Pscyh Final
A friend tells you that he conducted a scientific experiment this summer in which he talked to ten plants and measured their growth. He found that these plants grew faster and taller than any plants he had ever grown. From your friend's research, can we conclude that talking to plants is the cause of their fast growth?
No, because there was no control group.
Regarding gender and depression, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Overall, women are about 25 percent more likely than men to experience depression.
Regarding the technology used to study the brain, which of the following statements is FALSE?
PET and fMRI brain scans show that most people use only 10 percent of their brain capacity.
By detecting the subatomic particles emitted by weakly radioactive glucose as it is consumed by the brain, researchers can obtain detailed images of activity both near the surface and below the surface of the brain. This technique is called a(n)
PET scan
By placing positron detectors around the head and sending data to a computer, it is possible to create a moving, color picture of changes in brain activity using a(n)
PET scan.
Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies.
Annie is being noisy and disrespectful, and her mother gives her a "swat" on her rear end. Annie immediately gets quiet. The next time Annie is being noisy and disrespectful, her mother is most likely to use punishment again. According to research, which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the use of punishment?
"Sparing the rod" on Annie would have resulted in her becoming a "spoiled" child.
Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and/or special privileges?
. a token economy
Which of the following is a psychological disturbance that lasts up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them?
. acute stress disorder
If you want to teach your new puppy to come to you when you call him, it would be best to start out reinforcing your dog on which schedule of reinforcement?
. continuous
If you follow accepted authority, rules, and values or if your choices reflect a desire to please others, you are exhibiting moral reasoning at which level of development?
. conventional
Because of the rapid growth of basic structures, the developing fetus is sensitive to a variety of diseases, drugs, and sources of radiation, especially during which part of the pregnancy?
. first trimester
A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable
. increases.
When learning an ordered list of words, which items are neither held in short-term memory nor moved to long-term memory, so they are often lost?
. middle
The symptoms of memory loss, trouble spelling words, depression, and moodiness exhibited by some boxers, hockey players, and NFL football players who had suffered concussions would be considered
. neurological soft sign
Arnold wants to increase the amount of time he exercises. When he reaches his goal for the first day, he relaxes after doing his exercise for that day and watches an episode of one of his favorite sitcoms while cooling down and drinking water. He does this after every day of exercise. At the end of the week of successful days of exercise, Arnold treats himself to a movie. During this behavioral self-management program, Arnold has set up daily and weekly
. reinforcers.
In the United States, about two thirds of all children from middle-class families show a(n) __________ attachment.
. secure
The town of Indianola, Mississippi wants to know what the community thinks about building a high-tech movie theatre. Increased taxes will be used to pay for the new theatre. Therefore, elected officials are mailing out questionnaires to determine public opinion about the theatre and the use of increased taxes to pay for it. Which type of research method are they using?
. survey
Watching the night sky and seeing "a shooting star" is reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?
. variable interval
Roughly what percent of all women who give birth develop postpartum depression?
13 percent
According to Kohlberg, what percent of the population is estimated to reach the postconventional level of morality?
20
If a person suffering from schizophrenia has an identical twin, what percent chance does the other twin have of also becoming schizophrenic?
48 percent
Regarding meaningful material, if one can remember 70 percent of this material after three years, then he or she should remember what percent of this information after 20 years?
70 percent
Regarding the symptoms of psychosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A flat affect and a lack of emotion are considered to be positive symptoms of psychosis.
Regarding dissociative identity disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A history of heavy drug use as teenagers was found in over 95 percent of persons whose personalities later split into multiple identities.
Regarding major depressive disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A major depressive disorder is sometimes referred to as dysthymia.
Regarding agnosia, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Agnosia is the inability to identify visually-presented objects.
Which of the following is NOT a good guideline for taking tests?
Answer the more difficult questions before the easy ones.
In this culture parents tend to be strict with a focus on obedience and a strong attachment to the mother. Parents also believe instilling self-reliance and resourcefulness are a necessity for their children. The ethnic community described above is most likely
Arab-American.
Regarding language development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
At four to five months of age, babies begin cooing.
After he is spanked, Terrence feels angry, frustrated, and hostile, and goes immediately outside and picks a fight with his younger brother. What is most likely to occur in the future?
Because Terrence releases some of his anger on his younger brother, his aggression will be rewarded by being the stronger one and this behavior will tend to occur again in other frustrating situations.
Women are more likely than men to regain the ability to speak after having experienced damage to
Broca's area
In higher-order conditioning, the
CS is used as if it were a US
During practice, a football player experiences symptoms commonly associated with having a stroke. The coaches rush him to the hospital so that the doctors can view the structure of this player's brain using a specialized X-ray technique known as a(n)
CT scan
Regarding suppression and repression, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Clinicians consider true suppression to be an unconscious event.
Regarding commonsense theories of behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Commonsense theories are most often based on scientific observation.
Regarding conversion disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Conversion disorders are one type of psychosomatic illness.
Regarding forgetting, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Research has shown that the disuse explanation provides the best explanation for forgetting in long-term memory.
Regarding a comparison of classical and operant conditioning, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Responses are elicited during classical conditioning.
Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?
Sara grabs a branch of a rose bush and hurts her hand.
Which of the following was the first to propose a psychodynamic explanation for what he called "neurosis"?
Sigmund Freud
Regarding people with an antisocial personality disorder, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Symptoms of this disorder tend to increase, becoming much worse after the age of 40.
Regarding SAD, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The best time to administer phototherapy is in the late evening
Regarding Piaget's cognitive theory and the learning theorists, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The growth in connections between brain cells occurs in waves that parallel the learning theorists' view.
