PSY 216 Final Study Guide Dr. Stratton

Gain-loss effect

- Attraction is maximized when the person's evaluation of us is initially negative, but then becomes positive - Most likely to occur when the person's change of opinion is gradual and reflects a true change of heart

Walster et al (1966)

- students randomly matched to be blind dates at a dance. - before dance, students took personality and aptitude test. - After dance, students rated their dates - only thing that mattered regarding how well they liked their date was physical attractiveness.

Straight Talk

A clear statement of a person's feelings and concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing the other person

Sublimation

A mature defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealization are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.

Pratfall Effect

A phenomenon in which, even though a person has a high degree of competence, some evidence of fallibility increases his or her attractiveness

Self Disclosure

A process of communication by which one person reveals information about himself or herself to another

Exchange Relationship

A relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions

How media affects viewer's inhibition when it comes to aggression

A voluntary or involuntary restraint on the direct expression of an instinct. inhibition has decreased among viewers since they see unfiltered aggression so frequently.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.

C. The same building

All other things being equal, you are most likely to become friends with some who lives in: A. The same city B. The same neighborhood C. The same building D. A different city

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

D. The person you are flattering thinks you are trying to manipulate him or her

As Edward Jones says, "Flattery will get you somewhere," except when: A. You are flattering a person with very high self-esteem B. The person overhears you saying good things about him or her to somebody else C. The person you are flattering is too often flattered by others D. The person you are flattering thinks you are trying to manipulate him or her

A. South

Cohen and Nisbett found that male students from the ______ were the most likely to retaliate aggressively against a confederate they felt had insulted them. A. South B. North C. Northwest D. Midwest

Baumeister et al. (2002)

College students met in group and became acquainted. they were asked to indicate who they'd like to work with in the future. A random sample of participants received info that nobody wanted to work with them. when provided an opportunity to agress, the "rejects" expressed far more hostility (against those who rejected them & neutral individuals) than those who had not been excluded.

How can aggression be useful in your everyday life?

-An aggressive person is typically an effective person. "passion" and "aggression" usually go hand in hand. -Aggressive people are usually more competitive and aren't as deterred by negative feedback -Aggressive people aren't afraid to argue or challenge someone/something

Mallick & McCandless (1966) child who messed up story

-Frustrated 3rd grade children by arranging things so another child's clumsiness prevented them from achieving a goal that would've resulted in $ prize. -Some children were told these students were "sleepy and upset", so they directed much less aggression towards the students than those who weren't given this explanation.

Freud's Thanatos Drive

Death instinct, about preserving one's own internal unity, but rather the process of abolishing unities.

Freud's hydraulic theory of aggression

Freud suggested that releasing aggression is good for us. (Catharsis Theory) Releasing strong emotion in a healthy way is called catharsis and it produces a cleansing effect. "Hydraulic" refers to the behavior of water under pressure.

Being rejected or taunted causes physical pain in the human brain and primes us for aggression.

How does Rejection/ Exclusion/ Taunting, Social Learning cause aggression?

Heat , humidity , air pollution, offensive odors , being crowded causes discomfort which can cause individuals to be irritable.

How does discomfort cause aggression?

75% of individuals arrested for murder, assault, and other crimes of violence were legally drunk at the time of their arrest.

How is aggression caused by alcohol?

Most of us become irritable when subjected to a sharp, unexpected pain (stubbing your toe) and hence are prone to lash out at the nearest available target.

How is aggression caused by pain?

Lots of testosterone in the blood can trigger aggression; however, acting in an aggressive way can cause free testosterone to be released in the blood.

How is aggression caused by testosterone?

People with sensitive amygdalas can be very aggressive; however, acting in an aggressive way can change your amygdala to be more sensitive.

How is aggression caused by the amygdala?

People with whom we've suffered

How this effects liking: Since people like things and other people whom/which they have suffered.

Max reward at minimum cost:

How this effects liking: We like people whose behavior provides us with max reward at minimum cost. We like people who do us favors.

Flatterers

How this effects liking: Since we like people who praise us more than people who criticize us.

