PSY 232 Exam 2
Stimulation of which of the following structures reduces the sensation of pain? a. substantia gelatinosa b. intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus c. periaqueductal gray (PAG) d. dorsal column nuclei
c
The "primary" colors of light are _________, and mixed together, they form _________. a. red, yellow, and blue; white b. red, yellow, and blue; brown c. red, green, and blue; white d. red, green, and blue; brown
c
The NMDA receptor, kainate receptor, and AMPA receptor all respond to a. serotonin. b. epinephrine. c. glutamate. d. GABA.
c
The aqueous and vitreous humors differ in that the a. aqueous humor is replenished and the vitreous humor is not. b. vitreous humor is replenished and the aqueous humor is not. c. aqueous humor nourishes the cornea, whereas the vitreous humor nourishes the lens. d. vitreous humor nourishes the cornea, whereas the aqueous humor nourishes the lens.
c
The color of an object that a human sees is a function of the wavelengths that are _________ the object. a. refracted by b. absorbed by c. reflected by d. passed through
c
The cornea and lens both remain clear, because a. they consist of special proteins found only in the eye. b. we habituate to the sight of their blood vessels. c. neither has a blood supply. d. their blood vessels contain clear plasma only.
c
The dendrites of ganglion cells form connections with the amacrine and bipolar cells in the _________ layer. a. inner nuclear b. outer nuclear c. inner plexiform d. outer plexiform
c
The dorsal column nuclei are located in the a. dorsal root ganglia. b. spinal cord. c. medulla. d. midbrain.
c
The drug AMPT serves as a dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine antagonist by a. preventing the storage of the neurotransmitters in vesicles. b. blocking the release of the neurotransmitters. c. interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters. d. blocking the receptors for the neurotransmitters.
c
The human eye contains approximately _________ million rods. a. 6 b. 45 c. 90 d. 120
c
The influence of context on the appearance of a color is referred to as a. anomalous trichromacy. b. color constancy. c. color contrast. d. opponent processes.
c
The lower gravity experienced by astronauts a. does not affect muscle mass. b. increases muscle mass. c. decreases muscle mass. d. converts fast-twitch muscles to slow-twitch muscles.
c
The lungs are moved by _________ muscle a. smooth b. cardiac c. striated d. both smooth and striated
c
The major interior chamber of the eye is known as the _________ chamber. a. anterior b. aqueous c. vitreous d. macular
c
The organ of Corti rests on the a. tectorial membrane. b. Reissner's membrane. c. basilar membrane. d. tensor tympani.
c
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is a. dopamine. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine (ACh). d. serotonin.
c
The rubrospinal tract originates in the a. reticular formation of the brainstem. b. superior colliculi of the pons. c. red nucleus of the midbrain. d. vestibular nuclei of the thalamus.
c
The sequencing of complex movements is managed by the a. basal ganglia. b. red nucleus. c. cerebellum. d. reticular formation.
c
The small pit within the macula, specialized for detailed vision, is known as the a. optic disk. b. epithelium. c. fovea. d. inner plexiform layer.
c
Ultraviolet light would not make a good basis for a visual system because a. it passes through objects rather than reflecting from them. b. it is too abundant at the surface of the earth. c. most ultraviolet light is blocked by the earth's atmosphere. d. it travels at too slow a speed.
c
Vestibular information is most highly integrated with which other sensory processing system in humans? a. touch b. olfaction c. vision d. pain
c
Viagra and other erectile dysfunction medications usually act by enhancing the activity of a. substance P. b. oxytocin. c. nitric oxide (NO). d. CCK.
c
Which layer of striate cortex (primary visual cortex) receives input from the LGN? a. layer II b. layer III c. layer IV d. layer VI
c
Which of the following disorders appears to be more common in lean individuals who participated in college level athletics? a. polio b. muscular dystrophy c. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis d. myasthenia gravis
c
Which of the following features do not contribute to the protection of the human eye? a. the bony orbits b. tears c. the placement of the eyes toward the front d. blinking
c
Which of the following involves a binocular depth cue? a. texture gradient b. relative size c. retinal disparity d. perspective (parallel lines converge at the horizon)
c
Which of the following is not one of the ossicles? a. the malleus b. the incus c. the pinna d. the stapes
c
Which of the following statements about radial glia is true? a. They degenerate when migration is complete. b. They differentiate into astrocytes. c. They retain the ability to produce daughter cells. d. They differentiate into neurons.
c
Which of the following substances is involved most directly with the perception of pain? a. GABA b. glutamate c. ATP d. cholecystokinin
c
Which type of chemical appears to protect cells from apoptosis? a. cell adhesion molecules b. inducing proteins c. neurotrophins d. sonic hedgehog
c
While recording from a bipolar cell with an on-center surround-off receptive field, you shine a light on the entire receptive field. What will you observe in your recording? a. The cell will increase its rate of firing. b. The cell will decrease its rate of firing. c. The cell will not change its rate of firing. d. The cell will first increase then rapidly decrease its rate of firing.
c
While typing on your keyboard, you are especially dependent on which of the following motor pathways? a. the tectospinal tract b. the vestibulospinal tract c. the lateral pathway d. the ventromedial pathway
c
An individuals' risk for developing Alzheimer's disease has been found to be ________ with educational attainment and adult mental activity. a. negative correlated b. positively correlated c. caused by d. unrelated to
a
At the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), input from the two eyes in humans is a. kept completely separate. b. kept separate in the magnocellular layers, but not in the parvocellular layers. c. kept separate in the parvocellular layers, but not in the magnocellular layers. d. mingled in all layers.
a
Axons from nociceptors synapse in the a. substantia gelatinosa. b. dorsal column nuclei. c. thalamus. d. anterior cingulate gyrus.
a
Caffeine use is correlated with lower rates of a. Parkinson's disease. b. Alzheimer's disease. c. Huntington's disease. d. multiple sclerosis.
a
Cases of polio may be found in a. human beings, whales, and chimpanzees. b. human beings only. c. human beings and any other primate. d. human beings and any animal species.
a
Cells that develop into neurons and glia originate in the a. ventricular zone. b. radial glia. c. forebrain. d. spinal cord.
a
Critical periods may end as a response to a. the presence or absence of neurotrophins. b. the presence of caspases. c. anterograde degeneration. d. an absence of cell adhesion molecules.
a
Darrell is going through withdrawal from a drug and is showing symptoms of extreme excitation and seizures. The drug Darrell was using is most likely a. alcohol. b. amphetamine. c. LSD. d. marijuana.
a
David lost a foot when an explosive detonated under his Humvee during an Army convoy mission in Iraq. While recovering in a hospital, David's physician warned him that he might experience "phantom pain." This means that David may a. experience a sensation of pain that seems to originate in his missing foot. b. experience vivid flashbacks of his combat injury. c. experience pain in his remaining foot. d. continue to feel pain in his injured leg, as this type of injury never fully heals.
a
Drugs that enhance the activity of a neurotransmitter are known as a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. facilitators. d. enablers.