Concerning language development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The idea that language is learned is supported by the fact that children around the world use a limited number of patterns in their first sentences.
Regarding animal studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The majority of psychological studies utilize animals as subjects.
Cynthia is an elementary classroom teacher who often yells and humiliates her students when they misbehave. A fellow teacher suggests that she use praise, approval, and rewards to change the students' behaviors. According to research, what would you tell Cynthia?
The minimum punishment for misbehavior is the most effective.
Regarding psychiatric labeling, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The most common source of bias in judging normality is social class.
Regarding brain cells regeneration and repair, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The number of brain cells a person has decreases as they age.
A core assumption of early theories of associative learning was that learning did not require any thinking, or cognition. Animals, it was widely assumed, did not have "minds" and certainly could not "think" in anyway like humans do. A classic series of studies conducted in the 1930s at the University of California at Berkeley, began to challenge this assumption. These experiments that involved rats finding their way through mazes and which demonstrated latent learning were conducted by psychologist
Edward Tolman
Regarding early emotional development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Experts agree that anger is the most common infant expression shown during the first year of life.
Regarding the causes of mood disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?
The probability of fraternal twins both having a depressive disorder is 50 percent.
Martha is planning on enrolling her young son in "The Wee Care Learning Center" day care in town, which has been owned and staffed for the last six years by five former elementary teachers. According to research discussed in the textbook, which of the following can Martha expect concerning the effects of the day care on her son?
Her son will experience increases in social and cognitive skills
Regarding Hispanic families, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Hispanic families generally value competition over cooperation.
Regarding televised violence, which of the following statements is FALSE?
In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has significantly increased, even as the sale of violent video games has decreased.
Which of the following is an example of "going amok"?
In the Philippines, a brooding man suddenly goes on a murderous rampage.
Regarding insanity, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Insanity is a legal term that refers to people who are unable to manage their affairs or foresee consequences.
Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
Which technique produces the most detailed images of brain structures and allows any two-dimensional plane, or slice, of the body to be selected and displayed as an image on a computer screen?
MRI scan
Which of the following theorists is associated with Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?
Minimize the placebo effect
Regarding psychology in the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Most of the time the stories in the media regarding psychology are based more on critical thinking or science than on just entertainment value.
Regarding the challenges of adulthood, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Most of the time, declines in health happen so rapidly that they cannot be offset by one's increased life experience.
Regarding ethics in research, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Most university psychology departments have ethics committees that oversee the research done at the college to help ensure ethical guidelines are followed.
Which of the following statements concerning maternal and paternal influences is FALSE?
Mothers pay more visual attention to their children and are more tactile in interacting with their children than fathers are.
Regarding the child-rearing practices of different cultures, which of the following statements is FALSE?
There is general agreement across cultures about which behaviors are considered "good" and "bad."
When a psychologist uses scientific observation, these observations must
be carefully planned and be able to be confirmed by more than one observer.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people with photographic memories?
being a rare ability in childhood and more common in adulthood
Memories which can be located and retrieved refers to the memories
being accessible.
One of the reasons to study psychology is to
better understand human behavior.
If a television ad tells you that a "life coach" can map out your entire career and financial future if you log-on and pay for three half-hour Web-based sessions,
beware of oversimplification.
Dr. Amad is a psychologist who uses an fMRI scanner to identify brain regions that are involved in the perception of optical illusions. Dr. Amad would be referred to as a(n)
biopsychologist.
Jessie is a psychologist who specializes in how a person's biological processes, brain, and nervous system are related to behavior. Jessie would be referred to as a
biopsychologist.
At times Allen has had little need for sleep and can't stop talking with his mind seeming to race from idea to idea. Everything he does seems to him to be of immense importance, and he often spends too much money and "parties" too much during these times. However, he soon begins to feel extremely sad, worthless, and empty. Allen appears to be suffering from which disorder?
bipolar I disorder
Shawn has been mostly depressed for several years but occasionally shows hypomania. Shawn would most likely be diagnosed with __________ disorder.
bipolar II
At age 33, Kate Adamson had a stroke that resulted in a locked-in syndrome, in which one moment she was fine and the next totally paralyzed and barely able to breathe. The stroke had damaged which part of Kate Adamson's brain?
brainstem
The side effects of anabolic steroids include
breast enlargement in men.
Rare conditions, such as cases involving brain tumors, accidental brain injuries, childhood "geniuses," or "rampage" school shootings, are often studied using which method?
case study
Christina enviously watches her tennis rival practice. She admires Sarina's control of the racket and finely coordinated movement. Having just covered the section on the brain in her psychology class, Christina states that Sarina must have a highly developed
cerebellum
Procedural memory would be affected by damage to the
cerebellum and basal ganglia
Compared with other creatures, our human intelligence is specifically related to the fact that our brains have a much larger
cerebral cortex.
Jeffery is 16 months old, and his mother has spent almost every waking moment of the last three weeks trying to toilet-train Jeffery. However, Jeffery has shown no improvement. Jeffery's mother should be told that toilet training as well as other milestones in development are governed by the
child's readiness.
Earlier studies of modeled aggression suggest that
children who watch a great deal of televised violence will be more prone to behave aggressively.
In which condition are the prospects for recovery poor due to the brain damage being extensive as well as a subsequent disease process being triggered that continues to damage the brain long after the original traumas have ended?
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
In your short-term memory, numbers, letters, words, phrases, or familiar sentences can make up a single bit of information called a/an
chunk
In which of the following does the nature of learning involve a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) through its association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
classical conditioning
Which of the following is NOT considered an encoding strategy to improve memory?
cognitive interview
Which of the following types of learning extends beyond basic conditioning into the realms of memory, thinking, problem solving, and language?
cognitive learning
The soma is the part of the nerve cell that
collects and combines incoming information.