A. They share the same attitudes and beliefs that we hold

If we meet someone we like, we will assume that: A. They share the same attitudes and beliefs that we hold B. They live close to us in proximity C. They share only trivial attitudes with us D. They are not interested in getting to know us

B. He or she will like you more

If you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that: A. He or she will like you less B. He or she will like you more C. You will like him or her less because you feel indebted D. His or her self-esteem will decrease

C. They were frustrated at not getting what they had been led to expect

In the experiment by Barker, Dembo, and Lewin in which children were delayed or not delayed from playing with attractive toys, the greater aggression of children who were delayed from playing with the toys probably occurred because: A. Of relative deprivation B. They were angry at the children who weren't delayed from playing with the toys C. They were frustrated at not getting what they had been led to expect D. Being delayed caused them to dislike the toys

How does nurture play into aggression?

Influence of external factors after conception. Psychological characteristics/ behavioral differences that emerge through infancy/childhood are the results of learning.

Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)

Men told to have phone conversation with woman and shown picture of attractive/unattractive woman beforehand and responses were coded for openness and warmth -attractive females had more open and warm responses

C. Provides social validation for our beliefs

One reason we like people who share attitudes with us is because it: A. Is cathartic. B. Causes dissonance C. Provides social validation for our beliefs D. Means they are from the same region of the country

Exchange Theory

Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Consummate love

This is the complete form of love, representing the ideal relationship toward which many people strive, but few achieve. Maintaining a consummate love is harder than achieving it. Sternberg stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action in this form of love. Consummate love may not be permanent; if passion is lost over time, it may turn into companionate love. {Passion, Commitment, & Intimacy}

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Fatuous Love

This type of love can be characterized by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which commitment is largely motivated by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy {Passion & Commitment} being passionate and committed but not knowing someone ex: Romeo and Juliet

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Liking

This type of love is characteristic of friendships- the person feels a boundedness, a sense of warmth, and a sense of closeness with another, but not intense passion or long-term commitment {Intimacy}

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Compassionate Love

This type of love is that which is found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain. This love is generally a personal relationship you build with somebody you share your life with, but have no sexual or physical desire. The love is shared between family members. {Intimacy & Commitment} ex: our "BFF's"

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Infatuated Love

This type of love is what is felt as "love at first sight." Without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly. {PASSION)

How media affects desensitization when it comes to aggression

Treatment or process that diminishes emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversion or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it. as violence/aggression becomes more "normal" in society, it is increasingly desensitized.

Overkill

Use of excessive force or action that goes further than what is necessary to achieve its goal.

C. Physical attractiveness

Walster and her colleagues randomly matched incoming students to determine what they looked for in a potential blind date. Which of the following characteristics best determined whether subjects liked each other? A. A sense of humor B. Intelligence C. Physical attractiveness D. Similarity of attitudes

B. The halo effect

What self-fulfilling prophecy was examined in Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid's Social Perception & Interpersonal Behavior experiment? A. Stereotype threat B. The halo effect C. Availability heuristic D. Loss frame

A. Social perception of ourselves affects our behavior, regardless of whether it is consistent with our own self-image

What was the main finding in Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid's article, Social Perception & Interpersonal Behavior? A. Social perception of ourselves affects our behavior, regardless of whether it is consistent with our own self-image B. Social perception of ourselves affects our behavior ONLY when it is consistent with our own self-image C. Social perception of others affects our behavior ONLY when it is consistent with their self-image D. Social perception has no impact on behavior.

