Psy 230 chapter 5

According to Jean Piaget, centration is one of the factors that limit thinking during the _____ stage. sensorimotor concrete operational formal operational preoperational

preoperational

Early childhood generally ends at age: 5. 3. 6. 4.

5

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts at age: 2. 9. 4. 7.

9

The talents involved in drawing or writing letters are _____ skills. fine motor parietal lobe frontal lobe gross motor

fine motor

Jean Piaget believed that preoperational thinking develops during the _____ stage of his theory. first second third fourth

second

The frontal lobes develop: slowly; they let people respond emotionally. quickly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses. quickly; they let people respond emotionally.

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses

The tendency for a young child to fixate on the most striking visual feature of an item or substance is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. seriation. centering. class inclusion. irreversibility.

centering

_____ refers to a child's tendency to fixate on the most striking visual feature of an object and disregard its other features. Conservation Reversibility Decentering Centering

Centering

Melinda has two younger sisters. Grace is the middle child, and Jennifer is the youngest. Which child would be MOST motivated to develop theory of mind abilities at the earliest age? none of the sisters Jennifer Melinda Grace

Jennifer

Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new dump truck. Jeremy replies, "It is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____. artificialism; in preschool animism; in preschool egocentrism; in preschool animism; older than 7

animism; in preschool

Which term refers to young children's belief that everything in nature was created by humans? artificialism egocentrism animism seriation

artificialism

The condition that MOST hinders theory-of-mind abilities is: dyslexia. ADHD. dementia. autism.

autism

A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo: can already do this task without help. will be able to help her peers perform this activity. can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person. needs direct teaching in order to learn the task.

can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person

Kaya says it is unfair when her father takes two graham crackers from the package but only gives her one. Her father resolves this by breaking her graham cracker into two pieces. Kaya is now happy because they both have two pieces. The reason Kaya does not notice that her father's graham crackers are bigger is: her eyesight hasn't developed well. static reasoning. animism. centering.

centering

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while six-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle. mass-to-specific cephalocaudal proximodistal speed of maturation

cephalocaudal

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called: static reasoning. symbolic thinking. conservation. centration.

conservation

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD? norepinephrine serotonin epinephrine dopamine

dopamine

Children with ADHD learn better: in quiet environments. if given longer learning sessions. in noisy environments. using delayed gratification.

in noisy environmets

_____ is the crucial ability that allows people to relate to others in a give-and-take way. Inner speech Semantics Overextension Theory of mind

theory of mind

The transition from preoperations to concrete operations is gradual and typically occurs between ages of: 2 and 4. 5 and 8. 9 and 10. 10 and 12.

5 and 8

A person's ability to understand word meanings is known as: phonetics. syntax. inner speech. semantics.

semantics

As a new elementary school teacher, Chloe is trying to figure out how to be more effective at scaffolding. Her mentor would NOT recommend: -sticking to the recommended curriculum for every child. -fostering a secure attachment. -breaking a larger cognitive challenge into smaller, more manageable steps. -giving clear, but nonthreatening, feedback regarding failure.

-sticking to the recommended curriculum for every child.

Today, the top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children affects roughly one in nine children. It is: autism. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Asperger's syndrome. autoimmune disorders.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

_____ refers to the frontal lobe's ability to inhibit one's responses and to plan and direct one's thinking. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Working memory Long-term memory Selective attention Executive function

Executive function

Which suggestion would NOT be on a list of information-processing guidelines for adults to use during middle childhood? Expect situations that involve many different tasks to present problems. Teach rehearsing information, selective attention strategies, and other studying skills. Get the children to physically act out their immediate feelings Scaffold organizational strategies for school and life.

Get the children to physically act out their immediate feelings

_____ are the smallest unit of meaning in a particular language. Phonemes Morphemes Syntaxes Semantics

Morphemes

A child's first words are often "da da" or "ma ma." These sound units-although not actual words-that convey meaning are called: inner speech. semantics. phonemes. morphemes.

Phonemes

According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _____ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. egocentrism Incorrect: seriation seriation animism scaffolding

Scaffolding

The mean length of utterance refers to the number of: syllables in a sentence. vowels in a sentence. units of meaning in a sentence. phonemes in a sentence.

Units of meaning in a sentence

____ is a limited-capacity gateway system containing all the material that one can keep in awareness at a single time. Executive function Long-term memory Selective attention Working memory

Working Memory

Theory-of-mind abilities emerge: gradually beginning in the elementary school years. about age 4. abruptly at age 2. abruptly at age 10.

about age 4.

A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. animism. abnormal. static reasoning. conservation.

animism

The devastating condition that hinders theory of mind abilities is: dementia. dyslexia. autism. ADHD.

autism

In one longitudinal study, adolescents whose mothers elaborately reminisced about past experiences a decade earlier had richer _____ . overextension inner speech semantics autobiographical memories

autobiographical memories

Jean Piaget believed that humans develop preoperational intelligence: from birth to age 2. between the ages of about 2 and 6. between the ages of 6 and 11. from adolescence through adulthood.

between the ages of about 2 and 6.

_____ is the understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements. Class inclusion Seriation Irreversibility Decentering

classic inclusion

"Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do." This 3-year-old's statement shows signs of: seriation. centering. artificialism. egocentrism.

egocentrism

"Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do." This 3-year-old's statement shows signs of: centering. seriation. artificialism. egocentrism.

egocentrism

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is most often diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected more often. preschoolers; boys elementary-school-aged students; boys preschoolers; girls elementary-school-aged students; girls

elementary school aged students; boys

The hallmark of ADHD is deficits in: social cognition. theory of mind. executive functions. language.

executive functions

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Which intervention will the psychiatrist NOT suggest? exposing the child to difficult processing tasks exposing the child to white noise while studying using psycho-stimulant medications modifying the child's environment

exposing the child to difficult processing tasks

Theory of mind abilities are tested via: object permanence tasks. artificialism tasks. false-belief tasks. joint attention tasks.

false belief tasks

Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing: fine motor skills. all physical skills. gross motor skills. intellectual skills.

fine motor skills

Compared to boys, preschool girls are usually superior at: gross motor skills. intellectual skills. fine motor skills. all physical skills.

fine motor skills

Compared to boys, preschool girls are usually superior at: all physical skills. gross motor skills. fine motor skills. intellectual skills.

fine motor skills

Mike is five years old and loves to draw. His kindergarten teacher loves to collect his art work and believes that he has a very special gift. His ability for art represents: gross motor skills. fine motor skills. intellectual skills. all physical skills.

fine motor skills

Three-year-old Patrick thinks his father turned into a monster when he put on a scary mask. Patrick's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in appearance shows that he does not yet comprehend: identity constancy. animism. artificialism. seriation.

identity constancy

A child from an abusive home may not be able to accurately remember and report events from earlier in the day if the parent is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. insecurely attached. authoritarian. securely attached. caring.

insecurely attached

Humans have _____ compared to other species. smaller parietal lobes smaller frontal lobes a larger medulla a larger cerebral cortex

larger cerebral cortex

When Westerners are asked to recall autobiographical memories, this part of their brain is activated. temporal lobe medial frontal cortex occipital lobe motor cortex

medial frontal cortex

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in? middle childhood childhood early childhood adolescence

middle childhood

Jenny says, "Me going car." This sentence has three: phonemes. semantics. morphemes. syntaxes.

morphemes

Jenny says, "Me want more milk." This sentence has four: phonemes. semantics. morphemes. syntaxes.

morphemes

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem: after being taught versus just by maturation. through thought versus action. on his own versus after being taught. in preoperational versus concrete operational ways.

on his own versus after being taught

Two-year-old Anthony says "doggy" every time he sees a four-legged animal. This specific language problem is called: underextension. overextension. underregulation. overregulation.

overextension

Many preschoolers say "runned," "teached," and "mouses" rather than using the correct irregular form. These are examples of: overextension. underextension. semantics. overregularization.

overregularization

When 3-year-old Charlie's dad asked his son what had happened during the day, Charlie replied, "I sawed two deers." Charlie's language mistakes are called: overextension. underextension. overregularization. semantics.

overregularization

When three-year-old Edward's dad asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." These classic language mistakes are called: overextension. phonetic misinterpretation. underextension. overregularization.

overregularization

Many preschoolers say "runned," "teached," and "mouses" rather than using the correct irregular form. These are examples of: overextension. overregularization. underextension. semantics.

overregularization.

