PSY

A rough guideline for writing questionnaire items is described in your text and is called the _________ model

BRUSO

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects is a set of laws based on recommendations of the

Belmont Report

Sampling ___________ occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results.

Bias

_____________________ variables are anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variables.

Extraneous

_____________________ variables make it difficult to detect the effect of the independent variable in two ways. One is by adding variability or "___

Extraneous, noise

A theory is a guess about what may, or may not, occur under certain circumstances or about what will, or will not, work in certain environments.

False

Applied research is conducted primarily to address very esoteric problems with limited, but possibly useful. application in social science

False

In reading about an experiment it is important to ask "is this study valid" (accurate)? When assessing the validity of an experiment, researchers focus on five specific validities

False

One way to improve upon the interrupted time-series design is to remove a control group.

False

The four big validities-internal, external, construct, and procedure -are useful to keep in mind when both reading about other experiments and designing your own. However, researchers must prioritize and often it is not possible to have high validity in all four areas.

False

There is broad agreement among psychologists and sociologists that reliance on common sense is often as useful as is scientific research

False

While it always comes at the end of the research process, typically just prior to presentation of research findings, a review of research literature is sometimes, but not always, recommended.

False

In principle, factorial designs can include any number of _______________ variables with any number of levels.

Independent

consent means obtaining and documenting people's agreement to participate in a study, having informed them of everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision.

Informed

_______________________ is the term describing the consistency of people's responses across the items on a multiple-item measure.

Internal

A __________________________ is a rating scale in which numbers are assigned to each response and then summed across all items to produce a score representing the attitude toward the person, group, or idea.

Likert scale

As you design your study, you must identify and ___________ risks to participants.

Minimize

_______________________ is an observational method that involves observing people's behavior in the environment in which it typically occurs.

Naturalistic observation

____________________ variables (private body consciousness, hypochondriasis, self-esteem, gender, and so on)

Participant

______________________ measures are those that involve recording any of a wide variety of physiological processes, including heart rate and blood pressure, galvanic skin response, hormone levels, and electrical activity and blood flow in the brain.

Physiological

problems often inspire research ideas

Practical

________-experimental research is research that resembles experimental research but is not true experimental research.

Quasi

In conducting a non-experimental research project, __________________________ found that about two thirds of his research participants were willing to administer dangerous shocks to another person just because they were told to by an authority figure.

Stanley Milgram

____________________________________________ involves taking a set of measurements at intervals over a period of time both before and after an intervention of interest in two or more nonequivalent groups.

The interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups

There are two reasons why correlation does not imply causation. One reason is called the directionality problem, the other reason is the __________________________ variable problem

Third

An alternative explanation for a change in the dependent variable in a pretest-posttest design is regression to the mean.

True

As outlined in the text, correlational research must involve two quantitative variables.

True

Causal conclusions can only be drawn about the manipulated independent variable.

True

Correlational research and observational research are both categories of non-experimental research.

True

Correlations between quantitative variables are often presented using scatter plots.

True

Hypotheses are often derived from theories. But some hypotheses are a-theoretical and emerge after a set of observations on a topic of interest have been made.

True

In a between-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in only one condition.

True

In many studies, the primary research question is about an interaction.

True

The ratio level of measurement involves assigning scores in such a way that there is a true zero point

True

The results of factorial experiments with two independent variables can be graphed by representing one independent variable on the x-axis and representing the other by using different colored bars or lines.

True

A way to improve upon the posttest only nonequivalent groups design is to add a pretest.

True.

Basic research is conducted for all the following purposes, except

addressing a specific particular practical problem

Just conduct in conducting research is evidence by giving all subjects ________________ compensation for their participation and making sure that benefits and risks are distributed across all participants

adequate

Qualitative research originated in the disciplines of _______________ and ________________ but is now used to study psychological topics as well.

anthropology, sociology

In principle, factorial designs can include ________________________ independent variables with any number of levels.

any number of

It is essential that all research subjects are guaranteed ___________, their right to make theor own choices and take their own actions free from coercion

autonomy

Scientific research in sociology and psychology can be ethical only if its risks are outweighed by its

benefits

If survey non-responders differ from survey responders in systematic ways, then this difference can produce non-response ___________.

bias

Which of the following is/are claimed by some to be based on science but is/are, in reality, what we call pseudoscience?

biorhythms

Another type of probability sampling discussed in our text is ___________ sampling, in which larger collections of individuals are randomly sampled and then individuals within each collection are randomly sampled.

cluster

Which of the following is not a type of sampling that is utilized in conducting surveys?

commentary

In posttest only nonequivalent groups design, participants in one group are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not exposed to the treatment, and then the two groups are _________________ .