a
Due to a very high level of stress and arousal, Kim is having difficulty getting to sleep at night. The activity of which of the following neurotransmitters might be participating in Kim's sleeping problem? a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. GABA
a
Excess amounts of activity which of the following neurotransmitters can be toxic to neurons? a. glutamate b. GABA c. dopamine d. serotonin
a
For the first two weeks of a human pregnancy, the developing organism is referred to as a(n) a. zygote. b. embryo. c. blastocyst. d. fetus.
a
How is the type of neurotransmitter used by a particular neuron determined? a. The postsynaptic (target) cell determines which neurotransmitter the presynaptic cell will release. b. The genes of the presynaptic cell determine which neurotransmitter the cell will use. c. The neurotrophins released by the postsynaptic (target) cell determine the neurotransmitter the presynaptic cell will use. d. Guidepost cells determine the type of neurotransmitter used in particular systems.
a
In a resting muscle fiber, _________ is covered by a protein called _________. a. actin; troponin b. actin; calcium c. myosin; troponin d. myosin; calcium
a
In order to be sensed by the olfactory system, molecules must a. be airborne and fat soluble. b. be airborne and water repellent. c. have their own particular olfactory receptors. d. arrive in the nose in small concentrations.
a
In which of the following cells would you not find the same DNA as any of the other trillions of cells in your body? a. red blood cells b. leukocytes c. white blood cells d. basophils
a
James is comparing recordings of a rod's reaction to a very bright light and a dim light. He soon observes that the bright light produces _________ in the rod than the dim light. a. greater hyperpolarization b. less hyperpolarization c. greater depolarization d. less hyperpolarization
a
Lauren loves very hot, spicy foods full of pepper. Sometimes, her friends can't eat the food she prepares because they actually feel like their mouths have been burned. It is likely that this response results from the activity of a. nociceptors that respond to certain chemicals. b. warm fibers. c. mechanoreceptors. d. a combination of warm and cold fibers.
a
Motor neurons with small cell bodies usually innervate _________ muscle fibers. a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIb d. combinations of Type IIa and Type IIb
a
Nancy and Cliff had four children who did not have cystic fibrosis, but their fifth child was born with the disease. Cystic fibrosis is carried on a recessive gene. Given what you've learned in this chapter, how could this happen? a. It wasn't until the fifth child that both parents passed on the allele for this illness. b. Recessive genes normally skip a generation, but after the parents had five children, the gene was expressed. c. Their fifth child must have been a boy, which makes it more probable that he would have the illness. d. Their fifth child must have been a girl, which makes it more probable that she would have the illness.
a
Neurotrophins prevent apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of a. caspases. b. neurotrophins. c. sonic hedgehog. d. inducing proteins.
a
On-center ganglion cells receive input a. from on-center bipolar cells. b. from off-center bipolar cells. c. from both on-center and off-center bipolar cells. d. directly from photoreceptors.
a
Once in the bloodstream, the magnitude of a drug's effect is most directly a result of a. the concentration of the drug in the blood supply. b. the gender of the user. c. whether the drug is an agonist or an antagonist. d. whether or not the drug is fat soluble.
a
Opiates, such as morphine and heroin, act by a. interacting with endorphin receptors. b. stimulating endorphin release. c. promoting endorphin synthesis. d. inhibiting endorphin reuptake.
a
Organization of the ventral neural tube into a motor system is primarily the result of a. sonic hedgehog. b. BMP. c. hox genes. d. guidepost cells.
a
Otoliths are a. small stones attached to hair cells. b. vestibular nerves that make contact with hair cells. c. particles suspended in the fluid of the semicircular canals. d. membranes found in the saccule and utricle.
a
Oxycodone (Oxycontin) is a frequently abused drug that is in the same drug category as a. heroin. b. methamphetamine. c. ecstasy. d. cocaine.
a
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in a. the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. b. the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. c. the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe. d. Heschl's gyrus of the temporal lobe.
a
Recruitment proceeds in a way that ensures that the a. least amount of energy and force possible will be used to do a job. b. greatest amount of energy and force possible will be used to do a job. c. fastest fibers will be recruited first to produce optimum reaction time. d. fibers with the greatest oxygen requirements will be used only when absolutely necessary for survival.
a
Reissner's membrane separates the _________, whereas, the basilar membrane separates the _________. a. vestibular canal and cochlear duct; tympanic canal and cochlear duct b. tympanic canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and cochlear duct c. vestibular canal and tympanic canal; cochlear duct and auditory canal d. auditory canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and tympanic canal
a
Reserpine acts as a monoamine antagonist by a. preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitters in vesicles. b. blocking the release of the neurotransmitters. c. interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters. d. blocking the receptors for the neurotransmitters.
a
Rods are responsible for _________ vision, which refers to our ability to see in _________ light. a. scotopic; dim b. scotopic; bright c. photopic; dim d. photopic; bright
a
The alertness associated with nicotine use probably arises from nicotine's ability to a. activate the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. b. stimulate muscles. c. influence the autonomic nervous system. d. stimulate the nucleus accumbens.
a
The amplitude of a sound wave is encoded as _________, whereas the frequency of a sound wave is encoded as _________. a. loudness; pitch b. pitch; loudness c. pure tones; complex tones d. timbre; pitch
a
The analysis of equal loudness contours indicates that a. high frequencies are perceived as louder than low frequencies. b. low frequencies are perceived as louder than high frequencies. c. high frequencies are perceived as equally loud as low frequencies. d. above 40 dB, all frequencies are perceived as equally loud.
a
The aqueous humor is located in the a. anterior chamber. b. vitreous chamber. c. lens. d. macula.
a
The basal ganglia influence voluntary movement by a. directly inhibiting the thalamus, which in turn influences the premotor cortex and SMA. b. directly inhibiting the premotor cortex and SMA, which in turn influences the thalamus. c. making direct connections with primary motor cortex. d. directly activating the thalamus, which in turn influences pre-SMA and SMA.
a
The dorsal stream projects to the a. parietal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement. b. temporal lobe and participates in object recognition. c. parietal lobe and participates in object recognition. d. frontal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement.
a
The double pupils in each eye of Anableps anableps allows the fish to overcome distortions of light in both water and air caused by a. refraction. b. reflection. c. absorption. d. both reflection and absorption.
a
The fact that you can't feel your watch unless you shake your arm might mean that _________ are the touch receptors mediating your awareness of the touch of your watch. a. Meisner's corpuscles b. free nerve endings c. Ruffini's endings d. Merkel's endings
a
The human eye has approximately _________ million ganglion cells. a. 1.25 b. 6.5 c. 12.75 d. 20
a
The lateral pathway originates in the _________ and controls _________ movements. a. cerebral cortex; voluntary b. cerebral cortex; automatic c. brainstem; voluntary d. brainstem; automatic
a
The majority of human ganglion cells are _________ cells. a. P b. M c. A d. K
a
The passing along of genes that are physically close to one another on the same chromosome is known as a. linkage. b. crossing over. c. meiosis. d. gene expression.