Health care providers have difficulty in diagnosing and treating a person when they suffer from more than one mental disorder at the same time. This condition is known as
comorbidity.
The anthropomorphic error would pose the greatest problem for which of the following?
comparative psychologist
Which type of psychologists would be most likely to study the communication patterns of chimpanzees and porpoises?
comparative psychologist
Whenever Jim has fearful thoughts, he starts naming the U.S. states. This irrational act of naming the U.S. states would be called a(n)
compulsion
It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)
conditioned emotional response
Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, twitching involuntarily every time he hears the toilet flush would be the
conditioned response (CR).
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the
conditioned stimulus
If an expectant mother is exposed to German measles, the child could be born with a
congenital problem.
When newspaper or magazine articles claim the effectiveness of some product or service, it is wise to
consider the source of the information.
Electroconvulsive therapy has the side effect of causing memory loss because it disrupts
consolidation
Giving placebos in drug experiments is necessary to
control for the effects of suggestion and expectation.
In which type of study are two factors measured and then a statistical technique used to find the degree of relationship between the two factors?
correlational study
The normal order of language development in infancy is
crying, cooing, babbling, single-word, and telegraphic speech.
Your client, Linda, who is a Native American, tells you that spirits live in the trees near her home. To be an effective counselor, you will need to judge Linda's behavior in relation to the values of the Native American culture. This example illustrates the idea of
cultural relativity
Amok and hikikomori are examples of
culture-bound syndromes.
Dissection revealed that the brain was made up of many anatomically distinct areas or "parts." This technique involves
cutting apart autopsied human and animal brains and examining them under a microscope.
Which of the following is part of the DSM-5 category called bipolar and related disorders?
cyclothymic disorder
Elisha is an early maturing girl. Compared to the late maturing girls, we can expect Elisha to
date sooner and engage in sex at an earlier age.
Scientists destroyed a tiny area of a cat's limbic system by inserting a tiny electrode into this target area and then passing an electric current through the electrode. The technique used is known as
deep lesioning.
How one deals with the inevitable slow declines in health during adulthood strongly influences that adult's
degree of life satisfaction.
Carl believes that the CIA has implanted a transmitter inside his head that is controlling his thoughts and behaviors. Carl is experiencing
delusions of influence.
Depressive, somatic, grandeur, persecution, influence, and reference are types of
delusions.
In an experiment to study the effects of fertilizer on plants, the growth rate of the plants would be the __________ variable.
dependent
As death draws near, the person begins to recognize that death cannot be prevented and that he or she will be separated from friends, loved ones, and the familiar routines of life. This fourth stage of impending death is
depression
You have designed an experiment to test a new drug. You prepare the injection doses of the drug and a placebo and label them with different letters. Then, you hire research assistants to give the injections and to collect data from the participants. Neither the research assistants nor the participants will know which injection is the drug or the placebo, or whether a participant is in the experimental or the control group. You have
designed a double-blind experiment.
Dianne is a psychologist who is interested in the progressive changes that people show in their physical, cognitive, emotional, and social abilities from conception to death. Dianne is most likely a __________ psychologist.
developmental
Every life is marked by a number of notable events, markers, or turning points in personal development known as
developmental milestones.
The study of changes in behavior from conception to death encompasses the field known as
developmental psychology.
Which pair of disorders would be considered anxiety-related disorders?
dissociative and somatic symptom disorders
A gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present is known as a __________ gene.
dominant
Motivation, reward, and the planning of behavior are influenced by this neurotransmitter with reduced feelings of pleasure as well as Parkinson's disease being linked with a deficiency of it. This excitatory neurotransmitter is
dopamine.
Persistent depressive disorder is sometimes referred to as
dysthymia
Research using PET scans of human brains indicates that
each stage of sleep shows a distinctive pattern of electrical activity in the brain.
Zelda is talking to her grandmother on the phone. You know that Grandma has asked Zelda a question because Zelda begins nodding. You tell Zelda that Grandma cannot see her nodding, so Zelda just nods her head more vigorously. She later tries to "show" her grandmother her new doll by holding it up in front of the phone. Zelda's inability to see the world except from her own viewpoint is referred to as
egocentric though
A student will tend to have more retrieval cues to help with redintegration on a test if he or she uses which of the following when studying?
elaborative processing
Any device, such as a wire, needle, or metal plate, used to electrically stimulate or destroy nerve tissue or to record its activity is called a(n)
electrode
Brain wave activity during sleep, daydreaming, hypnosis, and other mental states is likely to be studied using a(n)
electroencephalograph.
In the "Card Magic" demonstration in your textbook, your card appeared to disappear due to which type of forgetting?
encoding failure
Drugs that increase long-term potentiation tend to
enhance overall memory
Which subpart of declarative memory records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places in one's life?
episodic memory
You work with a loud and obnoxious person and try to end your conversation with him as soon as possible, which illustrates __________learning.
escape
A person suffering from hypothyroidism will tend to
exhibit inactivity, sleepiness, slowness, obesity, and depression.
Tina is taking part in an experiment, and is assigned to the group that receives the independent variable. Tina is in the __________ group.
experimental
Which type of memory would be used to answer this multiple choice question?
explicit
The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked-in individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain-damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state?
eye blinks
Sequential lineups in which one photo at a time is shown to the witness can reduce the occurrence of
false positives.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?
feedback
When learning an ordered list of words, which items will be remembered well because they enter an "empty" short-term memory, which allows you to rehearse the items so they move into long-term memory?
first
Getting paid every two weeks at your job comes closest to which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed interval
Juan is paid $10 for every 15 bags of "nuts and bolts" that he puts together, according to instructions. Juan is on which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called
fixed ratio.
