PSY 100- Exam 3 Study Guide- Chap. 7, 9, 10

A study has found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly to testosterone-based pheromone that is secreted in perspiration; what does this tell us about the origin of homosexuality?

I tells us that homosexuality mat be linked to biological origins.

Jeremy wants to improve his cognitive health. Which of the following should he do? a.) Decrease brain stimulation. b.) Decrease aerobic exercise. c.) Increase unfocused mental exercises. d.) Increase physical exercise.

d.) Increase physical exercise.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? a.) They are also known as "rules of thumb". b.) They are also known as mechanical solutions. c.) They are what happens when the mind simply reorganizes a problem and comes up with a solution in an "aha!" moment. d.) They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found.

d.) They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found.

Lisa is the lead actor in a tear-jerking play. She spends most of her time on stage "crying". even though she feels happy and upbeat before the show, she finds that she often feels down after the show. This is an example of which emotional theory? a.) Lazarus's cognitive-meditational theory b.) Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory c.) common sense theory d.) facial feedback hypothesis

d.) facial feedback hypothesis

According to the text, which of the following factors would be the most likely to affect a person's weight? a.) level of education b.) culture c.) age d.) overeating

d.) overeating

In human language, symbols are used:

deliberately and voluntarily.

Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, "No one else did anything, so I did nothing." Raheem's response is a good example of ______.

diffusion of responsibility

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:

diffusion of responsibility.

In order to teach her second grade students about _________, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

discrimination

In a social situation, an American may display anger outwardly by shouting or banging on a table, but a Japanese person may not show anger outwardly at all and will remain calm. This is an example of:

display rules.

Samantha does really well with managing her own emotions, as well as recognizing and understanding the emotions of others around her. It could be that Samantha has a high level of:

emotional intelligence.

One was to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as:

equal status contact.

Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were a product of _________ and, therefore, universal.

evolution

One common cause of aggression is:

frustration.

Terrance proudly acknowledges that he is heterosexual while Fernando hides the fact that he is homosexual. The difference in acknowledgement of sexual orientation is most likely due to the idea that:

heterosexuality is socially accepted in every culture while homosexuality is not.

Stanley Milgram set out to learn:

how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure.

When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in:

a mental set.

The door-in-face technique involves:

asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

Prejudice is to _________ as discrimination is to _________.

attitude; behavior

Christine is 54 years old and has a difficult time losing weight. Which of the following cases is MOST likely responsible for Christine's difficulty to lose weight? a.) Christine's body maintains a high level of leptin. b.) Christine has a slow metabolism. c.) Christine has a very high basal metabolic rate. d.) Christine has suffered damage to the lateral hypothalamus in her brain.

b.) Christine has a slow metabolism.

"I am excited because my heart is racing." This statement would be best supported by which of the following theories of emotion? a.) common sense b.) James-Lange c.) Cannon-Bard d.) cognitive arousal

b.) James-Lange

Even though he studies a lot, Lester has high test anxiety, which tends to affect his test performance. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following activities might help Lester improve his performance? a.) Study hard the night before the exam. b.) Practice relaxation techniques just before the exam. c.) Study Less. d.) Get a tutor.

b.) Practice relaxation techniques just before the exam.

Which of the following would be the behavior of a person who has a need for power? a.) Nicky constantly worries about whether she will be invited to her friends' gatherings and is frequently on the phone or texting friends when she has free time. b.) Jay is in a middle-management role within his company. Whenever he has a task to complete with his team, he dominates the group and demands that his ideas be used. He dreams of being the CEO of the company one day. c.) In a group project for English class, Alex has noticed many errors in the group's paper, but she doesn't mention these errors to her group because she wants to make friends and doesn't want to hurt their feelings. d.) Phil is training for his 5th ironman competition because he wasn't happy with his final time in the ironman competitions he had completed in previously.

b.)Jay is in a middle-management role within his company. Whenever he has a task to complete with his team, he dominates the group and demands that his ideas be used. He dreams of being CEO of the company one day.

A person's schema for a library would most likely include:

books and bookshelves.

Fred would always hear his dad talk about how women are naturally weak and indecisive, and could never do certain jobs, such as construction or running a country, as well as men. Now, Fred has developed the attitude that women are only good for having children, caring for others, and looking good. Which of the following theories best explains the nature of Fred's prejudice toward women? a.) realistic conflict theory b.) social identity theory c.) social cognitive theory d.) stereotype vulnerability theory

c.) social cognitive theory

Piaget noted that preschool children spent a great deal of time talking to themselves, even when playing together, and that the "conversations" had nothing to do with the speech of the children around them. He called this process:

collective monologue.

Vegetables, fruit, vehicles, and animals are all examples of ____________, or categories of objects.

concepts

Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe he boyfriend and her friends who say the women are just old friends. This is an example of:

confirmation bias

Alyssa has to write a research paper discussing the effects of video games on child behavior. Alyssa believes that video games lead to bad behavior in children, and only finds research that supports her views. Alyssa's inability to find information that supports more than her viewpoint is a demonstration of:

confirmation bias.

Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe he boyfriend and her friends who say the women are just old friends. This is an example of:

confirmation bias.

Janet is presenting a paper at a psychology conference. She buys a new suit and shoes, has her hair and nails done, and spends extra time on her makeup the morning of the presentation. Janet appears to be concerned about ________.

impression formation

After dinner, Mitchell feels full and satisfied. A few minutes later, he gets up off the couch, heads to the kitchen and grabs a candy bar. His anticipation of the delicious taste of chocolate is his ____________ for choosing to eat even though he is full.

incentive

Trisha, a registered nurse, was asked to work an extra 12-hour shift to help meet the needs of the hospital. After being offered an additional fifteen dollars an hour for the extra shift she was asked to work, Trisha agreed. The additional fifteen dollars that helped motivate Trisha to work extra can be considered a(n) _______.

incentive

Jeremy was diagnosed with lead poisoning at about 4 years of age. As a result of his condition, he has an IQ score of 55, he has trouble doing most things for himself, and he shows a number of deficits in his mental abilities. Jeremy most likely has:

intellectual disability.

Studies have found that the ____________ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision.

left frontal cortex

The idea that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture has come to be known as the:

linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Each student in Dr. Boyd's class was assigned to a group to complete a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be overwhelming and uninteresting, participated simply because Dr. Boyd made it a requirement. Dennis' behavior can be best characterized as ______.

obedience

When Tamika found out that she was failing algebra, she immediately sought tutoring and developed better methods of study. Tamika's approach to coping with her issue can be characterized as _____________.

problem-focused

The TPJ is an area of the brain involved in both _______ and ________ behavior.

prosocial; competitive

Once Dawn realized that Samson was attracted to her, she suddenly became very attracted to him. This example is based on what "rule" of attraction?

reciprocity of liking

According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined, the result is _________, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.

romantic love

The representativeness heuristic can be used to create and sustain:

stereotypes.

A(n) _____________ motive, such as curiosity, appears to be unlearned, but causes an increase in stimulation.

stimulus

One role of the hypothalamus is to:

stop the eating response as blood sugar increases.

Regarding the GTD method, "GTD" stands for:

"Getting Things Done".

Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a :

"fuzzy" natural concept.

_____________ is the theory of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to an external stimulus and its rewarding properties.

Incentive approach

If a jury member voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:

Peripheral-route processing.

___________ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung".

Piaget

Which statement is true about display rules? a.) Display rules are learned, not innate. b.) Display rules are the same for females and males. c.) Display rules are the same across cultures. d.) Display rules are no different in the workplace than they are at home.

a.) Display rules are learned, not innate.

People driven by the need for ______________ have a strong desire to attain both realistic goals and very challenging ones.

achievement

David Wechsler was the first to design an IQ test specifically for:

adults.

The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is:

ambiguous.

The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the :

amygdala.

Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. According to Binet, fifteen is Keneisha's:

mental age.

Dovorah has deficits in her cognitive functioning. These limitations were not really recognized until she got to school and her learning difficulties became apparent. As an adult, she is a fairly concrete thinker, although she is capable of living independently with a small amount of regular assistance. Dovorah is probably best described as suffering from ______________ intellectual disability.

mild

According to the Kinsey study, ___________ percent of males has bisexual experiences.

nearly 50

Garner theorized that there are _________ types of intelligence.

nine

Jacob's standardized test scores revealed that he did better in math than 95 percent of his student peers. The student scores against which Jacob's results were measured are called:

norms.

Researchers examining Milgram's work have:

not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study.

Jackson has decided that the best way to help his friend who just lost his job is to loan him some money. Which stage of Darley and Latane's helping decision process has Jackson just completed?

planning a course of action

Attitudes are:

poor predictors of actual behavior.

Chris is in his late twenties and struggling to get through college. Though he has accomplished a great deal at such a young age, he has concluded that he will never be able to reach his full potential. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need is Chris struggling to reach?

self-actualization

The theory of human motivation that considers three inborn and universal needs- autonomy, competence, and relatedness- is the:

self-determination theory.

Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?

similarity

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because:

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch, but they did not speak up and thereby disrupt group cohesion.

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using:

subgoals.

The physical arousal of emotion is created by the:

sympathetic nervous system.

Researcher have found that while some animals have demonstrated an ability to use language, none of them have been able to master:

syntax.

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feedback from the sympathetic organs to the cortex [initially] seemed to support which emotional theory?

the Cannon-Bard theory

In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational rather than personal attributions. Such a phenomenon is known as:

the actor-observer bias.

Felicity cannot experience fear. If Felicity's inability to experience fear is caused by damage to the brain, which are of the brain has most likely been affected?

the amygdala

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's coworker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her coworker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of:

the fundamental attribution error.

According to Sternberg's theory, intelligence is compromised of ____________ different aspects.

three

A useful heuristic that works much of the time is:

using a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has:

validity.