PSY 103 Exam 2

Gender Roles

"Are cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender."

Erogenous Zone

"Areas of the body that are sexually sensitive or responsive"

Vasocongestion

"Engorgement of blood vessels" causes penile erections, swelling

Attributions

"Inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others' behavior, and events."

Homophobia

"The intense fear and intolerance of homosexuals."

Confirmation Bias

"The tendency to seek information that supports one's beliefs while not pursuing disconfirming information."

Snap Judgements

-"Are those made quickly and based on only a few bits of information and preconceived notions." -They are "shortcuts" that rely on automatic processing, and are used when we are not motivated to form an accurate impression of another person

Psychosocial Influences on Sex and Sex Education (SCHOOLS)

-As of 2012, 21 states and DC mandate sex education in public schools -However, most offer "abstinence only" education which does not seem to deter teens from having sex

Differences Amongst Parenting Styles

-Authoritarian (low acceptance, high control) -Authoritative (high acceptance, high control)** best parenting -Neglectful (low acceptance, low control) -Permissive (high acceptance, low control)

Gender

-Describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine -"The state of being male or female"

The Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle

-Excitement Phase -Plateau Phase -Orgasm Phase -Resolution Phase

Factors that Contribute to a Person's Self Concept

-Feedback from others is important in balancing our own observations -Social context -Cultural values -Individualism: putting personal goals ahead of group goals -Collectivism: putting groups goals ahead of personal goals

Media's Influence on Gender Stereotypes

-Females appear less often on TV, are less likely to be employed, more likely to be younger, and more likely to appear in secondary and comedy roles. -Males are more often shown as competent, reaching goals, and showing ingenuity. -TV commercials are especially likely to emphasize traditional gender roles. -Reinforces traditional media

Gender Role Socialiation

-Gender roles are shaped by consequences. -Parents, teachers, peers, and others reinforce "gender-appropriate" behavior. -Parents, and fathers in particular, are much less tolerant of gender-inappropriate behavior, especially in their sons.

Differences Between How Men and Women Display Aggression

-Males are consistently more likely to engage in physical and verbal aggression -Males' aggression is associated with crime -Females are more likely to use: *Relational aggression- behaviors that hurt others feelings (ex. using 'silent treatment') *Indirect aggression- behaviors that do not involve confronting the target directly (ex. spreading rumors)

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

-Men and women are similar on most psychological variables -When there are differences, they are small -Exaggerated differences create costs on the workplace and in relationships

Psychosocial Influences on Sex and Sex Education (FAMILIES)

-Parents who punish innocent sexual exploration can socialize children who associate guilt and shame with sex -Children benefit from having positive and open conversations about sex with their parents. They have sex at later age, less often, and have fewer partners

Psychosocial Influences on Sex and Sex Education (PEERS)

-Peers are often the primary source of information for teens regarding sex -Unfortunately, they can be a highly misleading source of information and often promote unhealthy sexual values

Self Esteem

-Refers "to one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person" -It is a global evaluation of many aspects of the self

Sources of Gender Roles

-Reinforcement and punishment -Observational learning -Self socialization -Parents -Peers -Schools -The media

Psychosocial Influences on Sex and Sex Education (RELIGION)

-Religious teachings can dictate what is seen as sexually "natural" -Date from three national surveys show the main message teens get is "don't have sex until marriage" -Data also show that "virginity pledges" are largely ineffective

Systematic Judgements

-Require more controlled processing and tend to occur when forming impressions of others that can affect our happiness or welfare

Self Concept

-Self concept- "an organized collection of beliefs about the self" -These beliefs are also called self-schemas and include personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals and social roles

Milgram Study (& How Many Shocked)

-Stanley Milgram's classic study (1963) demonstrated the people's tendency to obey is strong, even of they are asked to harm another person -65% of people were shocked

Psychosocial Influences on Sex and Sex Education (THE MEDIA)

-TV, films, books, magazines, and the internet are all media sources that contain a large volume of sexual material- some extremely explicit -Sixteen percent of characters having sex on TV are teens or young adults -However, some sources do provide valuable information on sexual topics. thus , one must be highly selective

Preventing STDs

-Use protection -Condoms

Sex Differences in Emotional Expression

-Women are more likely to express emotion, but women and men experience emotional equally -Women are better able to recognize emotions in others' facial expressions and nonverbal cues

Traditional Male Role

1. Achievement 2. Aggression 3. Autonomy 4. Sexuality 5. Stoicism

Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization (SMALL DIFFERENCES)