Vivid recollections of emotionally significant events, such as the shooting at Sandy Hook elementary school, the Boston Marathon bombing, your high school graduation, or your first date, are known as
flashbulb memories.
With aging comes a gradual decline of __________ abilities.
fluid
Consolidation refers to the
forming of a long-term memory.
Regarding ageism, which of the following statements is FALSE?
geism is expressed the same way in different cultures.
Dr. Berka is studying how biology, child rearing, education, and societal stereotypes influence the differing behaviors exhibited by females and males in the workplace. Dr. Berka is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
gender
The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT
generalization
A delusion that one has some great talent or insight, or has special connections to important people would be classified as which type?
grandiose
Which of the following is an adaptive infant reflex that is elicited by pressing an object into the neonate's palm and aids the neonate's survival by helping him or her to avoid falling?
grasping reflex
Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world, are known as
hallucinations.
Through his use of stimulants and hallucinogens, Martin caused damage to his pons. Now doctors have to inject him with medication that will help
him to sleep.
Blanche is always overly dramatic when discussing her "trouble" to anyone who will listen. She enjoys being the center of attention and being catered to by everyone, especially men. Blanche's behavior fits the description of which personality disorder?
histrionic
Which of the following diagnoses had been considered a disorder in earlier editions of the DSM but was omitted as a diagnosis in 1974?
homosexuality
"I believe Amanda's anxiety and defensiveness are the result of an unrealistic self-image, which leaves her vulnerable to contradictory information that threatens her faulty self-image." Which type of professional is most likely to make this statement?
humanistic psychologist
Which part of the forebrain is the size of a grape but is considered the master control center for emotion and many basic motives?
hypothalamus
While reading this module, a student notices what seems to be abnormal tendencies in his own behavior. This
illustrates that pathological behavior is an exaggeration of normal defenses and reactions.
Although you can easily ride a bicycle, you would have difficulty describing the steps in riding the bicycle because this motor skill involves __________ memory.
implicit
Lance is 22 years old, is a college graduate, but is living with his parents and has only a part-time job, although he is looking for a full-time job. Lance's father says that Lance is a self-indulgent adult trapped in a "maturity gap," while Lance's mother says that Lance is just taking longer to find his identity. Either way, Lance is
in emerging adulthood.
The incidence of seasonal affective disorder is highest
in northern latitudes.
The control group and the experimental group are treated exactly the same EXCEPT for the __________ variable.
independent
Pretend play is an important component of which of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas?
initiative versus guilt
Which of the following is a correct match between the psychosocial stage and its age range?
initiative versus guilt---------------------------ages three to five years
Which of the following is NOT one of the attachment styles described by Mary Ainsworth?
insecure-agitated
According to Erikson's theory, aging and the threat of death become sources of fear and depression when an elderly person lacks
integrity.
Humans are superior to all other animals in
intelligence
Research indicates that the two hemispheres are more ___________ in women than in men.
interconnected
If you park your car in a different place every day, you may forget where you parked your car due to
interference
Which of the following refers to the tendency for new memories to impair the retrieval of older memories as well as the tendency for older memories to impair one's retrieval of new memories?
interference
Which of the following is NOT one of the six elements of the scientific method?
intuitive analysis
Alicia's mother asks Alicia to put her blocks away. Alicia responds, "No, me play." Observing this, we might guess that Alicia
is experiencing the terrible twos.
An advertisement promising to "unlock your hidden potential in just two hours!" should be suspect because
it is an oversimplification.
In most people, the left hemisphere of the brain controls the use of
language.
Milgram's study of obedience to authority, where subjects thought they were shocking another subject, raised questions about which two ethical concerns?
lasting harm to subjects and deception
Negative reinforcement occurs when a response
leads to the removal of an unpleasant event
The hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and parts of the thalamus make up the __________ system.
limbic
You are conducting an experiment to determine if listening to music improves learning. If the average test score of the experimental group is higher than the average of the control group, then you can conclude that
listening to music improved learning
Many techniques have been developed to help identify specific brain structures and the functions they control. These research techniques are part of the basic research strategy known as
localization of function
The MRI scan obtains an image of the brain by using
magnetic fields.
Psychology became a science in 1879 when psychologists began to
make observations, perform experiments, and seek information
In which of the following states do individuals tend to be loud, elated, hyperactive, and may exhibit grandiose schemes and behavior, may get arrested, spend all of their savings, or get involved in pleasure binges of drinking, taking drugs, or promiscuous sex?
mania
After childbirth, women may experience a mild depression lasting from one to two days after delivery, which is marked by crying, fitful sleep, tension, anger, and irritability. This mild depression is known as
maternity blues.
According to Erikson, the major task during young adulthood is successful achievement of
meaningful relationships with others.
Which of the following techniques provides a fascinating glimpse into the true origins of behavior by allowing scientists to view the action potentials of a single neuron?
microelectrode recording
Carol is seven years old, and her brother is 10 years old. According to the human growth sequence, Carol and her brother are in the period known as
middle childhood.
Videotapes of babies confirm that they imitate adult facial gestures while they can see them. Biopsychologists would explain that this imitation is due to the action of the
mirror neurons.
A memory aid that links new information to ideas or images that are easy to remember is called a
mnemonic
To demonstrate the impact of different environmental experiences on the brain, one group of rats was raised in a complex environment, while another group of rats was raised in a simpler environment. When their brains were compared, the rats raised in the more complex environments had
more synapses and longer dendrites.