D. Like them only if we don't feel indebted to return the favor

When people do favors for us, we: A. Like them better only when our self-esteem is low B. Like them better only if the favor was unanticipated C. Don't like them better because they seem superior and make us feel insecure D. Like them only if we don't feel indebted to return the favor

A. Anxious

Which attachment style is likely to lead to a lover being clingy and worrying that his or her partner will leave him or her? A. Anxious B. Secure C. Avoidant D. Fearful

C. Both A) and B) are correct

Which of the following can cause changes in the brain or body that lead to increased aggression? A. Behaving aggressively B. Thinking about aggression C. Both A) and B) are correct D. None of the above

C. A middle school child angrily but harmlessly hits his father

Which of the following would most likely be considered an act of aggression by Aronson's definition? A. A football player tackling a practice dummy B. An actor rehearsing a fight scene who accidentally punches a stuntman, breaking his nose C. A middle school child angrily but harmlessly hits his father D. A person whose comment unintentionally hurts a friend's feelings

Bushman (1999): Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence

Participants who read a pro catharsis message (claiming that aggressive action is a good way to relax and reduce anger) subsequently expressed a greater desire to hit a punching bag than did participants who read an anti catharsis message. In Study 2, participants read the same messages and then actually did hit a punching bag. People who read the pro catharsis message and then hit the punching bag were subsequently more aggressive than were people who read the anti catharsis message.

A. Players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season

Patterson measured the hostility of high school football players both one week before and one week after the football season. He found that: A. Players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season B. Players exhibited a decrease in hostility over the course of the season C. Players from teams with losing records displayed higher rates of hostility over the course of the season D. Players from teams with winning records displayed higher rates of hostility over the course of the season

How does nature play into aggression?

Pre-wiring/genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Characteristics and differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the product of maturation.

Similarity

Promotes Attraction The chameleon effect does induce liking BUT only if it's subtle and not obvious to the person

Reciprocity

Promotes Attraction: Ask people info about themselves to get them to like you, people love to talk about themselves

Pleasant personal attributes

Promotes Attraction: Wear red, most attractive color, have good posture

Proximity/ Familiarity

Promotes attraction: Stand proximal to the person, but in distance that's not creepy to them, you can mention that you have mutual friends with the person you're trying to get to like you

How to reduce violence and their effectiveness

Pure reason, punishment, punishment of aggressive models, rewarding alternative behavior patterns, the presence of non-aggressive models, building empathy towards others

Communal Relationships

Relationships in which neither partner is keeping score, feeling that over the long haul some semblance of equity will take place.

Exchange Relationships

Relationships in which the people involved want to make sure that some sort of equity is achieved and that rewards and costs to each of the partners is fairly distributed.

A. Increases anger and aggression

Research on the effect of environmental conditions suggests that hot temperatures: A. Increases anger and aggression B. Increases physiological arousal but not aggression C. Decreases arousal and thus decreases aggression D. Has no effect on arousal or aggression

Sternberg's 7 types of love: Romantic Love

Romantic Lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal {Passion and Intimacy}

Sternberg's 7 types of love: empty love

Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. In cultures with arranged marriage, this type of love is common. {Commitment}

Halo Effect

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

C. Changing social conditions can lead to changes in aggressive behavior

The Iroquois Indians lived in peace for hundreds of years as a hunting nation, but in the seventeenth century, trade introduced by Europeans brought the Iroquois into competition with a neighboring tribe. A series of tribal wars developed, and the Iroquois ultimately became ferocious and successful warriors. This series of events suggest that: A. Warlike behavior is the result of uncontrollable aggressive instincts B. Competition inevitably leads to violence C. Changing social conditions can lead to changes in aggressive behavior D. Aggressive behavior ensures evolutionary survival

How media affects viewer's imitation when it comes to aggression.

The action of using someone or something as a model. viewers have many violent/aggressive models to follow.

A. There were no differences in the percentages of male and females who were physically

The authors of your textbook report the following about physical violence between dating partners: A. There were no differences in the percentages of male and females who were physically aggressive with their partners. B. Physical violence was low in college dating couples. C. Males were significantly more physically aggressive than females with their partners. D. Females were significantly more physically aggressive than males with their partners.

How media affect's accessibility when it comes to aggression.

The availability of something or ease of 'access' to it. as media increases, viewers have easier accessibility to aggression.

