Psy 101 Exam 2 (Mae)

An area of the retina that is specialized for seeing fine details is referred to as the ____.

fovea

In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: ____.

frequency and contrast

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____.

generalization

If people are continuously exposed to an unchanging stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will most likely ____.

habituate to the stimulus

_____ is also known as social learning or modeling and occurs when one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism.

Observational learning

In combat veterans, the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense?

Olfaction

_____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep.

Onset

After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. Which structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot?

Optic disk

Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________.

hypothalamus; orexin

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____.

imitation

Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____.

inhibition

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____.

inhibition

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____.

interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____.

latent learning

Patients who self-administer morphine for pain require ____ medication than patients who receive injections from hospital staff.

less

Richard Dawkins referred to the basic unit of cultural transmission as a _____.

meme

Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage?

Organisms are able to predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events.

As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus.

Parents fighting

Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____

muscle and joint pain

Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____.

narcolepsy

Jenni's 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be?

People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does.

Richard, who is 16 years old, misses his curfew and is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to leave the house, see his friends, or use his cell phone for one week. His parent's actions illustrate ____.

negative punishment

College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains?

Perception

_____ allows us to organize, recognize, and use the information provided by the senses.

Perception

Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety before taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of ____.

negative reinforcement

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____ learning. This type of learning does not involve the formation of connections between stimuli.

non-associative

A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma.

normal

Martha gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the black centers of her eyes constrict. What is this black center called?

Pupil

Which feature of the eye is analogous to the hole in the center of a doughnut?

Pupil

Which of these responses to sound does NOT originate in the midbrain?

Recognizing a Bach quintet

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, non-associative, and ____.

observational

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness?

Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain

Decreased sensitivity in _____ and taste might affect overall appetite as we age.

olfaction

Of the five different human sensory systems, famed philosopher Immanuel Kant considered ________ to be the most dispensable.

olfaction

Being conscious means to know or be aware of _____, both internally and in the world around us.

ongoing experiences

The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____.

ongoing neural activity

Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug's phantom limb sensation?

Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment?

Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior.

What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness?

Reticular formation

After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____.

only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____.

operant conditioning

No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, context, and experience as our sense of _____

pain

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as ____.

papillae

_____ are uncontrolled electrical electrical in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness.

Seizures

Tasha runs a day care center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached?

Self-awareness

What is one of the differences between sensation and perception?

Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful.

What is one of the differences between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals.

Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad?

Sensory adaptation

Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others, is called ____ reinforcement.

partial

Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment?

Serotonin and oxytocin

While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, "Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?" However, Joy's thumb does in fact feel better. Why?

She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.

Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi?

She will be more alert and more relaxed.

People who _____ are able to tolerate higher levels of pain than those who do not.

participate in contact sports

Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have?

Shift maladaptation syndrome

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is called a ____.

Skinner box

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____.

pinna

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness?

Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy.

Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received?

Sleep apnea

Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____.

Stage 1 N-REM sleep

Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____.

Stage 2 N-REM

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____.

Stage 3 or 4 N-REM

Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between?

State of awareness

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____.

positive punishment

____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Both Thorndike and Skinner agreed that ____ is a powerful tool for managing behavior.

positive reinforcement

What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs?

The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.

Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sam's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day?

The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold.

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies?

The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.

What is the physiological basis for night terrors?

The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory?

The trichromatic theory

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view?

The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.

In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves?

Theta waves

Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares?

Training in lucid dreaming

Vegetative state often follows a period of coma.

True

What is another name for the eardrum?

Tympanic membrane

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place?

Unconditioned

In what orientation are images projected onto the retina?

Upside down and reversed

Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions?

Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material.

In the most general terms, the study of sensation and perception is called ________, a term that was coined by Gustav Fechner.

psychophysics

Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____.

psychosis

Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion?

Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.

Thorndike and Skinner were in agreement about the relative weakness of ____ as a means of controlling behavior.

punishment

_____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug.

Withdrawal

What does it mean if you have perfect pitch?

You can name a note after hearing it.

Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____.

rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food

The primary colors of light are ____.

red, green, and blue

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

reflexes

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention, _____, reproduction, and motivation.

retention

Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and _____

reticular formation

Newborns seem relatively oblivious to ____ tastes.

salty

Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____.

sensation

After a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____.

sensitization

A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of _____.

signal detection

Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____.

similar experiences

Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as ____.

somatosensation

Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the ____.

spinal cord

In humans, most reflexes are controlled by nervous system circuits located in the ____.

spinal cord and brainstem

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____.