The whitish, fatty substance that surrounds some axons and aids conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called
myelin
If a researcher finds a negative correlation between the number of hours that students play computer games and grades, this means that
n experiment would have to be conducted to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between video game playing and grades
People who think of themselves as wonderful, brilliant, important, and worthy of constant admiration have the characteristics of which personality disorder?
narcissistic
Psychologists who advocate the evolutionary view explain behavior through
natural selection
From her studies of chimpanzees in the wild in Tanzania, Jane Goodall showed that humans are not the only tool-making animals. In discovering this information, Jane Goodall used which type of research method?
naturalistic observation
The removal of a pleasant state of affairs that reduces the frequency of a target behavior is referred to as response cost, or
negative punishment
Preschoolers Jordan and Dennis were throwing sticks at other students on the playground, so their teacher made them sit on the sidewalk for five minutes, taking them away from the fun activities on the playground. Their teacher was using
negative punishment.
The removal of a pleasant state of affairs that reduces the frequency of a target behavior is referred to as response cost, or
negative punishment.
Because taking a drug reduces withdrawal symptoms, taking the drug is
negatively reinforced
The central and peripheral are the two main divisions of the __________ system.
nervous
Repeatedly practicing word pronunciations promotes which of the following processes in the damaged part of the brain?
neurogenesis
Which of the following are not direct tests of the brain, but are subtle outward behavioral signs of nervous system dysfunction that have been used to diagnose problems ranging from childhood learning disorders to psychosis?
neurological soft signs
Ray awoke one morning to find that he could not see anything in the upper right side of his visual field, his right eye and the right side of his mouth looked different in the mirror, his gait when walking was a bit awkward, and he felt generally "clumsy." Ray is exhibiting
neurological soft signs of a stroke
You are sitting on a stool when suddenly you lean back and fall, hitting the back of your head on the floor. You "see stars" as you try to sit back up. This sensation of "seeing stars" occurs because
neurons in your occipital lobe are stimulated.
Nico and Brooke are teenagers who had a large portion of their brains removed as infants. Today they are functioning well because over the years their brains have compensated for their losses through a process called
neuroplasticity
Regarding their visual capabilities, babies are able to tell the difference between dogs and birds or other groups of animals as early as the age of
nine months
Concerning the behavioral effects of various consequences, a response that is not followed by a reward will occur less frequently. This defines
nonreinforcement.
According to Piaget, newborn babies cannot create internal representations such as mental images, and as a result, they lack
object permanence.
You meet a young lady who giggles after every sentence she says. You conclude that she is a very happy person, but you later find that her giggling is due to nervousness in meeting new people. This story suggests that it is important to distinguish between
observation and inference.
A police officer expecting criminal behavior shoots a person who is reaching for his wallet because he perceives the suspect as reaching for a gun. This is a dangerous example of the
observer bias.
A college student has volunteered to tutor students in a first-grade classroom. She hopes to gain a realistic picture of the everyday behavior of these students. However, every time she enters the classroom, the students all stop what they are doing and run up to her begging her to tutor them next. This college student will probably never get a realistic picture of a typical first grader's school day because of the
observer effect.
If a song or stupid commercial jingle repeats over and over in your mind, you are experiencing a mild type of
obsession
Juanita had a stroke and is in the hospital. When her family members visit her in the hospital, Juanita is unable to recognize any of their faces until she hears their voices. Juanita most likely has damage to the association areas of the
occipital and frontal lobes
If you are trying to recall the concept "test anxiety" for your final psychology exam, you are more likely to mistakenly write "test nervousness" or "test worry" than "text anxiety" or "tent anxiety" because information for your psychology final is most likely stored in long-term memory
on the basis of meaning
In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the
onditioned response.
Regarding the rate of occurrence of schizophrenia, what proportion of the population will have schizophrenia in any given year?
one in 100
Which of the following types of associative learning is also known as instrumental learning and can be used to alter your own behavior and the behavior of pets, children, and other adults?
operant conditioning
Your dog jumps up on you when you get home. You eliminate this behavior by withholding your attention and ignoring the dog when it jumps on you. This is called
operant extinction.
On Fridays, you know that you can dress casually for work, but on Wednesdays when the corporate executive usually drops by, you know you should dress in your best suit. This illustrates
operant stimulus discrimination
When a toddler is in the stage called the terrible twos, his or her typical behavior would best be described as
oppositional
People who are having memories of abuse should try to verify the memories through
others who were there or may have witnessed it.
Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by
pairing images which evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
Which of the following is NOT a correct match between endocrine gland and hormone?
pancreas-----------corticoids
In which disorder do the victims have occasional, unexpected anxiety attacks in which they believe that they are having a heart attack, are going insane, or are about to die?
panic disorder
A symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution is
paranoia
Johann has the most common type of delusional disorder, which is
paranoid psychosis.
In talking to an infant, an adult may use exaggerated or musical voice inflections during a type of speech known as
parentese or motherese.
Responses that are not always followed by reinforcement tend to become more and more resistant to extinction, according to the
partial reinforcement effect.
The graph shown depicts a __________ correlation.
perfect positive
People with hypopituitary dwarfism have
perfectly proportioned body and limbs, but are tiny.
In order to carefully control conditions and confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis about the causes of behavior, one must
perform an experiment.
The same drugs used to treat LSD overdoses tend to alleviate the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. These drugs are
phenothiazines
The same drugs used to treat LSD overdoses tend to alleviate the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. These drugs are
phenothiazines.
A treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light is called
phototherapy.
Which gland is associated with body rhythms and sleep cycles and secretes the hormone melatonin?
pineal
Oxytocin plays a broad role in regulating many behaviors generally involved in happiness, including pregnancy, parenthood, sexual activity, social bonding, trust, and the reduction of stress reactions, and is released by the __________ gland.
pituitary
Contact comfort refers to the
pleasant, reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm, especially their mother.
