PSY-100-S02: Prin of Psychological Science Final Study Guide (Chapters 9 & 8)

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

Babies who show the ________ will spread their arms and quickly pull them back if they feel like they are falling

Moro reflex

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of

identity

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of _______

intimacy vs isolation

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur during life

development

Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Axel begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using

positive punishment

A grandfather gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?

positive reinforcement

Willis made significant leaps in development during Piaget's stage, particularly in language development. He spoke in choppy sentences at the beginning, but had mastered most of the English language by the end

preoperational

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

The newborn infant has a number of. such as sucking, grasping, and rooting that aid in his or her survival

reflexes

In Hamlin and Wynn's study of infants, they found that babies even as young as 5 months old prefer a puppet that

returns a bouncy ball to another puppet

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog

Which of the following represents classical conditioning?

Bob develops an aversion to lamb after falling sick

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

Fine motor skills

How do students perform that reach out for help compared with those that do not reach out for help?

Students perform better when they reach out for help

The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20's during which a young person is not longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called

adolescence

when Danny feeds his fish, he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light. In this example, the ______ is the conditioned stimulus

aquarium light

Two-year old Eva doesn't want any help getting dressed in the mornings. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Eva is dealing with the struggle between

autonomy vs shame/doubt

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called

babbling

Which is an example of classical conditioning?

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes

Which is and example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

The neutral stimulus when combined with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a(n) in classical conditioning

conditioned stimulus

is the idea that we form attachments to those who provide reassurance through physical touch as opposed to feeding us

contact comfort

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule

continuous

At the level, people focus on laws and the importance of obeying authority, whereas at the level, the focus is on ethics and universal moral behavior

conventional; postconventional

intelligence tends to increase with age, whereas intelligence decreases with age

crystallized; fluid

Daniel excitedly yells from the backseat of the car to his mom, telling her to look at the bug crawling on his seat. He doesn't yet understand that his mom can't see his carseat while she's driving. This inability to see from another perspective is known as

egocentrism

Janet and her husband thrilled as they look into Janet's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple is surprised to learn that the baby is only 1 1/2 inches long. Janet's baby is in the:

embryonic stage

The stage is when children can think and reason about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

formal operational

The fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether you conform to the social rules of gender is called

gender identity

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of

generalization

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

If you put your finger inside of a newborn's hand, they will probably hold on tight because of the

grasping reflex

Pradeep, at age 6, is already an excellent athlete, fast runner, and accomplished gymnast. He has excellent

gross motor skills

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning

is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

learning

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mom smoked while pregnant?

lower birth weight and SIDS

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

Elton's mother has been nagging that he should stop playing basketball and focus practicing at the piano for the upcoming competition. Elton eventually, complies to stop her nagging. This example illustrates _______________

negative reinforcement

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________

operant conditioning

In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is and the conditioned response is

salivation; salivation

Brett's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is clean. His mom is using _______________ to strengthen the response

secondary reinforcer

Object permanence develops during the stage

sensorimotor

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as she starts opening a can of cat food with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus

sound of electric can opener

Alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs are all examples of that cause damage to a developing baby

teratogens

In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

the rabbit

How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial "wire mother" and an artificial "cloth mother" respond to these objects?

they would cling to the "cloth mother" especially when they were frightened or started

A baby learn that when he is hungry, food is provided, and when he is in pain, he is cuddled and comforted. Erikson suggests that this baby would be developing a sense of

trust