a
The pontine reticulospinal tract originates in the a. reticular formation of the pons. b. reticular formation of the medulla. c. vestibular nuclei of the medulla. d. midbrain.
a
The primary function of the ossicles is to a. transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear. b. transfer sound energy from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear. c. funnel sound. d. prevent damage from loud noises.
a
The process by which active photoreceptors and horizontal cells limit the activity of neighboring, less active cells is known as ________ inhibition. a. lateral b. proximal c. rostral d. caudal
a
The proteome is defined as a. the set of proteins encoded and expressed by the genome. b. the set of proteins encoded by an individual's genotype. c. the rate of gene expression. d. a species' profile of mitochondrial DNA.
a
The vast majority of people with "colorblindness" are classified as a. dichromats. b. monochromats. c. anomalous trichromats. d. techromats.
a
This figure illustrates which of the following processes? a. Migrating cells follow radial glia from the ventricular zone to the developing cortex. b. Progenitor cells located in the ventricular zone produce daughter cells that remain in the ventricular zone or migrate. c. Developing axons adhere to cell adhesion chemicals on the surface of other cells on route to forming synapses with target cells. d. Guidepost cells release chemicals that either attract or repel growing axons.
a
Twelve-year-old Heather has a smaller head circumference and less gray matter thickness than typical children of her same age, sex, and size. It is most likely that a. Heather's mother used alcohol and other drugs during her pregnancy. b. Heather's mother has PKU. c. Heather has PKU. d. Heather has fragile X syndrome.
a
Use of MDMA (ecstasy) may damage neurons using the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. ACh. d. glutamate.
a
Which of the following statements about nicotinic and muscarinic receptors is true? a. Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are metabotropic. b. Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic, whereas muscarinic receptors are ionotropic. c. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both ionotropic. d. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are both metabotropic.
a
Which of the following substances appears to enhance adult neurogenesis in rats? a. antidepressant medications b. sonic hedgehog c. alcohol d. marijuana
a
________ serves as an important gateway to perception. a. Attention b. Learning c. Memory d. Consciousness
a
approximately how many inner hair cells are found in each human ear? a. 3,500 b. 8,000 c. 12,500 d. 15,500
a
the structure indicated by the number 3 in this image is a. myofibril. b. z-line. c. sarcomere. d. motor end plate.
a
Internal organs develop from which germ layer? a. the endoderm b. the mesoderm c. the ectoderm d. the blastoderm
a
At the dopaminergic synapse illustrated in this figure, cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate act as ____________________ by ____________________ reuptake.
agonists, inhibiting
. Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corp. Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings are served by _________ fibers. a. Aa b. Aß c. A
b
You are going home one night when you drive through a sobriety checkpoint. The policeman asks you to get out of the car, holds one finger up in front of your face, and asks you to follow his finger with your eyes only. What is he doing? a. He is checking to see if your frontal lobe is functioning properly, which allows you to initiate movement. b. He is checking to see if your caudate nucleus, which coordinates your movements, has been affected by alcohol. c. He is checking to see if your cerebellum is functioning properly because the cerebellum is one of the first areas to be affected by alcohol. d. He is checking to see if you will follow directions because if you are drunk you might not.
c
You were recently introduced to your roommate's sibling. To your surprise, even though the siblings are the same sex, they look nothing alike. Which of the following is the best explanation of this situation? a. They must have different parents, as genetic inheritance ensures that they share a significant number of genes. b. Although they started out very similar genetically, their genotypes have changed during development to make them look very different. c. Given the number of different combinations of genes possible during reproduction, it may be that the two siblings don't really share many gene alleles. d. One has expressed only recessive genes, while the other has not.
c
Zoloft® is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. This action makes this drug a(n) _________ for serotonin. a. antagonist. b. modulator c. agonist d. mimic
c
________ is a protein that makes up the thin filaments of myofibril. a. Pectin b. Myosin c. Actin d. Sarcomere
c
In humans, which of the following body parts probably has the greatest corresponding area of primary motor cortex? a. the torso b. the legs c. the lips d. the toes
c
Neurons that fire when an organism either carries out a movement or observes another organism carrying out the same movement are known as _________ neurons. a. vector b. reciprocal c. mirror d. pyramidal
c
Neurons using which of the following neurotransmitters are especially likely to deteriorate in cases of Alzheimer's disease? a. dopamine b. GABA c. acetylcholine (ACh) d. serotonin
c
Retinal disparity is used to assess stimulus a. movement. b. shape. c. depth. d. color.
c
28. Sarah's mother has Huntington's disease, an illness that results from a dominant gene. Her father, on the other hand, does not have the illness. What is the likelihood that Sarah herself will develop the disease? a. Sarah has no chance of developing the disease, as she would have inherited a healthy allele from her father. b. Sarah probably has a 50 percent chance of developing the disease, as her mother could have given her either a healthy allele or an allele that produces the illness. c. Sarah has a 50 percent chance of developing the disease, because her mother would not have the disease herself unless she was homozygous for Huntington's disease. d. Sarah has a 25 percent chance of developing the disease, because her father could be a carrier.
b
According to PET scans, which of the following areas are the first to show activity when a voluntary movement is initiated? a. the occipital and temporal lobes b. the parietal and frontal lobes c. the supplementary motor area and the premotor area d. the premotor area and the parietal lobes
b
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a. acts on the precursors of acetylcholine (ACh) to produce the final form of the neurotransmitter. b. breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic gap. c. acts on acetylcholine (ACh) to produce choline. d. acts on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to produce acetylcholine (ACh).
b
Acousticians designing performance halls choose the fabric for seat covers and curtains very carefully, and even try to predict the type of clothing patrons will wear to performances, due to the ability of fabric to _________ sound. a. refract b. absorb c. reflect d. amplify
b
Action potentials in muscle fibers a. do not occur. b. spread out in two directions on either side of a receptor site. c. travel in only one direction, from one end of a muscle fiber to the other. d. lead to multiple twitches in that fiber.
b
Activity in the basal ganglia is higher than normal in cases of a. Alzheimer's disease. b. Huntington's disease. c. major depressive disorder. d. muscular dystrophy.
b
Aging is associated with a loss of sensitivity to a. higher intensity sounds. b. higher frequency sounds. c. sound localization. d. lower frequency sounds.
b
Alcohol exerts a negative effect on motor coordination particularly through its action on the a. basal ganglia. b. cerebellum. c. reticular formation. d. red nucleus.
b
Alcohol's potentially life-threatening withdrawal syndrome results from its impact on _________ receptors a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. NMDA and GABA c. opiate d. dopamine
b
Amber's mom is in her mid-40s, and she's starting to complain about how long it takes her to see well when she shifts her vision from the speedometer of her car to the road ahead of her. It is likely that Amber's mom is experiencing age-related deficits in the ability of her lens to a. assimilate. b. accommodate. c. transduce. d. laterally inhibit.