1. Men are slightly more likely to engage in sex 2. Men have sex more frequently and have more sex partners 3. Men are more permissive in their attitudes toward sex 4. Women are more likely to feel negative emotions (shame, guilt, fear) in response to sex

Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization (LARGER DIFFERENCES)

1. Men engage in more casual sex 2. Men masturbate more often 3. Men use pornography more often

Traditional Female Role

1. The marriage mandate 2. The motherhood mandate 3. Work outside the home (in addition to having a satisfying family life)

What Percent of Sexual Assault Reports are False

2%

When people say it is more important to encourage boys than girls in athletics, they are engaging in A) "Old-fashioned" discrimination B) Modern discrimination C) Defensive discrimination D) Perceptional discrimination

A) "Old-fashioned" discrimination

Research supports the theory that a shift from _______ to ________ can reduce stereotyping and prejudice A) Automatic processing; controlled processing B) "Old- Fashioned" discrimination; symbolic racism C) Cooperative interdependence; intergroup competition D) Defensive attribution; diffusion of responsibility

A) Automatic processing; controlled processing

Scholars often use _______ to refer to male-female differences that are learned and _______ to designate biological differences A) Gender; sex B) Sex; gender C) Gender; gender D) Sex; sex

A) Gender; sex

Difficulties in expressing emotions are most likely to occur in A) Men with traditional attitudes B) Men with nontraditional attitudes C) Women with traditional attitudes D) Women with nontraditional attitudes

A) Men with traditional attitudes

Which of the following is NOT associated with the gender similarities hypothesis A) Overinflated claims of gender differences do not affect relationships B) Overinflated claims of gender differences cause problems in the workplace C) Most gender psychological differences are quite small D) Critics think Hyde left out important variables in her meta-analysis

A) Overinflated claims of gender differences do not affect relationships

________ refers to the tendency to explain other people's behavior as the result of personal, rather than situational, factors A) The fundamental attribution error B) Correspondence bias C) Stereotyping D) Bigotry

A) The fundamental attribution error

The process whereby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectations is called A) The self-fulfilling prophecy B) The fundamental attribution error C) Self-regulatory attribution D) Confirmation bias

A) The self-fulfilling prophecy

In the "Frozen" video I showed in class , A. Elsa's eyes got bigger and her outfit became more revealing even though the message was about empowerment B. Anna and Elsa were compared along a continuum of passivity vs. aggression C. Kristoff and Steven were looked at as being traditional male roles D. The relationship

A. Elsa's eyes got bigger and her outfit became more revealing even though the message was about empowerment

A difference between narcissists and individuals with high self-esteem is that A. High self esteem individuals moderate rather than exploit self-enhancement opportunities B. People with high self esteem have more grandiose self-views C. Narcissists are aggressive without provocation D. People with high self esteem are more sensitive to criticism than narcissists

A. High self esteem individuals moderate rather than exploit self-enhancement opportunities

According to E. Tory Higgins, which of the following is NOT one of the three types of perceptions that people have? A. Unrealistic B. Actual C. Ideal D. Ought

A. Unrealistic

Most Common Date Rape Drug

Alcohol

Automatic Processing

Automatic thinking

According to the FBI, what percentage of people who report sexual assault are making a false report A) 25% B) 2% C) 15% D) 22%

B) 2%

Which of the following is TRUE regarding alcohol and consent A) If both parties are drunk then sexual assault cannot happen B) A person cannot consent to sexual activity while incapacitated by alcohol C) The vast majority of people who accuse someone of sexual assault after they have been drinking are lying D) It is the victim's fault of they were sexually assaulted because they had been drinking

B) A person cannot consent to sexual activity while incapacitated by alcohol

Which drug is most commonly associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault A) Ketamine B) Alcohol C) Marijauna D) LSD

B) Alcohol

An attribution is A) Defense mechanism used in social situations B) An inference about the causes of behavior and events C) Always negative in tone D) All of the above

B) An inference about the causes of behavior and events

Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age, or religion is used to A) Make it easier to know who is in the in-group and out-group B) Avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression C) Provide accurate labels for people D) Point out the differences within groups

B) Avoid expending cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role A) Autonomy B) Emotional sensitivity with women C) Aggression D) Stoicism

B) Emotional sensitivity with women

According to Masters and Johnson, the four phases of the sexual response cycle are A) Excitement, arousal, orgasm, relaxation B) Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution C) Arousal, plateau, orgasm, refractory period D) Vasocongestion, plateau, orgasm, refractory period

B) Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Cultural expectations about what is appropriated for each gender are called A) Display rules B) Gender roles C) Primary sex characteristic D) Secondary sex characteristics