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____.

spontaneous recovery

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____.

stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior

The "grouping" principle developed by Gestalt psychologists applies to hearing; humans perceive sounds that _____ as being from the same source.

stop and start at the same time

The place theory of perception uses the analogy of ____ to explain how we hear different pitches.

stringed instruments

Brain death is identified as _____.

a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____.

a conditioned response

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____.

a conditioned stimulus

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.

surprising

When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____

a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of ____.

a learned behavior

Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____.

systematic desensitization

Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____.

a longer circadian cycle

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as ____.

a meme

In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air.

a minute or two

More than 8 million Americans have reported ____.

a near-death experience

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. When a truck drives by and its engine backfires loudly, Isabel quickly jumps up on her hind legs and barks loudly. Isabel's response illustrates ____.

a reflex

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe.

temporal

The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____.

tetrahydrocannabinol

Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____.

thalamus

Proprioception is _____.

the knowledge of where one's body is in space

The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or _____.

thresholds

Although athletes and nonathletes share similar pain ____, these groups are quite different in their _____ of pain.

thresholds, tolerance

Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____.

to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold.

absolute

Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted?

transduction

Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of _____.

absolute threshold

In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to ____.

transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear

A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma.

true

Brain death is characterized by ____.

two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart

The development of a conditioned response is called ____.

acquisition

Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior on the ____ of their parents.

actions

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____.

withdrawal symptoms

A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed.

alpha

Jim and his father are watching the ball game on television. Jim's father starts to yawn and Jim soon follows. This is an example of ____.

an instinct

Callie recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by ____.

an uneven surface of the cornea

The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ____.

analyze patterns of lines

Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, found that ____.

animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors

Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep.

apnea

Noelle has perfect pitch. Compared with other people, Noelle is likely to have ____.

areas of her left hemisphere that are larger

An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness.

attention

One of the most dramatic applications of behavior therapy is the treatment for _____ pioneered by O. Ivar Lovaas.

autism spectrum disorder

Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions.

autonomic

Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy.

aversion

Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____.

cataplexy

An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____.

circadian rhythm

The formation of associations between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time is referred to as ____.

classical conditioning

Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms.

cocaine

The purpose of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are to ____.

convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____.

cornea

Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____.

cortical activity is correlated with consciousness

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____.

counterconditioning

Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____.

backs

What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome?

15%

At what age do humans show evidence of responding preferentially to their native language?

2 days

Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments?

A persistent, nagging cough

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____.

basal ganglia

Which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma?

A person may respond to pain and light.

Juliet is only 2 days old. She is shown several different pictures. Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest?

A picture of her mother's face

Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?

Americans tend to find body odor offensive.

Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep?

An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person

What is a token economy?

An economy in which tokens take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex.

Which of the following is an example of non-associative learning?

Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now she can do it with ease.

Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state?

Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random.

Three-year-old Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, "Yuck!" His mother can't understand why he has such a distaste for broccoli because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli?

As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.

Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Which condition is characterized by a lack of back-and-forth imitation of gestures and facial expressions during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life?

Autism

During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert.

beta

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?

Behavior follows the same general rules across species.

Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers?

Bottom-up processing

Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep?

Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep

Top-down processing involves the ____.

brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience

What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation?

Chemical

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.

Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors?

Cochlea

Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation?

Content of awareness

Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought.

default mode network (DMN)

Combat veterans with PTSD experienced anxiety after being exposed to the smell of _____.

diesel

Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm?

Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months.

Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep?

Deep sleep with disorientation before waking

The ability to detect the difference between two different weights is an example of _____.

difference threshold

Which condition does NOT have to be met for punishment to have observable effects on behavior?

Delayed response

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?

Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.

Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien?

Driving or walking while asleep

The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep.

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

All of us respond positively to token economies, but they are especially useful in ____ settings.

educational and institutional

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?

Extinction

_____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli.

Gamma

Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure?

Generalized tonic-clonic

Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____.

German term zeitgebers

What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech?

Grouping

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror?

Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset.

According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar membrane?

High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.

The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white, or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo?

His retina is missing at least two types of cones.

Which of the following is an example of perception?

How you identify a song when you hear it

What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body?

Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep.

What does the temporal theory state?

Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.

The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes?

Hypothalamus

In what process do mirror neurons play a key role?

Imitation

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages?

Imitation is frequently used in the animal world.

How does the brain process visual information?

Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala.

Why is observational learning advantageous?

It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences.

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her?

It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug.

What is true of operant conditioning?

It generally involves voluntary behaviors.

What does the parietal lobe do in the processing of visual information?

It helps process movement.

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?

It improves reaction time.

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?

It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain?

It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought.

What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information?

It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli.

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease?

It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals?

It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____.

exhibit complex social behavior

What does the vestibular system do?

It provides us with information about body position and movement.

Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish among the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar, category of taste, known by the ____.

Japanese term umami

Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

Learning

What is observational learning?

Learning by watching someone else

Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using

Lucid dreaming

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer?

Maintenance insomnia

The imitation of ____ might serve as a building block on the road to achieving empathy.

facial expressions

The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections?

Medulla and cerebellum

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule.

fixed ratio

What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth?

Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother's voice.