PSY 1001 Exam 2

What are the different kinds of long-term memory?

(1) Explicit (a) Episodic (b) Semantic (2) Implicit (a) Procedural (b) classical conditioning (c) priming

duration of sensory memory

fraction of a second

What is a genetic correlation?

refers to the situation where different traits are influenced by the same genes

automatic systems

reflex of the mind in which the processing of the information occurs outside of our awareness and consciousness

rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

What is proactive interference?

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

What is meant by a split-brain?

The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. Split brain results when the fibers of the corpus callosum are severed isolating each hemisphere from the other

What is retroactive interference?

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

What do adoption studies show?

The environment has no impact on a child's personality, but it does effect their attitudes, values, manners, faith, and politics. Failed to observe a significant correlation between IQs of parents and their adopted children in 100+ families, low correlation between IQ scores of adoptive siblings.

What are examples of implanted memories?

The false memories that have been successfully implanted in people's memories include remembering being lost in a mall as a child, taking a hot air balloon ride, and putting slime in a teacher's desk in primary school.

What is the relationship between IQ and brain volume?

Correlation of 0.3

imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Who was Albert Binet and what did he contribute to this field?

Designed the first IQ test for children in need of remedial education

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Duncker's candle problem

Duncker's candle problem: a cognitive performance test, measuring the influence of functional fixedness on a participant's problem solving capabilities

What is the availability heuristic?

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision

What are the conditions for a proper test of linguistic relativity?

multiple languages tested linguistic differences between languages independent demonstration of cognitive differences

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

How do people ignore base rates?

people ignore them by not taking into account all relevant data

Is there a correlation between years of education & intracranial volume & IQ?

yes

does language affect how we reason and remember about the world?

yes

Reliability

consistency of measurement

capacity of short term memory

7 +/- 2

What is a GWAS "hit"?

A SNP that is significantly correlated with the trait

What are some possible causes of the Flynn effect?

- improved nutrition - more and better education - smaller families - cultural changes that demand more abstract reasoning (industrialization, information technology)

Stages of sleep

1. Lightest Sleep (NREM) 2. Slightly Deeper Sleep (NREM) 3. Deeper Sleep (NREM) 4. Delta Waves are omitted but there is not much difference between this stage and stage 3 (NREM) 5. REM

What is an average score on an IQ test?

100

duration of short term memory

20-30 seconds

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A failure to retrieve information despite confidence that it is stored in memory

Retrograde

A form of amnesia in which access to memories prior to brain damage is impaired, but the individual can store new experiences in long-term memory

Recognition

A form of retrieval that relies on identifying previously seen or experienced information

Tarahumara research

A has a different name in English, B and C have different wavelengths than the language of the Tarahumara which tells us that the Wharf hypothesis is supported

Algorithms

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

controlled system

A set of components in a physiological system that is controlled by commands from a regulatory system.

Language

A shared system of symbols, including spoken, written, and signed words and gestures, and a set of rules for how to combine those symbols to communicate meaning

What is REM sleep?

A state of active, irregular sleep associated with dreaming; rapid eye movement associated with it

What is the difference between achievement vs. aptitude tests?

Achievement tests measure how much knowledge a person has acquired over some period of time. Aptitude tests measure potential to learn

What is Project Talent?

Administered IQ tests to 400k high school students.

Are IQ tests valid and reliable?

Are IQ tests valid and reliable?

As people age, do environmental or genetic factors seem to be more influential in terms of IQ?

As people age, genetic influence goes up, effects of environment go down.

What kinds of things increase the likelihood of false memories?

Being exposed to the misinformation effect, imagination inflation, doctoring photos and evidence

How can researchers measure the consciousness of an individual in a vegetative state?

Brain scan studies.

clive wearing

British musician with 7-second memory due to damage to amygdala and hippocampus

How is elaboration important?

Elaboration is a long-term memory process which involves changing or adding to material, or making associations to make remembering easier. Elaboration is a cognitive process whereby material is extended or added to (elaborated) to make it more memorable

How do stages of sleep vary?

