PSY 200 FINAL

Dr. Diaz is a therapist who works with clients of many different cultural backgrounds. Her clients like the fact that she always considers their cultural background important to her therapeutic approach. Dr. Diaz is demonstrating__________. A.) Ethnocentrism B.) Chronocentrism C.) Multicultural competence D.) Cultural lag

A.) Ethnocentrism

Christopher is skilled at problem-solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____. A.) General intelligence B.) Naturalist intelligence C.) Spatial intelligence D.) Existential intelligence

A.) General intelligence

In 1904, British psychologist Charles Spearman suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlying factor called__________, which includes broad reasoning and problem-solving abilities. A.) General intelligence B.) Spatial intelligence C.) Naturalist intelligence D.) Existential intelligence

A.) General intelligence

__________is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety. A.) Obsessive-compulsive disorder B.) Posttraumatic stress disorder C.) Acute stress disorder D.) Somatoform disorder

A.) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth? A.) The Id B.) The creative self C.) The Ego D.) The Superego

A.) The Id

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of? A.) The serial-position effect B.) The srimacy effect C.) The recency effect D.) The latency effect

A.) The serial-position effect

The__________is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples. A.) Representatives heuristic B.) Availability heuristic C.) Anchoring heuristic D.) Adjustment heuristic

B.) Availability heuristic

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting? A.) Exorcism B.) Behavior therapy C.) Exposure treatment D.) Modeling

B.) Behavior therapy

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love involves three components, and _____ is one of them. A.) Conformity B.) Commitment C.) Reward D.) Responsibility

B.) Commitment

A(n)__________is best described as a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id. A.) Ego enhancer B.) Ego analyst C.) Humanistic therapist D.) Gestalt therapist

B.) Ego analyst

Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating? A.) Dream analysis B.) Group therapy C.) Traditional hypnotherapy D.) Classical conditioning

B.) Group therapy

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as__________. A.) Maintenance rehearsal B.) Interference theory C.)Serial-position effect D.) Method of savings

B.) Interference theory

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory? A.) It is also known as procedural or skill memory. B.) It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained. C.) It is the memory of how to perform a task. D.) It is the memory associated with things planned for the future.

B.) It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus. A.) Icon B.) Memory trace C.) Eidetic image D.) Schema

B.) Memory trace

In the context of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is true? A.) Psychodynamic therapies are based on the thinking of Carl Rogers. B.) Psychotherapies influence clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior. C.) Psychotherapies are limited to dealing with clients who have severe mental disorders. D.) Behavior therapists tend to focus exclusively on what people think and feel.

B.) Psychotherapies influence clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Observational learning is one of the foundations of__________. A.) Psychodynamic theory B.) Social cognitive theory C.) Humanistic-existential theory D.) Self-theory

B.) Social cognitive theory

Which of the following statements is true of chemistry involved in aggression? A.) Chemicals do not trigger aggressive behaviors in humans. B.) Testosterone appears to affect the tendencies to dominate and control other people. C.) In humans, chemistry is involved in aggression, especially in the form of thyroxin. D.) Men have less testosterone levels than women do.

B.) Testosterone appears to affect the tendencies to dominate and control other people.

Identify the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development? A.) The phallic stage B.) The genital stage C.) The latency stage D.) The anal stage

B.) The genital stage

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as__________. A.) Elaborations B.) Eustress C.) Attitudes D.) Values

C.) Attitudes

The _____ of conversion disorders holds that people with conversion disorder are susceptible to being hypnotized. A.) Learning perspective B.) Demonologic model C.) Biopsychosocial perspective D.) Diathesis-stress model

C.) Biopsychosocial perspective

__________refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others. A.) Classical conditioning B.) Operant conditioning C.) Cognitive learning D.) Learning by insight

C.) Cognitive learning

__________is judgment of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors. A.) Conditions of worth B.) Unconditional positive regard C.) Conditional positive regard D.) Frames of reference

C.) Conditional positive regard

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _____. A.) Prototypes B.) Anagrams C.) Holophrases D.) Heuristics

C.) Holophrases

Post-traumatic stress disorder: A.) Is primarily associated with absence of autonomic arousal. B.) occurs within a month of a traumatic experience and lasts only for a week. C.) May occur months or years after a traumatic experience. D.) Is also referred to as acute stress disorder.