B) Gender roles

Jay is clearly uncomfortable whenever he is introduced to a gay man. He frequently makes disparaging remarks about homosexuals and states that he would "punch out" any man who came on to him. Jay shows signs of A) Bisexuality B) Homophobia C) Heterophobia D) Sensate focus

B) Homophobia

The gender similarities hypothesis states that A) Psychological gender similarities are rarely found B) Most psychological gender differences are quite small C) There are few differences between gender are substantiated by Hyde's extensive research D) There are no differences between genders psychologicaly

B) Most psychological gender differences are quite small

It appears that boys engage in more __________ aggression and girls engage in more ___________ aggression A) Verbal; physical B) Physical; relational C) Physical; antisocial D) Relational; antisocial

B) Physical; relational

A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed A) Ideal self B) Self-discrepancy C) Self-complexity D) Self-awareness

B) Self-discrepancy

The best way for parents, teachers, and coaches to instill high self-efficiency in children is to A) Set low, attainable goals to increase the probability of frequent success B) Set high, attainable goals and encourage children to persevere until they succeed and learn from their mistakes C) Set high, unattainable goals that teach children to persevere even when they cannot succeed D) Set high, unattainable goals that teach children how to accept defeat

B) Set high, attainable goals and encourage children to persevere until they succeed

________ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group A) Attributions B) Stereotypes C) Person perceptions D) Self-fulfilling prophecies

B) Stereotypes

An attribution is A. A defense mechanism used in social situations B. An inference about the causes of behavior of events C. Always negative in tone D. All of the above

B. An inference about the causes of behavior of events

How to Reduce Prejudice Within Yourself

Be more mindful

Stereotype

Belief about a particular group of people

Causes of Sexual Orientation

Bio cycle sexual model

In Milgram's study, what percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and administered the maximum level of shock A) 5% B) 35% C) 65% D) 95%

C) 65%

Ted's mother wears a t-shirt that says "Because I'm your mom, that's why!" She is usually critical of her son and his friends, and only rarely allows him to give his opinion in family decision making. Ted's mom is exhibiting the traits associated with __________ parenting style A) Permissive B) Authoritative C) Authoritarian D) Neglectful

C) Authoritarian

Oral stimulation of the female genitals is called _______ while oral stimulation of the male genitals is called ________ A) Coitus/ poitus B) Vasocongestion/ vasoexpansion C) Cunnilingus/ fellatio D) Autoeroticism/ manual eroticism

C) Cunnilingus/ fellatio

Children may believe sex is "dirty" because A) They receive reinforcement for such beliefs B) It is portrayed as such by television and other media C) Parents may punish innocent, exploratory sex play D) This is consistent with the way peers convey information about sex

C) Parents may punish innocent, exploratory sex play

__________ is an organized set of beliefs about the self A) Self-ideal B) Public self C) Self-concept D) Self-actualization

C) Self-concept

A woman who describes herself as "frank and honest" but who, in fact, lies frequently is manifesting her A) Self-concept B) Self-conflict C) Self-discrepancy D) Self-ambivalence

C) Self-discrepancy

_______ is comprised of the personal qualities, self-perceptions, attitudes, values, and preferences that guide an individual's sexual behavior A) Eroticism B) Body image C) Sexual identity D) Sexual orientation

C) Sexual identity

________ Is comprised of the personal qualities, self-perceptions, attitudes, values and preferences that guide an individual's sexual behavior A) Eroticism B) Body image C) Sexual identity D) Sexual orientation

C) Sexual identity

Research indicates that experiences emotions are A) Stronger in men B) Stronger in women C) The same for men and women D) Based on the rules parents teach their sons and daughters

C) The same for men and women

The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an _____ bias A. Egocentric B. Ethnocentric C. Androcentric D. Androgynous

C. Androcentric

Explaining the behavior of out-group members on the basis of characteristic that sets them apart is known as the A. Fundamental attribution error B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. Out-group homogeneity effect D. Out-group heterogeneity effect

C. Out-group homogeneity effect

Research suggests that parental _________ and __________ are major determinants of child's self esteem A) Income; employment B) Health; happiness C) Narcissism; self esteem D) Acceptance; control

D) Acceptance; control

Which of the following statements about condoms is accurate A) Polyurethane condoms are impervious to oil-bases creams and lotions B) If used correctly, the condom is highly effective in preventing pregnancy C) Condoms made of animal membranes don't protect against sexually transmitted diseases D) All of the above are accurate

D) All of the above are accurate

Which of the following is generally NOT considered a form of aggression toward girls and women A) Rape B) Sexual harassment C) Violent pornography D) All of these are considered aggression toward females