Frequency, amplitude, wavelength

What is deductive reasoning?

General -> specific

What is the definition of intelligence?

General cognitive ability, that among other things, involves ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and from experience

Syntax

Grammatical rules that govern how words and phrases combine into well-formed sentences

Heuristics

Heuristics are rules of thumb that produce quick solutions at the cost of errors

What is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Howard Gardner theorized that there are eight kinds of intelligences: Verbal-linguistic Logical-mathematical Visual-spatial Bodily kinesthetic Musical Naturalistic Interpersonal Intrapersonal

What is the keyword method?

Identify a real word (the keyword) that sounds like the word to be remembered. Create an image linking the two words.

In problem-solving, what is the initial state, the goal state, and the current state?

Initial state is where we start off; goal state is where we're trying to get to (may be more than one); current state is state we're in right now

What is the difference between intelligence, g, and IQ?

Intelligence - ability to acquire and apply knowledge G - the trait measured by standardized ability and achievement tests, same as intelligence to the extent that the tests have validity IQ - sum of scores obtained on various tests within a battery measuring g, same as g to the extent that the battery of tests has reliability

An object seen in the right visual field will be processed on which side of the brain?

Left, won't be processed

What are the properties and components of consciousness?

Limited and selective Dynamic -Can change quickly or dramatically -Can focus on past or future Involves both arousal and awareness -Wakefulness or alertness -Ability to recognize something

What are the results of Owen (2006)?

It shows vegetative state humans have awareness and same brain activity, their behavior just does not outwardly confirm this

Do labels help or hurt memory for pictures?

Labeling categorically distinct items improves memory even though labels (e.g., "toaster") do not capture state or exemplar- level information

What are birth order effects in the area of Intelligence?

Later-born son enjoys IQ boost that closely coincides with the magnitude of the Flynn effect in general population

Mental Age vs. Chronological Age

Mental shows intellectual level for a certain age while chronological is your actual physical age

Are there diminishing returns on intelligence?

Once someone has an IQ of somewhere around 120, having additional IQ points doesn't seem to translate into any measurable real-world advantage.

What is consciousness?

Our awareness of both external world (events taking place around us) and internal world (awareness of ourselves, thoughts, feelings, behaviors)

What is the link between creativity and mental illness?

People with mental illness have higher creativity.

An object seen in the left visual field will be processed on which side of the brain?

Right

What are helpful study hints derived from memory research

Seven tips to better testing (and hopefully better grades) are (1) pay attention, (2) study often, (3) encode deeply, (4) test yourself, (5) use retrieval cues, (6) reduce stress, and (7) sleep

How can analogies be helpful?

Solving simpler analogies can help us solve tougher problems

What is the study of individual differences (also known as differential psychology) and what kinds of traits are studied?

Studying to answer basic questions in which the ways human beings differ from each other Traits: personality, mental illness, work interests, religiosity, political attitudes

What's the aim of GWAS studies?

Tells us a person's genotypes at preselected polymorphic sites (SNPs)

What are proteins?

The basic functional and structural units of our body. They include enzymes that speed up critical biochemical reactions and basic components of cellular machinery

What is the paradox of expertise?

The better that someone is at solving a certain problem, less likely they can tell others how they solved the problem. They no longer have conscious awareness of steps on how to solve the problem

Anterograde

The inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory, preventing new long-term memories from forming

What is framing?

The particular way that an issue, decision, or set of options is described. Framing can change decisions by shifting the decision maker's reference point.

What's the relationship between the number of mutations and a parent's age?

The paternal mutation rate increases with age

Morphemes

The smallest unit of language that carries bits of meaning. Morphemes include words and also word parts like prefixes and suffixes that change a word's meaning

Phonemes

The smallest unit of language, such as the individual sounds that make up speech

What is loss aversion?