C.) May occur months or years after a traumatic experience.

A(n) _____ is a concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category. A.) Reinforcer B.) Anagram C.) Prototype D.) Heuristic

C.) Prototype

Children's__________become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations. A.) Orienting reflexes B.) Cognitive maps C.) Prototypes D.) Instincts

C.) Prototypes

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It is not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely using _____. A.) Traditional hypnotherapy B.) Group therapy C.) Rational emotive behavior therapy D.) Electroconvulsive therapy

C.) Rational emotive behavior therapy

In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimulus is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. (T/F)

False

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity. (T/F)

False

In the context of creativity and intelligence, _____ helps generate many possible solutions to problems. A.) Triangulation B.) Centration C.) Convergent thinking D.) Divergent thinking

D.) Divergent thinking

_____ believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality. A.) Karen Horney B.) Alfred Adler C.) Carl Jung D.) Erik Erikson

D.) Erik Erikson

__________is a factor that contributes to attraction. A.) Stereotyping B.) Social conflict C.) Dissimilarity D.) Physical appearance

D.) Physical appearance

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _____. A.) Hypnotherapy B.) Sensitization C.) Exorcism D.) Virtual therapy

D.) Virtual therapy

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation. (T/F)

False

In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions.

False

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations. (T/F)

False

Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect. (T/F)

False

The communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity. (T/F)

False

A man cancels an important business trip to a mountainous country because he is afraid of the steep roads. He is also terrified of cable cars and the venue of the meeting is accessible only by cable cars. The man most likely suffers from _____. A.) Acrophobia B.) Social phobia C.) Agoraphobia D.) Claustrophobia

A.) Acrophobia

The _____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved. A.) Nonsense syllables effect B.) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C.) Flashbulb phenomenon D.) Serial-position effect

B.) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma. A.) Infantile amnesia B.) Proactive interference C.) Dissociative amnesia D.) Retroactive interference

C.) Dissociative amnesia

Explicit memory is memory for specific information. (T/F)

True

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which: A.) A presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive bias. B.) Our estimates of frequency or probability are based on how easy it is to find examples of relevant events. C.) Our estimates about events are based on the populations of events that they appear to represent. D.) A decision is based solely on the most recently available evidence.

A.) A presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive bias.

__________is the first stage of information processing. A.) Encoding B.) Paraphrasing C.) Rehearsing D.) Retrieving

A.) Encoding

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from__________. A.) Illness anxiety disorder B.) Paranoid personality disorder C.) Dissociative amnesia B.) Dissociative identity disorder

B.) Paranoid personality disorder

Albert Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy methods are _____. A.) Nondirective and passive B.) Directive and passive C.) Active and directive D.) Nondirective and active

C.) Active and directive

Miguel, a teenager, exhibits erratic behavior. He is very happy at times and at other times he shows signs of extreme depression. Miguel's mother thinks he is possessed and takes him to an exorcist. In this scenario, Miguel's mother supports the _____ of psychological disorders. A.) Biopsychosocial model B.) Diathesis-stress model C.) Demonological model D.) Medical model

C.) Demonological model

Which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders? A.) Inability to sweat B.) A pale face C.) Low blood pressure D.) A racing heart

D.) A racing heart

__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax. A.) Psychomotor retardation B.) Dissociative amnesia C.) Delusional disorder D.) Anxiety disorder

D.) Anxiety disorder

Behavior therapy _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes. A.) Applies hereditary principles B.) Uses symbolic meanings of maladaptive practices C.) Uses childhood origins of problems D.) Applies principles of learning

D.) Applies principles of learning

Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations. A.) Babbling is not inborn. B.) Deaf children cannot babble. C.) During the second month, babies begin babbling. D.) Babbling is prelinguistic.

D.) Babbling is prelinguistic.