The boys in Ms. Jones' third grade class were lined up according to height and were then weighed in this order beginning with the shortest. Each succeeding boy was found to weigh more than the preceding one. These data were plotted on a graph with weight on the horizontal axis and height on the vertical axis and revealed a
positive correlation.
A young boy has been told by his father not to go near the street. The boy looks at his father and then runs toward the busy street. His father catches the young boy before he makes it to the street and spanks him for this misbehavior. The young boy stops going near the street due to the consequence known as
positive punishment
During a negative after-potential, there is an outward flow of which of the following from the axon?
potassium ions
Andy's teachers describe Andy as cold, somewhat defiant, and rigid. One teacher even overheard Andy say that he hates his parents. According to the research on child discipline techniques, Andy's parents are most likely using a harsh version of which discipline approach?
power assertion
Braxton and Shelia are curious about the relationship between obesity and hours spent watching television. They obtained data on rates of obesity and reported hours watching television over a four-year period. When they graphed the rate of obesity in the sample and the hours of television watched, they found that obesity and watching television have a positive relationship. The more hours the sample reported watching television, the higher the rate of obesity. Therefore, knowing how much television a population watches now allows us to
predict the rate of obesity.
A good way to encourage development of a child's intellectual capacity is to
present challenges slightly beyond the child's current level of comprehension.
Food, water, pain reduction, sex, and brain stimulation have in common the fact that all are __________ reinforcers.
primary
Memories may be revealed through recall, recognition, relearning, and
priming
Activating implicit memories by providing partial information that has been previously linked with them is known as
priming.
Justin plays drums for a local hard rock band. When a country and western band asks Justin to fill in for their drummer, Justin initially has some difficulty adjusting to this new band's tempo since he is so used to the timing of his own band's "beat." This initial difficulty in adjusting to the new "beat" is best explained by
proactive interference.
A person suffering from anxiety predicts that he will make a fool of himself at a social gathering and, in fact, he does. A psychologist predicts that students in his morning class will outperform those in his afternoon class and, in fact, they do. The anxious person and the psychologist both
produced a self-fulfilling prophecy.
As a parent, you want your daughter to grow up to be a mature, independent adult, who will act responsibly and make good decisions. To accomplish this, you should
provide love, explain your decisions, and expect her to take responsibility for her actions.
Gabe is working on a math task. Although Gabe is close to having the mental skills needed to do the task, the task is just a little too complex for him to master alone. This math task falls within Gabe's zone of
proximal development
Which theory holds that depression is caused by repressed anger turned inward as self-blame?
psychoanalytic theory
Sandra claims that Antoine's anxiety originates from unresolved sexual conflicts residing in his unconscious. Sandra's interpretation of Antoine's condition is consistent with the __________ perspective.
psychodynamic
Dr. Jones is a psychologist who specializes in the psychology of language and language development. Dr. Jones would be referred to as a
psycholinguist.
Which of the following methods of measuring memory is being used when a student is required to recite poetry or the lines of a famous play verbatim?
recall
Which of the following ways of measuring memory involves supplying or reproducing memorized information with a minimum of external cues?
recall
To find out whether it really is "the thought that counts" when giving a gift, Gino and Flynn asked gift recipients to rate how much they would appreciate getting a gift they requested as opposed to one chosen by the gift giver. According to the empirical evidence gathered, these researchers found that the
recipients were more appreciative of a requested gift
The ability to correctly identify previously learned information is known as __________ memory.
recognition
The key to the cognitive interview is
recreating the crime scene.
When Georgia looks at an old photograph of herself in the backyard tire swing, a flood of memories comes rushing back. Georgia finds herself going from one memory to the next. According to memory research, this process is referred to as
redintegration.
Operant conditioning involves which of the following?
reinforcement
In which method of measuring memory is a savings score used to demonstrate the retention of information?
relearning
If the media reports that eating bacon is associated with colon cancer, one should
remember that correlation does not mean causation.
Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior?
remembering a pleasant experience
Which of the following would be considered an episodic memory?
remembering the names of your elementary school teacher
Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. These 100 students surveyed would constitute the
representative sample
Helen has a six-month "gap" in her memories of grade school. Her "gap" corresponds to the period immediately after her father's death. Helen's memory loss is most likely accounted for by
repression
A single-blind experiment would most likely be used to minimize the
research participant bias.
A dog participating in agility training must navigate a variety of obstacles, such as jumping over hurdles, walking over seesaws, and running through tunnels with its trainer only able to reinforce the dog with a snack or hug after the dog completes the entire sequence. This dog training is accomplished through
response chaining.
Sieta wants to teach her daughter to say "Please" when she asks for something, so she decides to only comply with her daughter's request for something when her daughter says "Please." Thus, Sieta's compliance to her daughter's request is
response contingent.
Learning that involves mechanical repetition and memorization is known as __________ learning.
rote
Which of the following is most characteristic of bipolar II disorder?
sadness and guilt, with at least one episode of hypomania
James Huberty, who killed 21 people at a fast-food restaurant in San Ysidro, California, felt persecuted and cheated by life. Shortly before he went to the fast-food restaurant, he announced to his wife that he was "going hunting humans." For some time, Huberty had been hearing hallucinated voices. Huberty was exhibiting the paranoia often seen in
schizophrenia
The most common form of psychosis is
schizophrenia
Which of the following is NOT a dissociative disorder?
schizophrenia
Which of the following personality disorders describes a person who displays social isolation, extremely odd behavior, and disturbed thought patterns, but who is not actively psychotic?
schizotypal
. After living in New Orleans for ten years, Rebecca's company transferred her to Maine. Since moving to Maine, she is bothered by depression that repeatedly occurred with the onset of autumn and continues through the winter months. When spring arrives, she begins feeling normal again. Rebecca's symptoms suggest that she is experiencing __________ disorder.
seasonal affective
Which type of reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers?
secondary reinforcers
Those who label themselves as "applied researchers" do all of the following EXCEPT
seek knowledge for its own sake.
