PSY 211 exam #4

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. b) how easy mental rotation is for humans. c) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. d) that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.

c) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

According to the typicality effect a) objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. b) we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. c) items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. d) objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.

c) items that are high in prototypically are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

A set of critical properties of concept representation is often called a ... a) blueprint b) object guide c) prototype d) structure

c) prototype

If it takes you one second to mentally rotate an object thirty degrees how long will it take you to mentally rotate the object sixty degrees? a) One second b) One half of one second c) Two seconds d) Four seconds

c) two seconds

A mental image could be useful for which of the following tasks? a) All of these b) Trying to figure out a way to fit you hair dryer in your suitcase. c) Coming up with directions you your apartment. d) Describing what your childhood home looked like.

a) all of these

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a) Content b) Validity c) Longevity d) Neural response

a) content

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a) exemplar b) semantic network c) prototype d) definitional

a) exemplar

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a) Family resemblance b) Cognitive economy c) Spreading activation d) Hierarchical organization

a) family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a) Freedom b) Apple pie c) Baseball d) America

a) freedom

While doing a mental rotation experiment like the one in the demonstration participants will often report ... a) that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not. b) None of these c) that they are never really able to tell if the objects are the same or not and they make their same/different judgment on instinct. d) that they observe the two objects and eventually have a spontaneous insight into whether or not the two objects are the same.

a) that they mentally rotate one of the objects until they can determine if the two objects are the same or not.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a) Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." c) Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d) Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

b) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

In the prototypes demonstration you were asked to examine a series of dot patterns. What did the demonstration predict participants would do? a) Respond more slowly to prototype patterns than to new variants and variants used in the training phase b) Respond more quickly to prototype patterns than to new variants c) Respond more quickly to new variants than to prototype patterns d) Respond more quickly to new variants than to variants already used in the training phase

b) Respond more quickly to prototype patterns than to new variants

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a) An exemplar b) A prototype c) A component d) A unit

b) a prototype

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a) can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. b) is based on spatial or language mechanisms. c) actually exists. d) is identical for all people.

b) is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a) perceptual images. b) mental images. c) visual icons. d) echoic schemas

b) mental images

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure. a) priming b) mental scanning c) mental walk d) categorization

b) mental scanning

Prototypes allow an individual to become familiar with new objects because they are interpreted using a foundation from ... a) contextual information b) previously learned information c) priming cues d) shared knowledge

b) previously learned information

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a) no b) strong c) moderate d) weak

b) strong

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a) the imageless thought debate was unresolved. b) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. c) some people have great difficulty forming visual images. d) visual images vary in detail.

b) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

You walk by a store window and notice several new items. One of which you conclude to be a motor-scooter. Which of the following best describes a prototype for a motor- scooter? a)Headlight, kick stand, and located in store windows b) High price, shining coat of paint, and no wheels c) Name of auto store on side d) Tires, headlight, engine, and kick stand

d) Tires, headlight, engine, and kick stand

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a) an equation. b) a statement. c) abstract symbols. d) a spatial layout.

d) a spatial layout

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a) can fly; bird b) has feathers; ostrich c) bird; penguin d) can fly; canary

d) can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a) a universal set of category members. b) the definition of the category. c) a defined set of category members. d) category members that have been encountered in the past.

d) category members that have been encountered in the past.

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a) Serial processing b) Distributed processing c) Prototype formation d) Cognitive economy

d) cognitive economy

Mental imagery involves a) mental representations of the current sensory inputs. b) the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. c) sensory representations of a stimulus. d) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

d) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

The mental rotation demonstration predicts that when comparing two shapes that are in fact the same, a participant's reaction time will have what type of relationship with the number of degrees the second shape is rotated from the first shape? a) Exponential b) Logarithmic c) Random d) Linear

d) linear

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a) basic level to superordinate level b) subordinate level to basic level c) basic level to subordinate level d) superordinate level to basic level

d) superordinate level to basic level

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a) priming b) reaction time c) resemblance d) typicality

d) typicality