__________is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes. A.) Displacement B.) Serial positioning C.) Memory tracing D.) Eidetic imagery

D.) Eidetic imagery

According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage. (T/F)

False

Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight. (T/F)

False

Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development. (T/F)

False

Event-based tasks are to be performed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has elapsed between occurrences. (T/F)

False

In the context of specific phobias, acrophobia is the fear of snakes. (T/F)

False

Like psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy focuses on the here and now. (T/F)

False

In long-term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure. (T/F)

True

Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities contain the types of items measured on the most widely used intelligence tests today. (T/F)

True

Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants. (T/F)

True

When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory. (T/F)

True

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________. A.) Self-esteem B.) Self-actualization C.) Self-efficacy D.) Self-concept

B.) Self-actualization

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____. A.) Serial positioning B.) Repressing C.) Screening D.) Chunking

D.) Chunking

In__________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course. A.) Triangulation B.) Convergent thinking C.) Centration D.) Divergent thinking

D.) Divergent thinking

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? A.) It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered. B.) It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. C.) It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized. D.) It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

D.) It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

__________is best described as the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors. A.) Behavior therapy B.) Orientation behavior C.) Hypnotherapy D.) Dream analysis

A.) Behavior therapy

People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking. A.) Body dysmorphic disorder B.) Acute stress disorder C.) Dissociative identity disorder D.) Posttraumatic stress disorder

A.) Body dysmorphic disorder

Which of the following is true of the method of free association? A.) In this method, clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind. B.) In this method, clients are requested not to disclose any personal information. C.) In this method, clients are asked to restrict themselves to expressing one topic at a time. D.) In this method, clients are encouraged to develop a strong wall of defense that blocks their insight into unconscious processes.

A.) In this method, clients are made comfortable and asked to talk about any topic that comes to mind.

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy? A.) It focuses directly on one's thoughts and encourages ideas that help one solve problems. B.) It is based on the assumption that beliefs and attitudes of individuals cannot be changed. C.) It aims to solve clients' problems using spiritual cleansing approaches. D.) It emphasizes that childhood trauma is the root cause of all psychological problems.

A.) It focuses directly on one's thoughts and encourages ideas that help one solve problems.

Which of the following statements is true of catharsis? A.) It helps alleviate some of the forces assaulting the ego. B.) It magnifies the forces that assault the superego. C.) It supports defensive behavior in a person. D.) It helps a person repress his or her sadness.

A.) It helps alleviate some of the forces assaulting the ego.

In Gestalt therapy, a therapist: A.) Leads clients through planned experiences to heighten their awareness of inner conflict. B.) Chooses a nondirective approach. C.) discourages a client from making free choices. D.) does not take into account the inner conflicts of a client.

A.) Leads clients through planned experiences to heighten their awareness of inner conflict.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression? A.) Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now. B.) Mark wants to remember what he ate for lunch but is not sure whether it was tuna or hamburger. C.) Michael tells people he did not cheat in high school but knows it is untrue. D.) Michelle planned to go to a party, but her mother forced her to stay at home.

A.) Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

In__________, a tormenting event is revisited in the form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks—the feeling that the event is recurring. A.) Posttraumatic stress disorder B.) Spinal muscular atrophy C.) Cerebral palsy D.) Psychomotor retardation

A.) Posttraumatic stress disorder

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the__________as the center of experience. A.) Self B.) Ego C.) Id D.) Ego identity

A.) Self

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________. A.) Self-awareness B.) Self-determination C.) Self-efficacy D.) Self-concept

A.) Self-awareness

In the context of problem solving, _____ involves handling one element of the problem at a time. A.) Serial processing B.) Overextension C.) Parallel processing D.) Overregularization

A.) Serial processing

Dave could not remember the last digit of his friend's cell phone number, so he kept trying different digits until he found the right one. In this scenario, which of the following methods did Dave use? A.) The systematic random search algorithm B.) Cannon's algorithm C.) Dijkstra's algorithm D.) The minimum degree algorithm

A.) The systematic random search algorithm

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____. A.) Phallic stage B.) Anal stage C.) Oral stage D.) Genital stage

B.) Anal stage

_____ is conducted only with groups. A.) Classical conditioning B.) Couple therapy C.) Hypnotherapy D.) Dream analysis

B.) Couple therapy

Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting: A.) Depersonalization-derealization disorder. B.) Illness anxiety disorder. C.) Posttraumatic stress disorder. D.) Dissociative identity disorder.