B. You like people more when they begin by disliking you and gradually increase their liking for you

The gain-loss theory of attraction predicts that: A. You like people more when they say all positive things about you than if they say some negative things B. You like people more when they begin by disliking you and gradually increase their liking for you C. You like people more when they initially like you and then gradually decrease their liking for you D. The more people like you, the less you like them

C. We tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost.

The general reward theory of attraction is based on which of the following basic principles? A. The more often we see another person (repeated exposure), B. The more we will like him or her. The more control we can exert over another person, the more we will like him or her. C. We tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost. D. We tend to like a person who grows to like us after initially disliking us.

How self esteem affects mate selection

The greater our insecurity and self-doubt, the fonder we will grow of the person who likes us.

Catharsis

The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

D. Tend to have relationships with someone who matches their level of physical attractiveness

According to research on dating, people: A. With low self-esteem are more selective about whom they will accept as dates because they are less willing to take risks B. With low self-esteem are more likely to initiate interactions with attractive people since they have less to lose by being rejected C. With high self-esteem are less likely to initiate interactions with attractive people because they want to protect their self-esteem D. Tend to have relationships with someone who matches their level of physical attractiveness

C. Unattractive boys and girls

Dion asked women to examine reports of behavior disturbances caused by attractive and unattractive boys and girls. Which group of children were most likely to be blamed for the disturbance and thought to be chronic troublemakers? A. Unattractive boys B. Unattractive girls C. Unattractive boys and girls D. Unattractive boys and attractive girls

D. All of the above.

In Bushman's and Anderson's article Media Violence and the American Public why did they suggest the news media industry denies the strong link between exposure to media violence and aggression? A. They are part of companies that profit from the sale of violent media. B. The failure of the research community to successfully argue its case. C. Journalistic "fairness" principles are incorrectly applied to scientific findings. D. All of the above.

A. That media message advocating catharsis may be worse than useless.

In Bushman, Stack, and Baumeister's article Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence?, what was one of the major findings? A. That media message advocating catharsis may be worse than useless. B. That media message advocating catharsis may be worse than useless. C. That it's okay to let out aggression. D. There is no correlation between media messages on catharsis and aggression.

C. Disliked the technician more after expressing their aggression

In Kahn's experiment, students could express their hostile feelings toward a medical technician who had made derogatory remarks about them. Compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented: A. Felt more remorse after expressing their aggression B. Expressed the same amount of aggression C. Disliked the technician more after expressing their aggression D. Were less likely to aggress when given a second opportunity to vent

B. More negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses

In a "natural experiment" in the real world, some technicians who were laid off by their company were given a chance to verbalize their hostility against their ex-bosses, while other technicians did not have this opportunity. Later, when given a chance to talk about their ex-bosses, workers who had voiced their hostility were ________ than workers who had not voiced their hostility. A. Less negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses B. More negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses C. More likely to feel empathy toward their ex-bosses D. Less likely to feel socially inferior to their ex-bosses

D. All of the above

In the article Catharsis, Aggression, and Persuasive Influence, subjects were angered by a fellow subjects who criticized their essay, what/who were potential targets of their anger? A. The punching bag B. The person who criticized them. C. An innocent third person. D. All of the above

A. 15 minutes of mildly violent media

In the article Media Violence and the American Public, laboratory experiments have shown that merely viewing mild violent programming increases the aggressiveness of a substantial proportion (at least one fourth) of the viewers after what minimum amount of viewing? A. 15 minutes of mildly violent media B. One hour of heavily violent media C. Two hours mildly violent media D. 3 hours of heavily violent media

Freud's Eros Drive

Life instinct, which include sexual instincts, the drive to live, and basic instinctual impulses such as thirst and hunger.

C. Both learned and biological

Most social psychologists agree that aggression is: A. Primarily biological B. Primarily learned C. Both learned and biological D. Situational in origin

General reward theory

States that we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs.

A. The man with the attractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident

Suppose you see two men. One is sitting with a highly attractive woman. The other is with an unattractive woman. Generalizing from research presented in Aronson: A. The man with the attractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident B. The man with the unattractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident C. There will be an interaction; only attractive men benefit from sitting with unattractive women D. The attractiveness of the woman does not generalize to the man