the Sensation of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music (1863/42): resonance place theory Doctrine of unconscious inference

Fechner

Life son of (free-thinking) village pastor precocious; learning Latin at 5, began medical studies at 16 father died age 5 medical degree at Leipzig in 1822 earned living translating French science texts began research on electrochemistry: paper on "Determination of the Mass of the Galvanic Chain" (Massbestimmungen über die galvanische Kette, 1831/30) professorship of physics at Leipzig in 1834 (33) but long series of illnesses; partial blindness in 1840; resigned, small pension from 1844 authorship of humorous articles under nom de plume of Dr. Mises mystical philosophy: panpsychic, anti-materialist 1. Booklet of Life after Death (1836/35) 2. Nanna, or Concerning the Mental Life of Plants (1848/47) 3. Zend-Avesta, or Concerning Matters of Heaven and the Hereafter (1851/50) 1850 (Oct. 22) sudden insight -> Contributions Elemente der Psychophysik ("Elements of Psychophysics"; 1860/59) 1. Coined term: psychophysics 2. Fechner's law: S = k log R (R = Reiz, or "stimulus" in German) 3. Methodology: method of limits, etc. Vorschule der Aesthetik ("Introduction to Aesthetics"; 1876/75) 1. Experimental aesthetics 2. First public opinion poll

Muller

Life son of shoemaker originally planned to become a priest medical degree age 20 University of Bonn extremely neurotic, several nervous breakdowns; may have died a suicide Contributions Doctrine of specific nerve energies (1826/26) Handbook of Physiology (1833/32) Students and disciples 1. Theodor Schwann (1810-1882): pepsin, cell theory, "metabolism" 2. Karl Ludwig (1816-1895): kymograph* 3. Émile DuBois-Reymond (1819-1892): electro-chemical nature of nervous impulse* 4. Ernst Brücke (1819-1893): Freud's teacher* 5. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902): cellular theory of pathology 6. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1888): see below* *signed in blood 1842 anti-vitalist manifesto

E. H. Weber

Life son of theology professor; eldest of 3 brothers medical degree University of Leipzig age 20 professor of anatomy at Leipzig age 23-76 younger brother Wilhelm Eduard a famous physicist Contributions Quantitative research on sensory modalities from 1834 Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl ("The Sense of Touch and the General Sense"; 1846/51): 1. Two-point threshold 2. Just noticeable difference (jnd) 3. Weber fraction: delta S / S = k k = .020 for lifting weights k = .015 for brightness of light k = .100 for loudness of tone but only valid in middle ranges

Spencer

Life "Survival of the fittest" son of English schoolmaster nonconformist tradition only child; loner in childhood refused university education; became civil engineer largely self-educated reading of Lyell's Principles of Geology at 20 -> life crisis friends with leading intellectuals of day published articles in The Zoist Ideas Principles of Biology (1864/44) "survival of the fittest" Principles of Psychology (1855/35) evolutionary associationism (empiricist nativism) development as differentiation and integration Consequences Individual Differences: Differential Psychology Ethology: Comparative Psychology Functionalism: Functional Psychology Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Epistemology and the BVSR Model of Creativity

Kant

Life and Career Early development born in Königsberg; father tradesman mother pious & intelligent student of philosophy and mathematics theory of heavens; nebular hypothesis (multiple) private tutor, then privat docent, then professor 1770-97 (46-75) poor; never married; fixed routine brilliant and popular lecturer Influences Leibnizian-Wolffian philosophy British Empiricists; Hume's skepticism Works Critique of Pure Reason (1781/57) Critique of Practical Reason (1788/64) Critique of Judgment (1790/66) Ideas Theory of knowledge: pure reason Integration of three epistemologies Empiricism (sensation as content) Rationalism (categories of thought) Skepticism (phenomena vs. noumena) Curious consequence: no psychology mathematics inapplicable experimentation impossible but anthropology? Theory of ethics: practical reason; categorical imperative Influence viewed himself as a Copernicus difficult read yet profound impact - the greatest since Descartes

Locke

Life and Career father an attorney Oxford education contacts with scientists (Boyle, etc.) exile to Holland 1683-89 Chief Works Letters Concerning Toleration (1689/57) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690/58) Epistemology The Origin of Ideas no innate ideas: "white paper" rather, empirical source Sensation Reflection The Types of Ideas Simple Primary qualities Secondary qualities Complex

Gassendi

Materialistic atomism; no dualism -Was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. -He was also an active observational scientist -He wrote numerous philosophical works, and some of the positions he worked out are considered significant, finding a way between scepticism and dogmatism. - First thinker to formulate the modern "scientific outlook", of moderated scepticism and empiricism. He clashed with his contemporary Descartes on the possibility of certain knowledge. -His best known intellectual project attempted to reconcile Epicurean atomism with Christianity.