D) All of these are considered aggression toward females

Most research on gender differences regarding sexual attitudes A) Are in line with the gender similarities hypothesis B) Indicates males are more likely to be sexually active C) Find females are more likely to feel negative emotions in response to sex D) All of these are true

D) All of these are true

Gender-role socialization occurs through A) Self-socialization B) Observational learning C) Reinforcement and punishment D) All of these play a part in the acquisition of gender roles

D) All of these play a part in the acquisition of gender roles

Vasocongestion causes A) Penile erection in males B) No effort in females C) An orgasm D) Both penile erection in males and clitoral swelling in females

D) Both penile erection in males and clitoral swelling in females

Which of the following is true regarding origins of homosexuality? A) There is compelling support that homosexuality is caused by early negative heterosexual experiences B) Being labeled a homosexual sets up a self-fulfilling prophecy C) Homosexuality originates when children continue to identify with other-gender parent D) Caused of homosexuality may require a biopsychosocial interactive model

D) Caused of homosexuality may require a biopsychosocial interactive model

Which of the following is true regarding origins of homosexuality? A) There is compelling support that homosexuality is caused by early negative heterosexual experiences B) Being labeled a homosexual sets up a self-fulfilling prophecy C) Homosexuality originates when children continue to identify with other-gender parent D) Causes of homosexuality may require a biophysical interactive model

D) Causes of homosexuality may require a biophysical interactive model

In order to reduce prejudice within yourself, you need to A) Pay careful attention to what you think B) Shift from mindless to mindfulness C) Shift from automatic to controlled processing D) Do all of these

D) Do all of these

Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personality, and social behavior are called A) Sexual prototypes B) Gender role differences C) Gender misattributions D) Gender stereotypes

D) Gender stereotypes

The boundaries between how the typical male and the typical female are expected to behave is becoming A) More defined B) Nonexistent C) Stagnate D) More flexible

D) More flexible

Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to A) Situational factors B) Interpersonal factors C) Environmental factors D) Personal dispostions

D) Personal dispositions

In cases where self-esteem is ________, it is inadvisable to try to build self-esteem A) Low B) High and global C) Realistically low D) Unrealistically high

D) Unrealistically high

Which of the following sources influences the development of one's self concept? A. One's own observations B. Feedback from others C. Social context D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The important conclusion from milgram's study of obedience is that A. People apparently like to choke other people B. People will yield to imagines pressure C. People who appear good may be inherently bad D. The situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person

D. The situation is a stronger indicator of behavior than the kind of person

Research indicates that more ______ attempt suicide, but more ______ complete it A. Adults; children B. There are no demographic predictors of suicide C. Men; women D. Women; men

D. Women; men

What Contributes to Greater Sexual Satisfaction

Educating with your partner

Gender Differences in Suicidal Behavior

Females ATTEMPT suicide more often, but males have more COMPLETED suicides

Self-Efficiency

Global evaluation of many aspects in self

"Old Fashioned" Discrimination

Has declined in recent years, but more subtle ("modern") form of discrimination has emerged.

How to Increase Self-Efficiency

High attainable goals

Social Role Theory

Men and women behave differently in social situations and take different roles, due to the expectations that society puts upon them

Self Discrepencies

Mismatches between the actual, ideal, and/or ought self

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Occur when "expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations."

Modern Discrimination

Occurs when "people privately harbor negative attitudes toward minority groups, but express them only when they feel such views are justified, or that it's safe to do so."

Fellatio

Oral sex act (mouth on the penis)

Cunnilingus

Oral sex act (person on a female's genitalia)

Ought Self

Our guides or standards we use to motivate action

What might cause a child to begin to view that sex is dirty?

Parents punishment

Actual Self

Qualities people think they actually possess

Ideal Self

Qualities people would like to have

Sexual Identity

Refers to "the complex personal qualities, self-perception, attitudes. Values and preferences that guide one's sexual behavior."

Fundamental Attribution Error

Refers to "the tendency to explain other people's behavior as the result of personal, rather than situational, factors." 1. Focusing on the person (making internal attribution) 2. Taking the situation into account (allowing for external attributions), more effort so we often skip it

Sex

Refers to biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.

Masturbation

Sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for pleasure

Controlled Processing

Taking effort to think

Contraception

The deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by any of various drugs, techniques, or devices; birth control

Forming Accurate Impressions of Others Takes Effort

Uses energy

Internal Attributions

When people attribute the cause of others' behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feelings

External Attributions

When people attribute the cause of others' behavior to situational demands or environmental constraints