The word sounds of language are called: semantics. morphemes. syntax. phonemes.

phonemes

Five-year-old Brittany believes that her cup now holds more juice because it was poured into a taller container. Brittany is in Piaget's _____ stage of development. formal operational sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational

preoperational

Jean Piaget's second stage of cognition is known as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. preoperational. sensorimotor. formal operational. concrete operational.

preoperational

What is Jean Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6? formal operational preoperational intelligence sensorimotor concrete operational

preoperational intelligence

Theresa thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair and a servant when she wears old clothes. Theresa is in the _____ stage, and is probably _____. formal operational; over age 7 formal operational; in preschool preoperational; in preschool preoperational; over age 8

preoperational; in preschool

Humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history as well as ongoing selves, during: elementary school. adolescence. infancy. preschool.

preschool

Children who have experienced abuse often have memory failure when it comes to their autobiographical memories. Freud would call this: compensation. displacement. denial. repression.

re[ression

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. regular recess breaks providing a totally noise-free environment strict rules power assertion discipline

regular recess breaks

Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Lev Vygotsky would say that: Reggie's mother is not providing enough scaffolding. Reggie needs a theory-theory to learn how to ride a bike independently. riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.

riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.

When Alberto talks to his 1-year-old daughter, he speaks slowly in a high-pitched voice about the things at which his daughter is looking. Alberto is using infant-directed speech, which is an example of: scaffolding. egocentrism. seriation. artificialism.

scaffolding

Treatment for ADHD include all of the following except: providing exercise. dietary changes. strict discipline. psycho-stimulant medication.

strict disipline

The name for a system of grammatical rules in language is: semantics. mean length of utterance. syntax. inner speech.

syntax

Which is NOT a unit of meaning in language? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. phonemes syntax morphemes Incorrect: words words

syntax

Scaffolding involves: -tailoring one's teaching to match a student's competence level. -having a teacher lecture to the student. - having a peer teach a skill to other students. -giving children hands-on activities to promote skills.

tailoring one's teaching to match a student's competence level.

Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _____ in promoting children's mental growth. genetics the media teaching by people biological readiness

teaching by people

According to Lev Vygotsky, children learn through their interactions with parents, teachers, and older siblings. These individuals can be crucial to learning by: encouraging easy tasks. doing things for children. teaching or specifically instructing them. discouraging motivation.

teaching or specifically instructing them

Which is NOT a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to research discussed in the text? premature birth air pollution the mother's education level the mother's age during pregnancy

the mother's education level

The ability to lie is an important cognitive advance and a milepost in the development of: autobiographical memory. joint attention. theory of mind. false-belief tasks.

theory of mind

Samantha recently figured out that her father does not know what she is thinking. She has discovered that she can tell lies, and her father often believes them. This suggests that Samantha has developed: theory of mind. inner speech. semantics. overextension

theory of mind.

Piaget _____ young children's cognitive capabilities. accurately measured underestimated exaggerated overestimated

underestimated

Piaget _____ young children's cognitive capacities. underestimated overestimated accurately measured greatly exaggerated

underestimated

Which is NOT a part of parent training for the treatment of ADHD? paying attention to positive acts using medication targeting upsetting behaviors consistently using time outs

using medication

Which is NOT a part of parent training for the treatment of ADHD? targeting upsetting behaviors consistently using time outs using medication paying attention to positive acts

using medication

3. During early childhood, the neurons in the visual and motor cortices are in their pruning phase, which explains why _____ develops so quickly. taste hearing vision smell

vision

Lev Vygotsky's term for what children can learn provided they are given assistance or help is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. zone of proximal development. scaffolding. guided participation. theory of mind.

zone of proximal development.