The tendency to make choices, including riskier ones, that minimize losses

Hindsight

The tendency, once some outcome is known, to overestimate the likelihood that one would have predicted that outcome in advance

What were the goals of Alfred Binet's Intelligence test?

Their goal was to identify and further educate intellectually delayed children

What are the flaws with twin studies?

Twin studies fail to separate the effects of genes and the prenatal environment. This failure casts doubt on claims of the relative effects of genes and environment on intelligence, psychiatric disorders, personality and other psychological variables, and other conditions.

What does the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart show?

Twins raised apart are more alike than they are different, and more alike than siblings raised in the same environment. This suggests that environment does not play as big of a role.

dizygotic (DZ) twins

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Also called fraternal twins.)

What are the correlations between indicators of g?

V, Q, and S correlations come from Project talent, correlations between different IQ tests are fairly large

What is linguistic determinism?

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Is IQ correlated with anything meaningful in the real world?

Yes, wealth, technical skills, etc

What is a flashbulb memory?

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

What is blindsight?

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Relearning

a method of measuring the retention of learned material by measuring how much faster a person can relearn material that had been previously learned and then forgotten

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

What is the normal curve?

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

What is a normative approach?

a value based approach to building communities, based on the assumption that all people have a need to belong, want to have a sense of purpose, and want to experience success

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

What is the method of loci?

associate items to be remembered with locations in well known room, building, or street

attention

behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli

Ebbinghaus

created the forgetting curve and serial position effect in memory

Why was so much research done with colors?

color tests have been done because they vary between languages

Sperling study

first flash letters really fast, see what can remember; then second time same but white bar over line and write letters from bar; can vary time between when the display goes away and which row to write down, harder when longer time

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

What is the difference between experts and novices in problem-solving?

experts tend to allocate more of their time to the early or preparatory stages of problem solving, whereas novices tend to spend relatively more of their time in the later stages

Decay

fading away of memory over time

Do males or females with Autism carry more mutations?

females

What is a syllogism?

logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true

What does GWAS stand for?

genome wide association studies

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

helps us recall emotions associated with fear-provoking events

How stable is IQ over time?

highly stable over shorter periods of time; changes of about (+/-) 10 to 20 points over longer intervals; increased stability with age (plateau at about 10 years old)

monozygotic (MZ) twins

identical twins

What is a descriptive approach?

include case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. The goal of these designs is to get a picture of the current thoughts, feelings, or behaviours in a given group of people

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

What is the representativeness heuristic?

involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds

What are Raven's Progressive Matrices?

non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence

What is the Flynn effect?

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Source monitoring errors

occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Interference

phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

encoding specificity

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

What is a weak method of problem-solving?

problem-solving techniques based on general principles rather than specific, domain-relevant knowledge

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

What are the different types of levels of processing for memory?

shallow intermediate deep (best recall)

What are SNPS?

single nucleotide polymorphisms (polymorphic sites)

What is inductive reasoning?

specific to general

What is the correlation between IQ for MZ twins?

strong correlation

Peterson and Peterson

studied the length of short term memory

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Belief perseverance

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Fluid intelligence

the ability to tackle new and unusual situations

What is the circadian rhythm?

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

What is the Modal Model of Memory?

the idea that memory has three separate components: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

What is Sensory memory?

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

What is linguistic relativity?

the language that you speak determines how you perceive, think about, and remember the world around you

What is backward chaining?

the last response is taught first, and reinforcement is provided after successful attempts

Recall

the mental process of retrieval of information from the past

What are base rates?

the naturally occurring frequency of a phenomenon in a population

retrieval

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

What is eugenics?

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

What are mental sets?

the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

What is confirmation bias?

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Are Schizophrenia & Bipolar disorder genetically related?

yes

capacity of long term memory

unlimited

capacity of sensory memory

unlimited

duration of long term memory

unlimited

What are the content domains measured on IQ tests?

verbal, quantitative, and spatial

What is forward chaining?

when a behavior is taught in "logical" or chronological order, and each step of the behavior is reinforced