Psy 201 Quizzes 2

Which age range reports the highest levels of stress?

18-33 year olds

Which of the following is the best definition of self-efficacy?

A belief that one can perform adequately in a given situation

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?

Basically, in operant conditioning you must perform the behavior and be rewarded in order for the behavior to happen again whereas in classical conditioning the behavior is a learned reflex by pairing stimuli together in conditioning.

In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred?

Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.

Participants were given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service, and waiter. Later, when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word dinner, even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

__________ rules refer to culturally sanctioned regulations about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation.

Display

Paul Ekman devised a system to measure people's facial muscle activity, called the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Using this measurement, Ekman found across cultures that participants "recognized" the emotional facial expressions by matching them with the "correct" emotion words at levels greater than chance. What did Ekman conclude from these findings?

Ekman concluded that universal emotions did exist across cultures.

What is the definition of stressors?

Events or experiences that induce psychological and/or physiological stress

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

Why do scientists sometimes avoid using the word happiness when referring to subjective well-being?

It is a popular word that can refer to different things such as feeling good or being satisfied.

You experience emotion because if you see a mountain lion, decide to run, feel physiological arousal...then fear. This is the ______________________ theory of emotion.

James Lange

Experiencing negative emotions can be beneficial, although unpleasant. Which of the following is the best example of the function of a negative emotion?

Negative emotions, such as worry, help motivate people to prepare for the future.

In modern research examining the different facets of emotions around the world, which two cultural contexts have received the most attention by social scientists?

North American and East Asian

What were the main findings from Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Phases of stress, including arousal, coping, and exhaustion, was first discovered while studying rats.

Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?

Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

_____________ best describes when people feel like they have the power to change their environment or behavior if they need or want to?

a sense of control

Temperamental factors have a more powerful influence on ____________.

actual effect

Amy is very excited for the day of her wedding. On that day she experiences a spike in happiness and this feeling lasts for about a month. After that she returns to her "normal" levels of mood. What is this an example of?

adaption

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:

aggressive models were punished

At which stage does memory failure occur?

any stage...because memory failure can have different causes

Johan knows that when he goes to a casino he tends to gamble more than he can afford to lose, and he's worried that he may be developing a gambling problem. Which of the following strategies would be a behavioral strategy that could help him demonstrate increased self-control in this area?

avoiding going to casinos at all

Operant conditioning focuses on how

behavior is influenced by its consequences

Unlearned primary motives necessary for survival are termed:

biological motives

Kinesics refers to the study of

body language

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration. can act as a ______________________ release for frustration.

cathartic

Procedural memory (your knowledge of how to perform a task such as washing the dishes or dancing) would be affected by damage to this part of the brain which controls such things as balance, etc.

cerebellum

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

Which of the following is a health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months?

chronic disease

Because hyphens divide the numbers on your social security card into three segments, it is easier for you to remember this nine-digit number. This illustrates:

chunking

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of ______________ conditioning.

classical

What are example characteristics of someone with a Type A personality?

competitive, impatient, and hostile

According to the affect valuation theory, __________ factors shape how a person ideally wants to feel, while __________ factors shape how a person actually feels.

cultural; temperamental

Shared, socially transmitted ideas that are reflected in and reinforced by institutions, products, and rituals are called __________.

culture

Which of the following is an example of modeling?

dance an unfamiliar dance step after seeing it performed

A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates stimulus _______.

discrimination

Which of the following is an example of negative coping?

drinking to relieve stress

Charlie hates taking exams. He spends the week before finals biting his nails, sleeping poorly, and worrying. He tries to distract himself by watching funny movies the night before the exam. This is an example of _________________.

emotion-focused coping

Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?

emotion-focused coping

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

encoding failure

If you tend to be absent-minded, which theory of forgetting is probably to blame?

encoding failure

The fact that many people do not know which way Lincoln is facing on the penny is probably due to:

encoding failure

Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store. If you buy her a piece of candy to quiet her down you are ______________ more tantrums.

encouraging

Think about your first passionate kiss. Your recollections of this event are stored in your _____________ memory.

episodic

Hostility is an experience or trait with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components. Which of the following is NOT an example of these components?

excessive worry

Alessandro has been under a great deal of stress and is experiencing headaches and thinks he has a stomach ulcer as well. These are psychosomatic conditions would suggest he has entered which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

exhaustion

Damon experienced a death in his family from the hurricane that passed through his city recently. His stress levels are very high and he's starting to feel very tired and distracted at work. From these symptoms, what phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome would we say that Damon is in?

exhaustion

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of_____.

experience

You dislike your job at the cheese making factory quite a bit. However, you stick with it because of _______________________ motivation. You do it because there is a specific reward for you that has nothing to do with warm and fuzzy feelings of self-satisfaction.