B.) Illness anxiety disorder.

Which of the following is true of the trait theory? A.) It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes. B.) It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins. C.) It seeks to modify maladaptive personality traits. D.) It does not rely on personality tests.

B.) It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.

A person's ability to recall a historic event, like the American Civil War of 1861-65, would be an example of _____. A.) Prospective memory B.) Semantic memory C.) Procedural memory D.) Episodic memory

B.) Semantic memory

Katie is scared of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid interacting with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with _____. A.) Acrophobia B.) Social phobia C.) Necrophobia D.) Claustrophobia

B.) Social phobia

According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to: A.) Their recent experiences with similar events. B.) The populations of events that they appear to depict. C.) How easy it is to find examples of relevant events. D.) Their initial views, or presumptions.

B.) The populations of events that they appear to depict.

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on: A.) The role of collective unconscious and archetypes in the formation of personality. B.) The role of feelings of inferiority and the creative self in the formation of personality. C.) Personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. D.) Learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.

B.) The role of feelings of inferiority and the creative self in the formation of personality.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____. A.) Determine the vividness of stimulation perception B.) Determine the meaning and importance of dreams C.) Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory D.) Determine the physiological causes of memory disorders

C.) Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

In the context of factors that affect problem-solving, _____ refers to the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage. A.) Parallel processing B.) Operant conditioning C.) Functional fixedness D.) Cognitive dissonance

C.) Functional fixedness

__________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. A.) Semanticity B.) Instinct C.) Intelligence D.) Memory

C.) Intelligence

__________is characterized largely by persistent anxiety. A.) Schizoid personality disorder B.) Cerebral palsy C.) Neuroticism D.) Dissociative amnesia

C.) Neuroticism

Which of the following statements is true of acute stress disorder? A.) It occurs six months after a traumatic event and tends to persist. B.) People with acute stress disorder become physically weak with multiple organ failures. C.) People with acute stress disorder can go on to experience posttraumatic stress disorder. D.) It was formerly termed multiple personality disorder.

C.) People with acute stress disorder can go on to experience posttraumatic stress disorder.

Sarah remembers that she must pack her suitcase and must lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future is known as _____. A.) Semantic memory B.) Episodic memory C.) Prospective memory D.) Implicit memory

C.) Prospective memory

In the context of social cognitive theory, examples of situational variables include: A.) Self-regulatory systems. B.) Ways of interpreting experience. C.) Rewards and punishments. D.) Knowledge and skills.

C.) Rewards and punishments.

The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as__________. A.) Encoding B.) Priming C.) Saving D.) Chunking

C.) Saving

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist? A.) Aversive conditioning B.) Resistance C.) Systematic desensitization D.) Transference

C.) Systematic desensitization

Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic, energy, which Freud labeled__________. A.) Ego B.) Fixation C.) Eros D.) Libido

D.) Libido

People with panic attacks tend to: A.) Exhibit two or more identities or personalities, each with distinct traits and memories. B.) Experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. C.) Feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them. D.) Misinterpret bodily cues and view them as threats.

D.) Misinterpret bodily cues and view them as threats.

In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled _____. A.) Overregularization B.) Overanalyzing C.) overarching D.) Overextension

D.) Overextension

Some people stay at home for fear of having an attack in public. They are diagnosed as having__________with agoraphobia. A.) Hoarding disorder B.) Bipolar disorder C.) Conversion disorder D.) Panic disorder

D.) Panic disorder

Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development. A.) Anal stage B.) Genital stage C.) Oral stage D.) Phallic stage

D.) Phallic stage

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____. A.) Echoic memory B.) Implicit memory C.) Prospective memory D.) State-dependent memory

D.) State-dependent memory

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____. A.) Girls' inferiority complex B.) Scientific evidence C.) The theory of psychosocial development D.) Western cultural prejudice

D.) Western cultural prejudice

People with body dysmorphic disorder have dual personalities. (T/F)

False

Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures. (T/F)

True

Sigmund Freud believed that the content of dreams is determined by unconscious processes as well as by the events of the day. (T/F)

True

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid. (T/F)

True