b
Brain weight begins to decline significantly in humans past the age of _________ years. a. 20 b. 45 c. 65 d. 80
b
Brittany played a middle C note on the piano, which corresponds to about 261 Hz. It is likely that this tone will a. be processed according to place theory. b. be processed according to temporal theory. c. produce a peak response at the base of the basilar membrane. d. produce nausea, because it is infrasound.
b
Cindy abuses barbiturates and she continually increases her doses. What is the likely outcome of this practice for Cindy's health? a. She is not at risk of overdose, because her body continually increases its tolerance to match her intake. b. She is very likely to overdose, because some barbiturate effects show tolerance while others do not. c. She is not at risk of overdose, because barbiturates do not have life-threatening effects, even at high doses. d. She is very likely to overdose, because barbiturates do not produce tolerance.
b
Eating carbohydrates before bed may promote sleep, because carbohydrates raise brain levels of tryptophans, which a. are serotonergic antagonists. b. are precursors for the synthesis of serotonin. c. are a form of serotonin. d. prevent the reuptake of serotonin.
b
Electromagnetic radiation: a. does not really exist. b. can be described as the movement of tiny indivisible particles called photons. c. is made up of tiny particles called electromagnetons. d. describes only the type of energy that is visible to the human eye.
b
Feedback regarding joint position and movement is provided by a. muscle spindles. b. mechanoreceptors. c. Golgi tendon organs. d. free nerve endings.
b
Fiber pathways carrying information about touch cross the midline in the a. spinal cord. b. medulla. c. midbrain. d. forebrain.
b
Given the typical symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADHD), the primary of which involves difficulty paying attention, which of the following neurotransmitters do you think would be involved? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. epinephrine
b
Golgi tendon organs provide feedback about a. muscle stretch. b. force. c. position. d. movement.
b
High frequencies are processed by _________ areas of A1, or primary motor cortex. a. rostral b. caudal c. dorsal d. ventral
b
In humans, _________ percent of optic nerve fibers cross the midline. a. 20 b. 50 c. 70 d. 100
b
It is particularly difficult to localize sounds that originate at a. 3 and 9 o'clock (to either side of our bodies). b. 12 and 6 o'clock (directly in front and behind us). c. 12 and 3 or 6 o'clock. d. 6 and 3 or 6 o'clock.
b
Josh enjoys chewing tobacco, while his friend Amy smokes cigarettes. One half hour after each has used tobacco, a. all of the effects of the nicotine will have worn off. b. they are likely to have very different levels of nicotine in their circulation, due to the different methods of administration. c. their circulating levels of nicotine will be very similar. d. Amy will need to smoke again, because cigarettes are addictive and chewing tobacco is not.
b
Just past the optic chiasm, the optic fibers continue on to the optic a. nerves. b. tracts. c. radiations. d. pathways.
b
Large amplitude waves of light are interpreted as a. dim. b. bright. c. saturated. d. pale.
b
Many axons in the optic tract form synapses to the _________ nucleus of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate b. lateral geniculate c. ventral posterior d. ventral posterior medial
b
Matthew did not awaken when his rather noisy roommate came back to their dorm room in the very early hours of the morning. It is most likely that Matthew's failure to hear the disturbance resulted from a. inner ear damage suffered as a result of attending too many loud heavy metal concerts. b. input from the reticular formation to the medial geniculate nucleus that adjusted his hearing to his state of consciousness. c. stimulation of his superior olivary nucleus that temporarily made his inner hair cells less sensitive. d. a temporary deficit in glutamate in his inner hair cells.
b
Michael has decided to donate to a blood drive at his university. As the nurse prepares to insert a needle into Michael's arm, which of the following structures becomes more active in anticipation of pain? a. Michael's intralaminar nuclei of the hypothalamus b. Michael's anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) c. Michael's posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) d. Michael's somatosensory cortex.
b
Photoreceptors a. are hyperpolarized in the dark and depolarized by light. b. are depolarized in the dark and hyperpolarized by light. c. produce action potentials in response to being in the dark. d. experience no refractory periods in response to light.
b
Programmed cell death is known as a. fasciculation. b. apoptosis. c. anterograde degeneration. d. retrograde degeneration.
b
Rita is going through withdrawal from a drug and is showing symptoms of lethargy. The drug Rita was using is most likely a. alcohol. b. amphetamine. c. LSD. d. marijuana.
b
Spiral ganglion cells are _________ in structure. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar d. either bipolar or multipolar
b
Stimulus rotation, expansion, and contraction appear to be processed by Area a. MT. b. MST. c. V4. d. IT.
b
Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal include a. cardiac arrhythmias. b. severe headaches. c. muscle tremors. d. lack of sleep.
b
Taiwanese cobra venom a. causes paralysis by preventing neurotransmitter release. b. causes paralysis by blocking postsynaptic receptors. c. interferes with neurotransmitter synthesis. d. produces convulsions by stimulating neurotransmitter release.
b
The Babinski sign is a. normal in adults but not in children. b. normal in children but not adults. c. normal in both adults and children. d. abnormal in both adults and children.
b
The arrival of an action potential in a muscle fiber causes a. calcium to enter the muscle fiber. b. calcium to be released by internal organelles. c. acetylcholine to enter the muscle fiber. d. acetylcholine to be released by internal organelles.
b
The color of the iris is primarily a result of a. its blood supply. b. it amount of melanin. c. the refraction of light by the anterior chamber. d. the reflection of light from the retina.
b
The medullary reticulospinal tract originates in the a. reticular formation of the pons. b. reticular formation of the medulla. c. vestibular nuclei of the medulla. d. midbrain.
b
The range of human hearing a. is the same as all other mammals. b. is similar to many animals, but is unique to our species. c. is the same as all other animals, with the exception of mice and bats. d. covers a much narrower spectrum than other mammals.
b
The structure indicated by the number 2 in this image is known as a(n) a. extrafusal fiber. b. Ia sensory fiber. c. gamma motor fiber. d. intrafusal fiber.
b
The ventral stream projects to the a. lateral parietal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement. b. inferior temporal lobe and participates in object recognition. c. superior parietal lobe and participates in object recognition. d. dorsal frontal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement.
b
Unlike sudden pain from an injury, chronic pain is accompanied by greater activation in a. the thalamus. b. the prefrontal cortex. c. the somatosensory cortex. d. periaqueductal gray.
b
Vaccinations against drugs of abuse a. are unlikely to be effective. b. stimulate the immune system to delay or prevent effects of the problem drug. c. provide a general protection against all drugs of abuse. d. are unlikely to interfere with pain medications and other legitimate pharmaceuticals.
b
What happens to the rate of firing in motor neurons as we age? a. No changes occur. b. Firing rates decrease, leading to slower and weaker muscle responses. c. Firing rates increase, leading to uncomfortable cramping. d. Firing rates decrease, but muscle fibers are able to compensate for these changes.