By videotaping a young child and then letting the child see the video on television, you would be testing for
self-recognition
Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies is known as
self-recording.
Distress displayed by infants separated from their parents or caregivers is called
separation anxiety.
Fallon has been diagnosed with a major depression. She is most likely deficient in which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
The surgical procedure of cutting the corpus callosum is done in cases of
severe epilepsy
The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is called
shaping.
The CT scans and MRI scans both suggest that the brains of persons suffering from schizophrenia have
shrunk (atrophied)
Almost any behavior can be judged to be normal or abnormal depending on the specific circumstances present. This qualification for judging whether or not a behavior is abnormal is referred to as
situational context.
Women are 50 percent more likely to experience depression than men, with the main reason for this difference being
social and environmental conditions.
Fear of using a public rest room or eating in public would both be considered symptoms of a(n)
social phobia.
The cell body of a neuron is also called the
soma.
When a part of the body is very sensitive to touch or pain, this body part will be associated with a larger area on which part of the cortex?
somatosensory area
Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?
sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
Damage to Broca's area causes great difficulty in
speaking or writing.
A few weeks after giving up on buying state lottery tickets, many people are tempted to try again, thus, illustrating the concept of
spontaneous recovery
Sidney has been a teacher for 23 years. He has been feeling trapped in "this life" for the last five years and finds his teaching efforts unappreciated and poorly compensated. So, in the middle of the semester, he quits his job, divorces his wife, and moves to a large city to start over in a sales job. Erikson would say that Sidney was experiencing
stagnation.
The fact that one's memory can be influenced by the mood or bodily condition that exists at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval is known as
state-dependent learning.
Dr. Orazzo is using an objective method of defining abnormality. However, this method will not tell her about the meanings of the deviations she obtained; nor does it tell her where to draw the line between normal and abnormal. The method of defining abnormality that Dr. Orazzo is using is
statistical abnormality.
We pick up phones that are ringing, but rarely answer phones that are silent. This is an example of
stimulus control.
In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a
stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
Hunger, thirst, sleep, attention, sex, breathing, and many other vital functions are controlled by parts of the
subcortex
Although her family is unaware of her chronic feelings of hopelessness and despair, Carmen is very unhappy. Thus, she would be exhibiting psychopathology based on
subjective discomfort.
Regarding superstitious behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?
superstitious behavior is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforce
You made an "F" on your first psychology test. Whenever that grade creeps into your mind, you consciously push it back out of your mind. This illustrates
suppression.
Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?
synapse
Psychologist Carroll Izard thinks that infants can express several basic emotions as early as age
ten weeks
If you watch television every night and want to study more, make it a rule not to turn on the set until you have studied for an hour. Then, lengthen the requirement each week. Using the television watching as a reinforcement for studying is an example of
the Premack principle.
One reason why it is incorrect to infer a causal relationship from a correlational claim is
the cause of the relationship may be due to a hidden variable.
Amy lifts her head, then learns to crawl, then to walk with the development progressing from her head to her feet. This progression illustrates
the cephalocaudal pattern.
Identical twins are less alike as adults than they were as children, which demonstrates the influence of
the environment
You are playing a trivia game on the computer when the category of "American Presidents" comes up. Having just taken an exam on this subject, you smile as you read the first question and the correct answer immediately "pops" in your head even before the four answers appear from which you will choose. You are experiencing
the feeling of knowing
Temperament refers to
the inherited, physical core of one's personality.
Which of the following are defined by large fissures on the surface of the cortex or are regarded as separate areas because of their function?
the lobes
Which of the following best describes Maslow's concept of self-actualization?
the need to develop one's potential fully
Gabe, at first, holds the beach ball by pulling the ball to his body with his arms. With increasing age, he begins to hold the ball with his hands and later with his fingertips. This progression of development illustrates
the proximodistal pattern.
After having a stroke, Rich can speak and understand what has been said to him, but he now has great difficulty understanding the context in which something is said. Rich also misunderstands sarcasm and jokes. Rich has most likely suffered a stroke to
the right hemisphere.
Ten days after taking a psychology exam, Michael took a second exam on the same material (without reviewing) and scored only half as high as he did on the original exam. If he were tested yet again ten days later without additional study, the curve of forgetting suggests his score would be about
the same as on the second exam.
When breaking long lists of information into sublists, make the middle sublists the shortest of all due to
the serial position effect.
When learning information that is in some type of order, such as Erikson's psychosocial stages, one needs to be aware of
the serial position effect.
The degree of interference that occurs when studying two school subjects for equal amounts of time during an evening study session is based on
the similarity of the two school subjects.
Conlon and his colleagues conducted an experiment and found that goal-focused individuals lost more weight than did either achievement-focused or no-focus control individuals.These researchers also found that goal-focused individuals were more committed to reaching their goal weights. They interpreted their results as consistent with the findings of other studies on motivation and relevant to the design of health intervention programs. At this point in their research, Conlon and his associates are
theory building
A theater reported that their highest beverage sales this year occurred during showings of The Great African Desert. However, we cannot conclude that the film affected beverage consumption because
there was no control group
A promotional video for a mindfulness retreat shows people walking across hot coals while barefoot. The founder of the retreat says that by learning neurolinguistic programming you too can walk across hot coals and handle any stress. You should be skeptical about the effectiveness of neurolinguistic programming in this instance because
there was no control group with which to make a comparison.