compared

If, after someone telling us that women are more talkative than men, we tend to notice and remember talkative women and silent men but ignore or forget silent women and talkative men, we are engaging in

confirmation bias

Personality traits, emotional states, attitudes and abilities are all variables used as part measurement and because of their complexity they are referred to as __________________________

constructs

In conducting surveys there may be unintended influences on respondents' answers. These are often referred to as __________________________ because they are not related to the content of the item but to the _______________ in which the item appears

context effects, context

When psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct, either within a study or across studies, they are using _______________________ operations.

converging

Scientific research in psychology and sociology is a process that can be thought of as a ____________ because new research leads to new questions.

cycle

Some researchers have argued that __________________ of research participants is rarely if ever ethically justified.

deception

The process in which research manuscripts are submitted and then read by two or three experts in a field and in which neither the author of the manuscript or the readers know who the others are is called a

double-blind peer review

When conducting research, psychologists and sociologists utilize the general scientific approach which includes three fundamental features. Which of the following is not one of those three fundamental features?

esoteric knowledge

The Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki are both good examples of __________ codes.

ethics

In an experiment is the researcher exerts control over, or minimizes the variability in, variables other than the independent and dependent variable. These other variables are called __________________ variables

extraneous

In his 1944 study, psychologist S.S. Stevens suggested that scores be assigned to individuals in a way that communicates more or less quantitative information about the variable of interest. Stevens suggested ___________ different levels or "scales of measurement."

four

Scientific research in psychology and sociology is generally conducted by people with

graduate degrees in their discipline

Mental shortcuts that we tend to rely on in forming and maintaining our beliefs are associated with both

heuristics and confirmation bias

Factorial designs, are experiments that include more than one _____________________ variable.

independent

When conducting an experiment, researchers manipulate the __________________ variable.

independent

Within psychology and sociology, the acquisition of knowledge is for a useful purpose within the discipline. This acquisition and application of knowledge to a useful purpose, is essential to all science. Within sociology and psychology we obtain knowledge in all the following ways except

instinct

Threats to the internal validity of studies are real. One of those threats is _____________________ which refers to when the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument change over time.

instrumentation

There is a(n) _________________ effect when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another.

interaction

Researchers usually generate many more research questions than they ever attempt to answer. Final selection of questions for the research project is generally based on two criteria which are _____________ and _____________.

interestingness and feasibility of obtaining an answer

A ______ effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable—averaging across the levels of the other independent variable.

main

An interrupted time-series design is a set of _________________ taken at intervals over a period of time

measurements

Qualitative data may be analyzed in many ways. Which of the following are not a method utilized in the analysis of qualitative data?

meta analysis, regression analysis, circular regression

Quasi-experiments are _______________ to be conducted in field settings in which random assignment is difficult or impossible.

most likely

Which of the following is NOT one of the three general characteristics of a good hypothesis?

must be negative

In many factorial designs, one of the independent variables is a _____________________________ . The researcher measures it but does not _____________ it

non-manipulated independent variable, manipulate

The weakest type of quasi-experimental design in the _______________________________________________ design.

one-group posttest only

Questions included in a survey can be either ______________ or _______________.

open ended, closed ended

Self-report measures, behavioral measures and psychological measures are all _________________________ of a variable in terms of how it is to be measured

operational definitions

As stated in your text, psychological research is largely the product of

ordinary thinking strategies and persistence

A _______________ is a simulated treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element that should make it effective, and a ________________________ is a positive effect of such a treatment

placebo, placebo effect

Measurement is the assignment of scores to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals. The specific term used to describe psychological measurement is ________________.

psychometrics

The ordinal level, interval level and ratio level are all levels of measurement used for __________________ variables

quantitive

A _____________________ is an ordered set of responses that participants must choose from.

rating scale

Survey research is a quantitative and qualitative method with two important characteristics. One of the characteristics is the use of self-reporting of data, and the other characteristic is the use of _______________________

sampling

Measurement is the assignment of ____________________ to individuals so that the scores represent some __________________ of the individuals

scores, characteristic

Ethical research is built around adherence to moral principles. Which of the following is not listed as a moral principle guiding ethical research?

seeking economic equality

Since not every article, book chapter, and book that relates to your research idea or question will be worth obtaining, reading, and integrating into your review, you need to be ___________________ in your literature review.

selective

Independent variables can be manipulated to create two conditions and experiments involving a single independent variable with two conditions are often referred to as a ______________________________________

single factor two-level design

An important use of complex correlational research is to explore possible causal relationships among variables. The primary way of doing this is through the ___________________________ of potential third variables.

statistical control

Which of the following is not a time in which non-experimental research is preferred?

the research question is about a causal relationship, and the independent variable can be manipulated and participants can be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions

Scientific research is specific in intent: achieving detailed and accurate knowledge about a specific topic. In accordance with that intent, science has three goals. Which of the following is not one of the goals of science

to assimilate

A _________________ is any intervention meant to change people's behavior for the better.

treatment

Acting with integrity is important when engaging in research because it promotes ________________, which is an essential element of all effective human relationships.

trust