b
When an Olympic weightlifter uses explosive strength to lift a personal best, the _________ fibers in her legs are probably the most active, but the marathon runner relies on her _________ fibers. a. slow twitch; fast twitch b. fast twitch; slow twitch c. Type I; Type III d. Type III; Type II
b
Where should we look to find Ia sensory fibers? a. at the neuromuscular junction where they are forming synapses with muscle fibers b. wrapped around the middle sections of muscle spindle fibers c. in the junctions between muscles and tendons d. in joints and in the skin
b
Which of the following is the true statement about gaseous neurotransmitters? a. They are contained in synaptic vesicles. b. They may transfer information from a postsynaptic neuron to a presynaptic neuron. c. They interact with receptors embedded in neural membranes. d. They are deactivated by enzymes in the synaptic gap.
b
Which of the following mechanoreceptors have large receptive fields? a. Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks b. Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings c. Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles d. Merkel's disks and Ruffini endings
b
Which of the following structures funnels sound into the ear? a. the ossicles b. the pinna c. the tensor tympanum d. the stapes
b
While recording from a bipolar cell with a off-center surround-on receptive field, you observe a hyperpolarization in your cell. The stimulus that most likely triggered this response is light that covered a. the surround, but not the center. b. the center, but not the surround. c. half of the center and half of the surround. d. the entire receptive field.
b
Your roommate seems to feel much more pain than you do when the two of you are working out together. Which of the following may be an explanation for this phenomenon? a. Your roommate may be stimulating more pain receptors than you are. b. Your roommate may have fewer endogenous opioid receptors than you do. c. Your roommate may have more nociceptors than you do. d. Your roommate is working out way harder than you are.
b
primary auditory cortex, or A1, is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
b
. Sensations from the mechanoreceptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, and the dura mater of the brain travels centrally along branches of a. the medial lemniscus. b. the dorsal column. c. cranial nerve V. d. cranial nerve VIII.
c
. The outer and middle ear both transmit sound through _________ and the inner ear uses a _________ medium in the process of transducing sounds waves to electrical energy. a. bone; mucous b. liquid; mucous c. air; liquid d. air; sodium
c
109. John participates in a drinking game at a friend's weekend party and after a while, finds himself vomiting uncontrollably. Which of the following statements is the best description of John's situation? a. There is nothing to worry about. Everybody vomits when they drink alcohol at parties. b. John's blood-brain barrier must be malfunctioning, as this normally would prevent the initiation of vomiting. c. John has ingested a dangerous amount of alcohol, and his area postrema has initiated vomiting in order to remove remaining alcohol from his stomach. d. John must have ingested other drugs in addition to alcohol, because alcohol alone will not initiate vomiting.
c
A Z line is a. a segment of myofibril. b. a type of muscle fiber. c. the boundary of a sarcomere. d. the path of a muscular action potential.
c
Axons from ________ first synapse in the superior olive in the pons, which in turn forms connections via the lateral lemniscus with the inferior colliculus. a. the spiral ganglion cells. b. the dorsal cochlear nucleus. c. the ventral cochlear nucleus. d. both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
c
Axons from the vestibular nuclei form connections with the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. ventral posterior nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
c
Calico cats with two sex chromosomes a. can be male or female. b. are almost always male, because the calico condition is sex-linked. c. are always female, because the calico condition results from x-inactivation. d. are the result of spontaneous mutations that do not affect the sex chromosomes.
c
Decibels (dB) are used to measure a sound's a. pitch. b. frequency. c. intensity. d. harmonics.
c
Drinking coffee is correlated with lower rates of a. Huntington's disease. b. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. c. Parkinson's disease. d. polio.
c
Drugs that are most likely to produce addiction have an effect on a. acetylcholine (ACh). b. serotonin. c. dopamine. d. norepinephrine.
c
During the synthesis of the neurotransmitter _________, a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme PNMT. a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. serotonin
c
Ectoderm cells that do not differentiate into nervous system tissue, including the neural plate, will become a. muscle and bone. b. connective tissue. c. skin. d. internal organs.
c
Guidepost cells release chemicals that a. repel all advancing growth cones. b. attract all advancing growth cones. c. can repel or attract advancing growth cones. d. form cell adhesion molecules.
c
Gustatory cortex is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
c
Hair cells in a. both the utricle and saccule are arranged horizontally. b. both the utricle and saccule are arranged vertically. c. the saccule are arranged vertically, whereas the hair cells in the utricle are arranged horizontally. d. the saccule are arranged horizontally, whereas the hair cells in the utricle are arranged vertically.
c
Hairlike cilia extend from a. inner hair cells only. b. outer hair cells only. c. both inner and outer hair cells. d. neither inner nor outer hair cells.
c
Huntington's disease, a fatal degenerative movement disorder, results from large numbers of codon repeats in the Huntington gene located on chromosome 4. This means that the a. extra codon repeats will not impact the individual's phenotype. b. affected Huntington gene will be silenced, producing no protein. c. affected Huntington gene will produce a protein with abnormally large amounts of the amino acid encoded by the extra codons. d. affected Huntington gene will produce a protein with abnormally small amounts of the amino acid encoded by the extra codons.
c
If a newly developed drug activated receptors for a neurotransmitter, the drug would be considered a(n) _________ for that neurotransmitter. a. antagonist b. prototype c. agonist d. blocker
c
If a pain you are feeling is sharp and intense, there's a good chance it is traveling on _________ fibers. a. C b. B c. As d. Beta
c
In humans, the superior colliculus participates in a. setting circadian rhythms. b. recognizing familiar objects. c. guiding visual movements. d. recognizing color.
c
In response to light falling on the retina, ganglion cellsIn response to light falling on the retina, ganglion cells a. go from being silent to very active. b. go from being active to being silent. c. change their spontaneous rate of firing. d. release glutamate onto photoreceptors.
c
In the development of the cerebral cortex a. intrinsic genetic factors control all differentiation. b. extrinsic inducing factors control all differentiation. c. a combination of intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic inducing factors control differentiation. d. neither intrinsic genetic factors nor extrinsic inducing factors appear to play a role in differentiation.
c
Jessica is worried about the impact of her smoking habit on her health. After studying biological psychology, she knows that nicotine would have an effect on a. her peripheral nervous system only. b. her central nervous system only. c. both her peripheral and central nervous systems. d. neither her peripheral nor central nervous systems, because she only smokes a couple of cigarettes with friends during weekend parties.
c
LSD is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. glutamate. c. serotonin. d. GABA.
c
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) produces its stimulant effects by a. promoting dopamine synthesis. b. promoting dopamine release. c. inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine. d. activating dopamine receptors.
c
Moving from the fovea to the outer margins of the retina, a. rods and cones are evenly distributed. b. the concentration of rods decreases and the concentration of cones increases. c. the concentration of cones decreases and the concentration of rods increases. d. rods and cones are concentrated in distinct clusters.
c
Muscle spindles are responsible for a. providing feedback regarding muscle contraction. b. providing feedback regarding position of joints. c. providing feedback regarding muscle length. d. contracting muscles.
c
Mutations a. always have negative outcomes. b. always have positive outcomes. c. can have positive, negative, or neutral outcomes. d. have neither positive nor negative outcomes, because they are always recessive.