extrinsic

Most of you can vividly recall where you were, what you were doing and how you felt when you saw the planes hit the Twin Towers on TV on September 11th, 2001. This tragedy formed a:

flashbulb memory

The hand slapping experiment in the discussion forum was to show how _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ can lead to aggression

frustration

Long term memory

has an unlimited storage capacity

An area of the brain of particular importance for memory storage is the

hippocampus

The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure are examples of:

homeostasis

The best way to handle the the temper tantrum is to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the behavior.

ignore

A puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. To extinguish this response, you would

ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet

Psychoneuroimmunology studies how mental events and processes modulate the function of the _____________________________.

immune system

Which is NOT an example of the impact of chronic stress?

increased immune system functioning

According to cultural psychologists Markus and Kitayama (1991), the dominant model of the self in North American contexts is a(n) __________ one. In such a model being a person means being distinct from others and behaving similarly across situations.

independent

Urie is always aware of what people around him are doing and how they are acting, and he tries to adjust his behaviors to his surroundings. His general model of self is to suppress his own preferences and desires and to adjust to others. Urie is operating from a(n) __________ sense of self.

interdependent

One of the most damaging issues with Alzheimer's Disease is:

interference with memory

After eating a salty fish dinner you are very thirsty for plain water, a condition described as

intracellular thirst

Happiness

is difficult to study because it is subjective

Why can't you remember what you had for breakfast last year on August 20th?

it wasn't processed into long term memory and if it did you are having trouble with retrieval

Fear of zombies

kinemortophobia

A researcher is interested in the process by which a person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well by whatever standards that person thinks are most important to a good life. What might the researcher be measuring?

life satisfaction

Human emotions are

linked to many adaptive behaviors

Learning to dance , tie your shoe, or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through

modeling

The sex drive is unusual in that it is _____________________________.

nonhomeostatic

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Advertisements are almost always examples of _____________ conditioning.

operant

Intense fear may cause ______________, resulting in sudden death

parasympathetic rebound

One of the first reactions to frustration is ___________________________.

persistence

At the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:

physiological needs

Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?

positive punishment

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.

preparedness

Jay dated Ashley for quite awhile until Ashley moved to another state. Now Jay is dating Tianna. After a nice evening together, Jay says good night to Tianna but calls her Ashley. Jay is experiencing

proactive interference

To focus on an event that is causing stress in an effort to change or improve the situation is what type of coping?

problem-focused coping

A team referee who fines a coach for unsportmanlike conduct is using

punishment

According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise.

quantitative

Carmen has had to drop out of college to help tend an ill family member. Carla is pleasant, caring and appears content to perform this task. However, when the pizza delivery was late she instantly became instantly agitated and chewed out the driver. Perhaps, Carla has been utilizing which defense mechanism without realizing it.

reaction formation

A psychology question that asks you to describe and explain the four stages of sleep would be measuring memory by

recall

Operant conditioning involves which of the following? A. unconditioned responses B. reflexes C. reinforcement D. CR

reinforcement

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.

reinforcers; punishers

Which defense mechanism best describes when an individual unconsciously cannot remember a traumatic event such as a car accident?

repression

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference.

A time out is an example of a ___________________ punisher.

secondary

Emotions exist in __________ while feelings and moods occur in __________.

seconds; days

According to the module, if you are European American, what is the biggest contributor to life satisfaction?

self-esteem

An intelligence test frequently has a general knowledge section which tests for

semantic memory

A visual icon of something you see and an echoic memory of something you hear are examples of:

sensory memory

Social integration helps improve health through perceptions that our social network can help us in times of need. This concept is also known as what?

social support

Since people cannot usually change stress __________, they should aim to change ___________ instead.

sources; responses

You want to stop your cat from clawing your new sofa by spraying a stream of water on the cat as punishment for clawing the furniture. If you are to be successful, you must:

spray the cat every time he begins to claw the sofa

When a person is sad and depressed, they have a tendency to remember more sad memories. This is referred to as _______________ learning.

state-dependent

Curiosity and exploration are __________________ motives.

stimulus

The definition of memory is that it is an active system that receives, organizes, and ____________ information.

stores

Motivation is the process of initiating, ____________, and directing activities of the organism.

sustaining

Subjective well-being is influenced by which of the following factors?

temperament

The ventromedial hypothalamus is associated with

the satiety center

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

the tone, but not the light

Intrinsic motivation occurs when

there is no obvious external reward for one's behavior

Defense mechanisms serve what purpose according to Freud and psychoanalytic theory?

to help us cope with unpleasant and unwanted unconscious psychological thoughts or feelings

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Dr. Langmeier is presenting to her college's psychology club about the fact that human beings tend to experience similar feelings across different cultures. "Emotions developed in response to the similar environments of our common ancestors," she states. Dr. Langmeier is advocating for the __________ perspective in her discussion.

universalist

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory