PSY 230: Chapter 8

According to Bandura, the concept of __________is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

self-efficacy

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of ______ groups or alliances.

social

______ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

convention

Dweck described what she called the ______ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

fixed

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?--They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. -They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. -They are more likely to have older teachers. -The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. -They are more likely to encourage rote learning.

-They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. -They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. -The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. -They are more likely to encourage rote learning.

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12000

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? -He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. -He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. -He concerned himself too much with the care perspective. -He developed only eight stages of development across the life span, and many think this is too few.

He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account, He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior.

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood? Increased skepticism about other's claims -A general lack of ability to understand the intentions of others -Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description -Increasing social comparison -Increased recognition of social aspects of self

Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description, Increasing social comparison, Increased recognition of social aspects of self

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was

Kohlberg

Moral of reasoning: conventional

Moral judgments are based on law and social order.

Moral of reasoning: postconventional

Moral judgments are based on universal human rights.

Moral of reasoning: precoventional

Moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments.

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood? -Peers coregulate behavior during this stage. -Parents retain control over children, without significant co-regulation. -There is a major shift in autonomy between parents and children. -Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity? -Attitudes toward school -Achievement orientations -Educational aspirations -Cultural heritage

attitudes toward school, achievement orientations, educational aspirations

in a ______ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social _____

comparison

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning? -Social cognitive -Socioemotional -Direct instruction -Constructivist

constructive

According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the internal standards of others.

conventional

_____ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

conventional

During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as _____

coregulation

During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as

corregulation

Peer bullying and harassment on the Internet is known as

cyberbullying

Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).

direct instruction

In the ______ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience? -Care perspective -Justice perspective -Kohlberg's theory -Domain theory

domain theory

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

false

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students? -Family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences -Parents who don't set high educational standards -Siblings who overachieve in school and monopolize family resources -Parents who can't read

familys lack of money for educational materials and experiences, parents who dont set high educational standards, parents who cant read

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

fixed

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender steoreotypes

According to Dweck, some children have a ______ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

growth

Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.

inner-city

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more ___

internal

In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a ______ classroom.

jigsaw

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following? -Lower level of internalized symptoms -Lower levels of anxiety -Lower levels of depression -Lower levels of emotional regulation

lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to _____

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as _______

managers

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's _____

mindset

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ______ internalization.

no

Developmentalists have distinguished five ______statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

in terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.

popular

______ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

postconventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

preconventional

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

The development of self- _______ in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence and achievement to occur.

regulation

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity? -Rejected -Popular -Neglected -Average -Bullying -Controversial

rejected, popular, neglected, average, controversial

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______

self concept

The term ______ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

self-esteem

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of ____

self-understanding

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

social conventional reasoning

Which of the following are the THREE most common types of stepfamily structures?

stepfather, stepmother, blended

What does the role of parents as managers involve? -Structuring the family environment -monitoring and encouraging academic progress -Setting up routines and schedules -Directing every aspect of the child's life -Giving orders and making sure they are followed

structuring the family environment, Monitoring and encouraging academic progress, Setting up routines and schedules

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

true