c
Neglect syndrome typically results from damage to _________ somatosensory cortex in the _________ hemisphere. a. primary; right. b. primary; left c. secondary; right d. secondary; left
c
Age-related loss in muscle mass appears to begin around the age of _________ years. a. 25 b. 30 c. 75 d. 90
a
On a night patrol with his platoon, Charles has been ordered to watch a house through night vision goggles and notify his commander when the front door opens. Suddenly his night vision goggles malfunction. Until he can figure out how to readjust them, he will see the door opening best if he a. continues to look straight ahead at the door, focusing light on his foveas. b. continues to look straight ahead at the door to use his scotopic vision. c. focuses on a point to the left or right of the door in order to use his scotopic vision. d. focuses on a point to the left or right of the door in order to use his photopic vision.
c
One of the reasons that rods are more sensitive to dim light than cones is that a. they form graded potentials instead of the action potentials formed by cones. b. they are found in the eye in greater numbers than cones. c. it takes less light to break apart rhodopsin than the photopigments found in cones. d. rhodopsin shows a peak response to all wavelengths in the visual spectrum.
c
Pain information travels to the brain along a. A fibers and C fibers. b. A fibers and C fibers. c. As fibers and C fibers. d. C fibers only.
c
People with low levels of the liver enzyme ALDH a. typically are heavy drinkers. b. metabolize alcohol more rapidly than normal. c. experience rapid heartbeat and dizziness when they consume alcohol. d. have a genetic predisposition for alcohol abuse.
c
Periaqueductal gray contains large numbers of _________ receptors. a. glutamate b. Substance P c. endorphin d. serotonin
c
Photons a. may be divided into smaller particles. b. possess constant amounts of energy. c. always travel at the same speed. d. are too small to impact the visual systems of animals.
c
Photoreceptors absorb light in their a. axons. b. dendrites. c. outer segments. d. inner segments.
c
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
c
Professor Murphy is studying neurons that release a particular small-molecule neurotransmitter. In these many of these neurons, the professor should expect to see a. no other types of neurotransmitters. b. a second type of small-molecule neurotransmitter. c. at least one type of neuropeptide neurotransmitter. d. at least one other type of small-molecule neurotransmitter and multiple types of neuropeptides neurotransmitters.
c
Quadriplegia usually results from a. polio. b. muscular dystrophy. c. spinal cord damage at the cervical level. d. spinal cord damage at the lumbar level.
c
Rhodopsin absorbs photons most effectively from wavelengths that appear a. red. b. yellow. c. blue-green. d. violet.
c
When the body's compensation for a drug cancels out most of the drug's effects, ________ occurs, and when the compensatory effects occur alone, ________ occurs.
tolerance, withdrawal
Information from the cochlea travels to the brain along cranial nerve VIII. a. True b. False
true
In this illustration, migrating cells from the ____________________ zone wrap around ____________________ in order to find their correct location in the developing cortex.
ventricular, radial glia
Perilymph is found in the ____________________ canal and the ____________________ canal, while endolymph is found in the ____________________.
vestibular, tympanic, cochlear duct
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol have binding sites on the _________receptor. a. cholinergic b. glutamate c. dopaminergic d. GABA
d
Growth cones are defined as a. the influences of neighboring cells on differentiation. b. attractant chemicals that guide axon growth and inhibit meiosis. c. death genes that are expressed when a cell "decides" to die, leading to the formation of exact replacements for that cell. d. swollen ends of axons and dendrites that help the branch reach its synaptic target.
d
If a child is born with higher than normal concentrations of neurotrophins, we can assume that a. no significant changes in brain development will occur. b. the child will have an unusually high IQ. c. the child's brain will experience greater than normal apoptosis. d. the child's brain will experience less than normal apoptosis.
d
The preventing of one member of an antagonist pair of muscles whenever its partner is active is known as a. a monosynaptic reflex. b. a withdrawal reflex. c. a flexion reflex. d. reciprocal inhibition.
d
The reason we do not perceive our eye blinks as "blackouts" might be that: a. blinks happen too quickly to be perceived by the cerebral cortex. b. during a blink, the visual cortex is deactivated. c. we learn to ignore these interruptions in visual input. d. during a blink, areas of the brain involved with consciousness become less active.
d
The reduced accommodation to changes in focal distance that accompany typical aging is known as a. amblyopia. b. myopia. c. hyperopia. d. presbyopia.
d
The round window covers the a. auditory canal. b. vestibular canal. c. cochlear duct. d. tympanic canal.
d
The separation of actin molecules from myosin molecules requires a. calcium. b. sodium. c. acetylcholine. d. energy.
d
The type of retinal cells indicated by #3 in the image above are _________ cells. a. ganglion b. horizontal c. bipolar d. amacrine
d
When the caudal part of the neural tube fails to close, what disorder typically results? a. anencephaly b. Down syndrome c. Williams syndrome d. spina bifida
d
When we enter a darkened theatre, it takes a while before we can see our surroundings clearly. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is that a. the lens needs time to accommodate to the change in lighting. b. the glutamate in rods has been depleted and more must be synthesized. c. the visual system switches slowly between processing inputs from cones to inputs from rods. d. it takes about 30 minutes for rhodopsin to regenerate after it has broken apart in response to light.
d
When you go to the cosmetologist for a facial wax, she will press her finger against the part of your face she has just pulled hair out of. The resulting decrease in your discomfort is best accounted for by the _________ theory. a. Substance P b. massage c. pressure d. gate
d
Which of the following structures is actually a clear extension of the sclera? a. the fovea b. the macula c. the lens d. the cornea
d
________ of the genes found on the X chromosome are duplicated on the Y chromosome. a. All b. None c. Most d. Some
d
_________ may be considered a normal part of aging, but it is still a visual disorder and many people find it hard to adjust to it. a. Monochromacy b. Dichromacy c. Strabismus d. Presbyopia
d
arah is in charge of lighting for a school play, and she must find the right "gel," or color filter, to produce a light with a wavelength of about 680 nm. When used on stage, the light will look a. violet. b. green. c. yellow. d. red.
d
A person with fewer than 35 repeats of a specific gene, will probably remain healthy; those with 39 or more repeats of that same gene will develop ________. a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis b. asthma c. Parkinson's disease d. Huntington's disease
d
Sounds with frequencies below the range of human hearing are referred to as a. fundamental frequencies. b. pure tones. c. ultrasound. d. infrasound.
d
4. Without contact with any other embryonic cells, a mesodermal cell will differentiate into skin.
false
Black widow spider venom affects movement by blocking receptors for acetylcholine in the postsynaptic membrane. a. True b. False
false
The blind spot of the eye occurs when light falls on the macula. a. True b. False
false
The processing of the sense of taste differs from most other senses, because taste information travels to the cortex before it travels to the thalamus. a. True b. False
false
The rubrospinal tract is one of the ventromedial motor pathways. a. True b. False
false
When we bend a joint, flexors relax while extensors contract. a. True b. False
false
Curare blocks receptors for acetylcholine. a. True b. False
True
The fact that THC in marijuana interacts with receptors in the brain suggests that we have some type of naturally-occurring substances that are chemically very similar to THC. a. True b. False
True
. One of the actions of the basal ganglia is the a. inhibition of the thalamus. b. excitation of the hypothalamus. c. inhibition of the cerebellum. d. excitation of the cerebrum.