Research participants are said to be assigned randomly when
they each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group.
The ability to mentally manipulate an object and to accurately imagine how it changes it is referred to as
transformation
Which type of disorders occur when people experience extremely upsetting events that are outside their ability to cope?
trauma and stressor related disorders
In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on
unconditioned reflex responses
In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the
unconditioned stimulus.
If you are conducting research to determine why people tend to be more aggressive when they are uncomfortable, then you are attempting to meet which goal in psychology?
understanding
Both research participant bias and researcher bias can be controlled by
using a double-blind experiment.
According to the authors of your textbook, which of the following would be considered a GOOD study strategy?
using mnemonics
Any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment is called a(n)
variable.
Many of the emotional (positive or negative) attitudes that people develop toward foods, political parties, and ethnic groups were developed in childhood by observing how their parents responded to these same foods or groups. Thus, these reactions were probably conditioned
vicariously.
If you cannot punish an animal or young child immediately,
wait for the next instance of misbehavior by the animal or young child
A fear of strangers is called
xenophobia
You live in an apartment and your neighbor's stereo is blasting so loudly that your ears hurt. If you pound on the wall and the volume suddenly drops, you are more likely to pound on the wall again if the stereo is loud because
you have been negatively reinforced.
Which pair of disorders would be considered anxiety-related disorders?
dissociative and somatic symptom disorders
The father of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following would NOT be considered a neo-Freudian?
William James
Greg has not been making any progress toward his weight loss for the past six months. So, he and his wife draw up a formal agreement in which he states that he will meet weekly weight loss goals. The agreement outlines the rewards for meeting these goals and the consequences he will incur if he does not meet his goals. Greg and his wife are utilizing which of the following to help Greg lose weight?
a behavioral contract
On a multiple choice test, if only one choice looks like it could be correct among the other dissimilar distractors,
a false sense of recognition may occur for the information.
The tip-of-the-tongue state involves
a feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable.
Piaget believed that infants under the age of one year cannot use internal representations and have no memory of people and objects that are out of sight. Such abilities, he believed, emerge only after
a long period of sensorimotor development.
According to the informational view, the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS. Thus, this view explains classical conditioning in terms of
a mental expectancy.
In order to detect the electrical activity of a single neuron, a scientist would most likely use
a microelectrode
If the correlations between one's self-concept and academic performance were positive, we could say that
a self-concept and academic performance are related, but no causal relationship has been established.
Gordon wears the same blue shirt to class each time he has a major test because he believes that wearing that shirt will assure him an "A" just like he got on the first test when he was wearing this blue shirt. This illustrates
a superstitious behavior.
Critical thinking involves
a willingness to actively reflect on ideas
Which of the following was NOT one of Ryff's six elements of well-being during adulthood?
a youthful appearance
In a classic experiment, a psychologist read a short passage in Greek to his son every day when the boy was between 15 months and 3 years of age. At age 8, he was asked to recall the passage, to recognize the passage, and later to memorize the original quotations and others of equal difficulty. The results of the experiment showed that the boy was
able to exhibit evidence of relearning by memorizing the original passage 25 percent faster than the other Greek passages.
In a classic "tip-of-the-tongue" experiment, students, who drew a blank and couldn't name a defined word, were
able to guess the first and last letter and the number of syllables of the word they were seeking.
The key to secure attachment involves parents
accepting and being sensitive to their child's signals and rhythms.
When the threshold for firing within a neuron occurs, we say that which of the following is taking place?
action potential
Which of the following is a psychological disturbance that lasts up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them?
acute stress disorder
The culturally-defined period of life between childhood and adulthood is known as
adolescence.
One of the principal androgens, or "male" hormones, is testosterone, which is supplied in small amounts by which gland?
adrenal
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by the
adrenal medulla.
Knowing that Lloyd is suffering from bipolar disorder and currently is undergoing treatment, Joan assumes that he will relapse sooner or later and, therefore, refuses to hire him as a delivery person. Joan's reaction and response to Lloyd's application reflects the impact of
all of these
Typical signs of postpartum depression are
all of these
Which of the following can elicit fantasies that are mistaken for real memories?
all of these
Typical signs of postpartum depression are
all of these.
How many genes have been shown to play a role in determining one's height?
almost 200
For most psychologists, control refers to
altering conditions that influence behavior
When April is stressed and wants to relax, she has always reached for a glass of wine. However, she wants to break this use of alcohol as a means of relaxation, so she learns stress management techniques and now uses them when she feels stressed. April is using which strategy for breaking a bad habit?
alternate responses
The common term "nervous breakdown" probably would be considered in clinical diagnostic terms to mean
an adjustment disorder.
Julie's friend Lynda is undergoing chemotherapy. While Julie is visiting Lynda at the hospital, Lynda screams at Julie to "leave the room and never come back." According to Kübler-Ross, Lynda's behavior toward Julie is part of which emotional reaction to death and dying?
anger
If the hippocampus is damaged, patients usually show a striking inability to consolidate new memories, a condition known as
anterograde amnesia.
Following different accidents, Margo is unable to speak but can comprehend language, while Jeff is unable to comprehend the language he hears but can still produce speech sounds. Both are suffering from
aphasia.
Warner Schaie determined that you are most likely to stay mentally sharp in old age if you
are educated and have an above average income.
Francis Cecil Sumner is best known
as the first African-American man to earn a doctoral degree in psychology in 1920 and chair of the Psychology Department at Howard University.
In which parental style is there a healthy and effective balance between the rights of parents and their children?
authoritative