PSY 101 Final Exam
A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.
Institutional Review Board
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
Which example best exemplifies homophily?
Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.
Margaret Floy Washburn
Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?
Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.
Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis?
Milgram
What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?
Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
What is the main point of the quizmaster study?
People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.
Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?
People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
Physical
For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?
Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
Schemata
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?
Sigmund Freud
A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments
Skinner box
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age
This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.
The American Psychological Association
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.
The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior.
The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.
The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.
The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?
There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.
What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
They can be scientifically tested.
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?
Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.
Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?
Vygotsky
Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
ageist
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
an external locus of control
What is the just-world hypothesis?
an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.
analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?
androgens
Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
archetype
Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.
are mutable
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
arousal theory
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.
artificial
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
attitude
________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.
attrition
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.
companionate
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
concepts
The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.
confederate
Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
industrial-organizational
Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Which of the following is not a part of sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?
digestion functions become more active
When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.
discontinuous
Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.
discrimination
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.
divided intelligence into two components
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
dopamine; norepinephrine
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
double-blind
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
emotion; memory
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________.
empty
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.
event
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
evolution by natural selection
Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.
evolutionary psychologists
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.
increase
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.
low self-efficacy
The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.
membrane potential
Hyperpolarization means that the ________.
membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.
mental set
Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.
milestones
What is groupthink?
modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?
moving away from people
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
moving toward people
Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?
moving with people
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.
natural; artificial
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.
neuroconstructivist
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
random sampling; random group assignment
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
reaction formation
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.
reciprocity
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
seeking outside opinions on group decisions
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.
self-serving bias
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.
sensorimotor
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill.
situationist
Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?
smell
Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.
social loafing
Who was Stanley Milgram?
social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What is a social role?
socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
stereotypes
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.
substantia nigra; dopamine
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?
suggestibility
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
surveys
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
synapse
Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
temperature, touch, and pain
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.
the scientific method
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
the self-realization process
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
thinking
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
thoughts
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.
informational
Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?
informational
The first American Psychologist was William James
true
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.
instrumental aggression
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
integrate
Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?
whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
nWhich of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
younger
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
What is semantic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
language
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
lexicon
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long-term
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
parasympathetic
From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."
18 to 24
Which of the following is a prime number?
5
What is an advanced directive?
A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.
Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?
Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.
Asch
The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.
Asch
What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?
Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.
Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
Broca's area
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?
Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive
Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?
Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
Dispositionism
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.
Erik Erikson
In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.
Five Factor
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Humanism
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which question was central to the marshmallow test?
Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?
If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?
Yale attitude change
Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo did not use a control group.
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.
acoustic
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
action potential
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
balance between extroversion and introversion
Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.
bargaining
Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.
beliefs and expectations
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
beta-endorphin
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.
case study
Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?
central route
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
central; peripheral nervous systems
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
chromosomes; DNA
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
climate of sexual repression
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
cognition
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
cognitive dissonance
Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.
confirmation bias
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
conscientiousness
Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
consciously experienced
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.
consummate
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
creative
The goal of hospice care is to provide
death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
extrovert
John Watson is the father of Humanism.
false
The placebo effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs do not influence or determine their experience in a given situation.
false
Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.
fatuous
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.
folds; grooves
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.
frontal
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.
fundamental attribution error
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
giving them unconditional love
The myelin sheath is made from ________.
glial cells
________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
group polarization
Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?
group processes
What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
groupthink
Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
high self-efficacy
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
homeostasis
________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.
homophobia
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
humanism
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
hypothalamus
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
illusory correlation
Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
normative
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
object permanence
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
operational definition
Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?
peripheral route
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.
phlegmatic
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
phoneme
Engram refers to the ________.
physical trace of a memory
Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?
positron emission tomography (PET)
Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.
post-conventional
Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.
postdoctoral
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.
prototype
Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.
proxy
The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.
reliability
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.
replication
The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.
replication crisis
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.
romantic
In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.
scapegoating
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
schema
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
________ encoding is the encoding of images.
visual