a
Following release from the presynaptic cell, neuropeptides a. cannot be deactivated by enzymes, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by reuptake. b. are deactivated by reuptake, whereas small-molecule transmitters diffuse away or are deactivated by enzymes. c. can diffuse away from synapses, whereas small-molecule transmitters are deactivated by reuptake. d. and small-molecule transmitters can be deactivated by diffusion, enzymes, or reuptake.
c
Fragile-X syndrome usually occurs as a result of a. paternal age. b. maternal age. c. unusually high codon repeats on the X chromosome. d. the inability to metabolize phenylalanine.
c
Frequent use of which of the following drugs might increase a young person's risk for developing schizophrenia? a. tobacco b. alcohol c. marijuana d. heroin
c
Gene expression refers to the a. division of the chromosomes in half during the formation of eggs and sperm. b. passing along of genes that are located close to one another on a chromosome. c. conversion of genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell. d. imprinting of particular genes.
c
Flat, sheetlike extensions from the core of growth cones are known as a. microtubules. b. filopodia. c. lamellipodia. d. cell adhesion molecules.
c
Arrival time of sound at the two ears is processed initially by binaural neurons in the a. cochlea. b. ventral cochlear nucleus. c. ventral cochlear nucleus. d. superior olive.
d
Before reaching the retina, light must pass through the a. retinal epithelium. b. optic disk. c. vitreous humor and several layers of neurons. d. vitreous humor, blood vessels, and several layers of neurons.
d
The "lock and key" analogy relates to the a. degradation of neurotransmitters by enzymes. b. activation of the nerve impulse. c. reuptake of neurotransmitters. d. action of neurotransmitters on receptor sites.
d
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a type of a. cell adhesion molecule. b. guidepost cell. c. inducing factor. d. neurotrophin.
d
Neurons in the substantia gelatinosa release a. GABA only. b. GABA and Substance P. c. glutamate only. d. glutamate and Substance P.
d
Nicotinic receptors are sensitive to both nicotine and a. muscarine. b. norepinephrine. c. serotonin. d. ACh.
d
Oliver Sacks's patient with neglect syndrome had which of the following problems? a. He experienced phantom pain in his paralyzed leg. b. He often crashed into things, because he couldn't feel anything on one side of his body. c. He could not recognize Dr. Sacks when he visited. d. He could not recognize his own leg.
d
Pain is typically experienced when people are exposed to sounds above _________ dB. a. 60 b. 90 c. 110 d. 130
d
Paraplegia usually results from a. polio. b. muscular dystrophy. c. spinal cord damage at the cervical level. d. spinal cord damage at the lumbar level.
d
Pathways serving which sensory system do not synapse in the thalamus before communicating with the cerebral cortex? a. touch b. pain c. audition d. olfaction
d
People with diagnosed psychological disorders are very likely to use which of the following substances? a. LSD b. heroin c. ecstasy d. nicotine
d
Perceived benefits from the administration of an inactive substance are referred to as a. tolerance. b. withdrawal. c. addiction. d. placebo effects.
d
Perception of pitch is primarily dependent upon the _________ a wave. a. amplitude of b. noise in c. timbre of d. frequency of
d
Photoreceptors release which of the following neurotransmitters when depolarized? a. substance P b. serotonin c. GABA d. glutamate
d
Pupil diameter a. does not change. b. adjusts to the temperature of the external environment. c. responds only to the amount of light present in the environment. d. responds to the amount of light present in the environment as well as the organism's emotional state.
d
Red, or long-wavelength, cones contain which of the following photopigments? a. rhodopsin b. cyanolabe c. chlorolabe d. erythrolabe
d
Relative to the actual image being viewed, the image reflected on the retina of the eye is a. identical in its spatial orientation. b. slightly elongated. c. right side up and reversed. d. upside down and reversed.
d
Robert and Megan are brother and sister, and both have type O blood. They know that their mother has type A blood, but they don't know their father's blood type. Using what they know about their own blood types and their mother's, they know that their father's blood type a. could be A, B, O, or AB. b. must be O. c. must be A. d. could be A or O.
d
Rotational movements of the head are sensed by the a. utricle. b. saccule. c. otoliths. d. semicircular canals.
d
Samantha is about to hand Megan a notebook that contains her biological psychology notes. Which of the following correctly describes how Megan's muscles will react to the heavy notebook? a. The weight of the notebook will cause Megan's arm muscles to contract. This information will be sensed by mechanoreceptors around her joints and sent to her spinal cord via Ib fibers. The Ib fibers will excite gamma motor neurons, which will cause her arm to contract further to adjust to the heavier weight of the book. b. The weight of the notebook will cause Megan's arm muscles to stretch. This information will be sensed by her spindles, and sent to her spinal cord by gamma motor neurons. The gamma motor neurons will inhibit the alpha motor neurons, causing her arm muscles to relax enough that she won't drop the book. c. The weight of the notebook will cause Megan's arm muscles to contract. This information will be sensed by her Golgi tendon organs, and sent to her spinal cord by Ib sensory fibers. The Ib sensory fibers will excite alpha motor neurons that will cause her arm muscles to stretch enough that she won't drop the book. d. The weight of the notebook will cause Megan's arm muscles to stretch. This information will be sensed by her spindles, and sent to her spinal cord by Ia sensory fibers. The Ia sensory fibers will excite alpha motor neurons that will cause her arm muscles to contract enough that she won't drop the book.
d
Schizophrenia is associated with a. increased cortical thickening during young adulthood. b. increased cortical thickening during adolescence. c. abnormally large amounts of cortical thinning during young adulthood. d. abnormally large amounts of cortical thinning during adolescence.
d
Simple and complex cortical cells differ from one another in that: a. simple cortical cells do not respond to object shape. b. complex cortical cells respond to the location of a stimulus. c. simple cortical cells do not respond to object orientation. d. complex cortical cells do not respond to the location of a stimulus.
d
Sound waves that do not show a regular, repeating pattern are perceived as a. loud. b. soft. c. pure tones. d. noise.
d
Stem cell transplantation may, in the future, be used to treat a. polio. b. myasthenia gravis. c. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. d. Parkinson's disease.
d
6. Myelination of the human spinal cord and brain begins about 24 weeks following conception and is complete by the age of about 18 months.
false
9. True or false? Healthy brain activity as we age appears to be quite independent of lifestyle, so there is little any of us can do to prevent declines in this area.