Broca

Motor Aphasia -Learn about the lesion of the left hemisphere is associated with the inability to speak. -Primary example is his famous patient "Tan"

Malebranche

Ocassionalism said material world and mental world does not connect at all

Gustave Le Bon

Old and wealthy family; medical school; but dilettante Two books on group psychology and the group mind: The Psychology of Peoples (1894/53): unconscious and hypnotic influences The Crowd (1895/54): suggestibility and contagion

Matthews

On Naval Timber and Arboriculture (1831/41) -Had the theory of evolution by adaptation written and published but the title of the book did not interest people. He included evolution by natural selection in the appendix. Had few readers.

Lamarck

Philosophie zoologique ("Zoological Philosophy," 1809/65) - inheritance of acquired characteristics ie: giraffe -Idea that animals acquire characteristics and most importantly they pass their traits to their offsprings -Found no mechanism and evidence to support idea This was one of the first evolution idea for a long time

Lyell

Principles of Geology (1830-33/33-36) - Uniformitarianism -Idea that the world stay the same is not true, the process we see today has always been there and operating and if the river is slowing carving canyons, then millions of years from now it will create something like the great cannon. -Basically the world is old, bio and geographic process takes years and a very long time indeed -This influenced Darwin

Gall

Scientific Contributions Introduced new dissection techniques Important discoveries about the central nervous system Gray versus white matter Hemispheres connected by commissures Fibers from spinal cord cross over in lower brain Higher mental functions related to size of cortex Pseudo-Scientific Mistake Influenced by Physiognomy (Johann Kaspar Lavater, 1741-1801) Faculty Psychology (Dugald Stewart, 1753-1828) Developed: Organology Specific brain localization of each faculty Faculty development associated with cortical tissue Magnitude of tissue determines shape of skull (hence craniometry)

Wernicke

Sensory Aphasia -Localized area of the right side of the brain is associated with the ability to comprehend -Essentially patients can speak but the words they sound out makes no sense together

Charcot

The "Napoleon of the Neuroses" Early career as neurologist Studied at Salpêtrière; obtained staff position (1862/37) Described poliomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy Wrote Clinical Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Nervous System (1873/48) Method: non-theoretical; inductive repetition; types vs. formes frustes e.g., epilepsy Grand mal epilepsy aura phase tonic phase clonic phase Petit mal epilepsy Excellent clinical lecturer (Binet, James, Janet & Freud) Later career as a psychiatrist Began to study hysteria in 1880s: Discovery: "virile hysteria" Etiology: dissociation of memories Nosography Grande hystérie epileptoid stage large movement stage hallucinatory stage delirious stage Included hypnotizability among hysterical symptoms Grand hypnotisme catalepsy stage lethargy stage somnambulism stage Presents in French Academy of Sciences (1882/57) Controversy with Nancy School Decline in influence

Spruzheim

Transformation into phrenology - Had an idea to go to a land where there are thousands of people educated with money that would buy his idea: USA -Had huge success with business, did diagnosis at fairs

Erasmus Darwin

Zoonomia (1794/63) - direct influence of the environment -Decided to write scientific work in poetry. Difficult to read

Avicenna

a. A Persian polymath who develop a faculty psychology. b. Instead of treating the mind as a single thing he though of it as multiple parts of models that function indifferent purpose c. Contributed to psychology greatly

Pyrrho of Elis

a. A philosopher of Hellenistic time, he had to fake a problem when the immergence of difference cultures all live and function together b. Skepticism: he believe that no on is able to learn the truth so it's not worth arguing about it.

Lucretius

a. After Alexander the great empire fell, Epicurus found a way to live called "ataraxia" which means to no worry and to maximize life. b. He was Epicurus student who believed in "the nature of things" during roman times and he wrote about atheist i. There is no gold and only cause and effects.

Plato

a. Background: real name is Aristocles which means flat, came from an aristocratic family. b. Founded Academy (Akademia) which was in an olive garden c. Idea of Epistemology, which means that ideas are not universal form. i. Reason is greater than experience ii. Nativism (anamnesis) is the idea that we are born with all the knowledge in the universe we just have to bring it out. d. Idea of Ethics i. Reason>pleasure; soul. Body ii. Philosopher-king; believe that if we want a perfect society we should make philosophers king

Socrates

a. Basic ideas were never written down, his students (Plato) recorded what he said. b. Two things: i. Subject matter: ethics is greater than natural philosophy. What we do vs. what we should do is morally correct ii. Dictum: "know thyself" self knowledge is most important c. Methodology i. Dialectic method of reduction ii. Socratic Irony of analyzing experts to probe their knowledge

Epictetus

a. Bio: a believer of stoicism, he was a slave and his writing survived because he gained much followers. b. His mother challenged his belief and after proving his point by breaking his leg he became free.

