psy 105 ch 7

implicit procedures (what part of brain?)

cerebellum and striatum

are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other

neural networks

tip of the tongue phemonemon is a failure of

retrieval

identify all the processes in short term memory

storing, rehearsing, attending

Alzheimers disease...

-is an organic brain disease -the memory loss can be caused by radioactive interference -people with experience memory loss due to anterograde amnesia

list in order the steps of how memories are formed

1- strong repeated stimulation temporarily strengthens a synapse 2- CREB activates select genes causing them to be transcribed into mRNA 3- mRNA instructions are translated into synapse strengthening proteins

long term memory has ___ distinct types and ____ distinct phases of processing

2, 4

the protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses

CREB

kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned

Procedural memory

_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking

absent-mindedness

mnemonic devices

acronyms chunking rhyming not a way we store memories

when a person forgets info due to an injury or disease, most likely they are suffering from ___

amnesia

damage can impair meories for the overall feeling of the event but not the details

amygdala

a chain of connections between related concepts that get activated. Each concept in this structure is called a node. There are links between the nodes as well.

associative network

____ drives the encoding process

attention

allows us to filter out distractions, focus on the task at hand and develop a plan for solving a problem.

attention

in HSAM, ____ memory is the specific type of memory that is usually accurate and detailed

autobiographical

encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task

automatic processing

the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaning units

chunking

a process in which long-term memories become represented by complex neural pathways

consolidation

the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; it is the second stage of long-term memory formation.

consolidation

short-term retention of sounds

echoic memory

involves rehearsal of the information so that it goes from short-term to long-term memory

effortful processing

to help us encode information in detail, often negative ____ are usually connected with events that have important implications for the person

emotions

____ is the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information

encoding

the ____ temporarily stores information in relation to a specific event or experience

episodic buffer

is a form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had uses automatic type of processing

episodic memory

which type of memory is more personal>

episodic memory

________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

explicit

_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.

false

Elizabeth Loftus examined..

false memory eyewitness testimony recovered memories

ebbinghaus pioneered the research on _____ suggesting that recall declines overtime

forgetting

weakening or loss of memories over time

forgetting

do we remember good or bad times more?

good

example of phonological loop

hearing your own voice inside your head repeating a phone number

way of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general

hierarchies

the repeated firing of neural f impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory to long-term memory mostly occurs in the part of the brain known as ___

hippocampus

memory which is a brief visual record

iconic memory

___ memory is used to recall the previous experiences or skills

implicit

non declarative memory is also known as _____ memory

implicit

absent mindedness...

increases with age but does not become a problem until people reach their 70s.

such as talking with a friend, text messaging, or emailing during lecture is a source of ___

interference

the concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it; three different levels of processing → structural, phonemic, and semantic

levels of processing

the strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fired and excites another neuron. there is a permanent change in the receiving neuron, the excitatory neuron, or both.

long term potentiation (LTP)

___ is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

memory

the ___ ___ occurs when incorrect information, learned after the original event, gets incorporated into the memory as "true" information

misinformation effect

a new technique combines light and genes to manipulate and stimulate precise clusters of neurons

optogenetics

a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks; ____ models propose that associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes

parallel distributed processing

the Somatosensory cortex is located in the _____ lobe

parietal

the key functions of working memory are to focus attention and plan action which often utilize the ____ of the brain helping convert short term memories into long term memories

prefrontal cortex

recall for items at the beginning of a list is

primacy effect

a kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli

priming

which type of implicit memory is processed In the corex?

priming

____ interference is the reason that the serial position effect occurs

proactive

Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:

recency effect

a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness

recovered memory

the process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters long-term memory

rehearsal

the recovery of information stored in memory; it is the fourth stage of long-term memory.

retrieval

_____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information.

retroactive

mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, and events. and organized ways of knowing, including patterns of thoughts, behavior, or perception that form meaningful units and develop from our experiences.

schema

the deepest level of processing

semantic

effortful processing is the basis of what type of memory?

semantic memory

form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge (Ex/ What we learn in school)

semantic memory

which types of memory does explicit memory include?

semantic, episodic

____ memory is the first stage of memory and it occurs as a consequence of our interactions with the world. information held very briefly

sensory

put in order from shortest to longest in memory

sensory, short term, long term

in the 3 stage model of memory, ____ memory holds the original information, _____ term memory temporarily stores limited information ,and ____ term memory holds the most information

sensory, short, long

because of the _____ writers, directors of movies, and even politicians try to put the most important information near the beginning or end of their work

serial position effect

the tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to thier position in the list

seriel position effect

processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes

short term memories

attending storing rehearsing 5-9 pieces of information

short term memory

once memories have been encoded and consolidated, they are ready to be _____

stored

the shallowest level of processing

structural

emotion helps memory by way of anatomy

structures include: hippocampus amygdala

interference occurs when...

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______.

transcranial direct current stimulation