Aristotle

a. Bio: father was a physician (of Alexander the great), student of Plato, founded Lyceum: Peripatetic philosophy means "you walk about walking around" b. Aristotle had a fall out with Plato, was more fundamental. i. Idea of the three soul: Peri Psyches (De Anima): 3 soul vegetative (nutrition & reproduction) animal (sensitivity & locomotion) human (reason) c. On Memory and Reminiscence: tabula nuda association: similarity, continguity and contrast. d. Rhetoric: Principles of persuasion e. Ethics: the Golden Mean

Democritus

a. Determinism, materialism, atomism: believed that everything is materials down to the smallest unit atom b. Perception: eidola is the idea that each object in the world emits a version of it to your eyes to feel them c. Ethics: hedonism is to maximize pleasure without abusing things

Aurelius

a. During the Roman empire, time of Stoicicm , he was an emperor and wrote a book about meditation b. He cursed the Christian and his statue still stand in Rome.

Ockham

a. English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. b. Although he is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name c. he also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology.

Maimondies

a. Guide for the perplexed. He was a Jewish-Muslim who was concern about how to fit their religion with science Muslim b. Showed that you can now reconcile your faith with religion.

Scotus

a. He has had considerable influence on both Catholic and secular thought. b. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being," that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual. c. He also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate conception of Mary.

Heraclitus

a. Incessant flux; conflict: the idea that phusis as fire (not water like Thales) b. "You never step in the same river twice"

Thales

a. Introduce two major changes of philosophy: Naturalism: idea of Phusis as water was the first of nature b. Prediction: was the first to accurately predict the solar eclipse

Protagoras

a. Realism and individualism, he was the first to recognize that every person's experience is different b. Persuasion; sophism: sophism is a technique to sway people to have your opinion

Eriugena

a. Sense vs. reason: delt with issues of two major source of knowledge Reason (rational) vs. Sense (sensations) b. His arguments favor both Plato and Aristotle as correct because they are dealing with different knowledge c. Such that there are two knowledge: knowledge of the world and knowledge of the abstract

Pythagoras

a. Soul vs. Body distinction b. Number and mathematics: he believe that you have to understand numbers to understand anything today

Zeno of Citium

a. Stoa poikile, he taught his discipline of a stoa in a stoa and his writing did not survive

Augustine

a. Was a Christian, became a saint, had an illegitimate child b. Thought of: "how do we know we have a mind?" c. If you thought you were mindless, you're just proving what you're saying, one thing for sure is that you know of your existence.

Roger bacon

a. Was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. b. Sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle

Thomas Aquinus

a. Was the Thomastic Synthesis, a summa theological b. "Whether several angels can be at the same time at the same place?" c. Had psychological questions about: the nature and some of happiness, voluntary versus involuntary act, the causes and effects of love and lust d. Answers were deducted and reduced

Boethius

a.Consolation of philosophy" when the barbarians have took over. b. Console self in jail waiting execution by writing about happiness, to be stoic is the goal

Plotinus

a.Neo-Platonism: believe material things in the world do not exist b. Believe fundamentally reality is purely in the mind, if something that's wrong with you in your mind, it's nothing physical.

Spinoza

born Amsterdam of Jewish-Portuguese parents mother died when 6 precocious excommunicated lens grinder by trade greatest works published posthumously, specially the Ethics (1677/45) Ideas General approach Pantheism from Renaissance Neo-Platonism and Cartesian philosophy Geometric method Specific application Mind-body problem resolved through double-aspect monism strict psychic determinism Epistemology: identity hypothesis Ethics: reason as restraint on passion Influence Leibniz German Idealists German physiologists Freud

Mesmer

earned MD in 1766 (32) for dissertation "On the Influence of Planets" (animal gravitation) married wealthy aristocrat and lived life of ease glass harmonica; friendly with Mozart family met Father Maximilian Hell in 1770s who studied magnets first "cure": idea of animal magnetism in 1773 (40) expert witness against Johann Gassner in 1775 (42) treatment of 16-year old Maria-Theresia Paradis in 1777 (44) condemned as a charlatan, and fled to Paris in 1778 (45) developed a popular group therapy (baquet, chambre de crises, etc.) royal commission to investigate claims in 1784 (41): included Benjamin Franklin, Antoine Lavoisier, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, and Jean Bailly fled to Switzerland, where he died in obscurity The Aftermath Marquis de Puységur (1751-1825): artificial somnambulism post-hypnotic suggestion and amnesia José Custodio di Faria (1756-1819): lucid sleep John Elliotson (1791-1868): Zoist (1843-1856) James Esdaile (1808-1859): 1300 operations in India James Braid (1795-1860) neuro-hypnology, hence hypnotism supported Puységur's idea of patient susceptibility

Pascal

machine mind, instance of your mind. "If I invent a machine does it have a mind?" Mathematician to invent the first calculator.

Bayle

was a skeptical rationaism: strip things down to infer can result in interring too much