false
Areas MT and MST are important parts of the ventral stream, and participate in the visual recognition of familiar objects and people. a. True b. False
false
As people age, they are most likely to have problems hearing sounds with lower frequencies. a. True b. False
false
Complex plans for movement are correlated with decreased activity in the premotor cortex. a. True b. False
false
Females are much more likely than males to develop conditions influenced by genes that are located on the X chromosome, because they have two X chromosomes instead of one and therefore twice as much opportunity to experience problems with genes on those chromosomes.
false
Golgi tendon organs send information to the spinal cord through Ia sensory fibers. a. True b. False
false
If we record from an on-center bipolar cell in the retina, the cell will show maximum activity if we shine a light on its entire receptive field. a. True b. False
false
It is relatively easy for most people to distinguish between sounds directly in front of them from sounds coming from directly behind them. a. True b. False
false
Muscular dystrophy results from exposure to some viruses. a. True b. False
false
Olfactory receptor cells live for between 4 and 6 months, and are not replaced once they die. a. True b. False
false
People with prosopagnosia might also demonstrate the phenomenon of blindsight. a. True b. False
false
Retinal disparity decreases with the distance of the object from the viewer. a. True b. False
false
164. Information about vision travels from the retina to the ____________________ and the ____________________ cortex.
lateral geniculate nucleus, primary visual (or striate)
Rods are unable to distinguish color, yet show a peak sensitivity to light in the blue-green range of the visible spectrum. a. True b. False
true
The basal ganglia inhibit the activity of the thalamus. a. True b. False
true
The lens of the eye continues to grow throughout the lifespan. a. True b. False
true
The semicircular canals contain the same type of fluid found in the cochlear duct of the cochlea. a. True b. False
true
The visible spectrum contains wavelengths that are longer than ultraviolet waves but shorter than microwaves. a. True b. False
true
colorblind people actually do see color, but they will match colors differently than people who have typical trichromatic vision. a. True b. False
true
The pathway indicated by the number 3 in the figure originates in the ____________________ and is known as the ____________________ tract.
Blank #1 - superior colliculus, midbrain, or tectum; Blank #2 - Tectospinal(see Figure 8.16)
. Men and women of the same weight drinking 2 beverages in one hour will have the same blood alcohol readings. a. True b. False
False
Release of norepinephrine by cells in the locus coeruleus results in arousal and vigilance. a. True b. False
True
When an action potential arrives at the muscle fiber, calcium is released internally and binds with troponin. a. True b. False
True
Black widow spider venom acts as a(n) a. acetylcholine agonist. b. acetylcholine antagonist. c. dopamine agonist. d. dopamine antagonist.
a
Droopy eyelids, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing and breathing are characteristic of a. myasthenia gravis. b. muscular dystrophy. c. Parkinson's disease. d. Huntington's disease.
a
The human eye contains approximately _________ million cones. a. 4 to 5 b. 75 c. 100 d. 240
a
Vaccinations effectively prevent which of the following disorders? a. polio b. muscular dystrophy c. myasthenia gravis d. Huntington's disease
a
Amacrine cells appear to process a. color. b. movement. c. edges. d. brightness.
b
Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse in the a. inferior colliculi. b. superior olive. c. inferior olive. d. primary auditory cortex.
b
High amplitude sound waves are perceived as a. quiet. b. loud. c. high pitched. d. low pitched.
b
Most hair cells communicate by releasing the excitatory neurotransmitter a. acetylcholine. b. glutamate. c. GABA. d. norepinephrine.
b
A single auditory neuron can usually respond to a range of sound intensity of about _______ dB. a. 10 b. 25 c. 40 d. 60
c
Fast-twitch fibers contract up to _________ times more rapidly than slow-twitch fibers. a. 3 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
c
Input from mechanoreceptors travels to a. the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus of the thalamus. b. the medial geniculate (MG) nucleus of the thalamus. c. the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus. d. somatosensory cortex directly, without forming connections in the thalamus.
c
The axons of which type of cell form the optic nerve? a. bipolar b. amacrine c. ganglion d. horizontal
c
In this image, #6 indicates ____________________ and #7 indicates ____________________. ANSWER: cones, rods
cones, rods
. Euphoria, lack of anxiety, and relaxation are typical effects of a. cocaine. b. ecstasy. c. PCP. d. opioids.
d
. The primary visual, or striate, cortex is located in the _________ lobe. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital
d
31. Rob and his friends were experimenting with the hallucinogenic Amanita mushrooms, and he experienced a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which of the following is the best explanation for Rob's symptoms? a. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with dopaminergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. b. The nicotine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system. c. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's peripheral nervous system. d. The muscarine in the mushrooms interacted with cholinergic receptors in Rob's central nervous system. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Application
d
Bipolar cells form connections with horizontal cells and photoreceptors in the _________ layer. a. inner nuclear b. outer nuclear c. inner plexiform d. outer plexiform
d
Black widow spider venom a. causes paralysis by preventing GABA release. b. causes paralysis by blocking postsynaptic receptors. c. interferes with glutamate synthesis. d. produces convulsions by overstimulating acetylcholine release.
d
Brandon and Jacob are identical twins. However, Brandon had a finger damaged in an accident, so even if you couldn't tell them apart from a distance, once you saw the finger you knew who was who. This difference is a characteristic of their a. genotypes. b. personalities. c. heterozygous chromosomes. d. phenotypes.
d
Complex stimuli such as clicks, noise bursts, and sounds with specific frequency patterns particularly activate a. the superior olive. b. the inferior colliculi. c. primary auditory cortex. d. secondary auditory cortex.
d
Conduction loss results from damage to a. primary auditory cortex. b. the superior olive. c. the inner ear. d. the outer or middle ear.
d
Cones are responsible for _________ vision, which refers to our ability to see in _________ light. a. scotopic; dim b. scotopic; bright c. photopic; dim d. photopic; bright
d
How many major categories of taste have been identified? a. two b. three c. four d. five
d
Researchers believe that the conclusion of myelin growth spurts in areas associated with language learning probably indicates a. the beginning of a period of enhanced language learning, as the brain is now mature enough to manage this new type of input. b. that a child will be mentally retarded, as learning will be adversely impacted. c. the onset of adulthood. d. the end of a critical period for language learning.
d
The fusiform face area (FFA) is found within Area a. MT. b. MST. c. V4. d. IT.
d
The tectospinal tract originates in the a. reticular formation of the pons. b. reticular formation of the medulla. c. vestibular nuclei of the medulla. d. tectum of the midbrain.
d
7. True or false? Critical periods occur in many animals, such as the imprinting observed in geese, but has not yet been observed in humans.
false
In this image, the number 4 indicates ____________________ filaments, the number 5 indicates ____________________ filaments, and the number 7 indicates a ____________________.
myosin, actin, sarcomere
In the thalamus, pain information is sent to the ____________________ nucleus and the ____________________ nuclei.
ventral posterior, intralaminar
Endorphins are a type of neuropeptide. a. True b. False
True
Agonists always have a beneficial effect on neural activity, but antagonists are always poisonous. a. True b. False
False
Among the criteria for determining whether a substance acts as a neurotransmitter is the rule that a real neurotransmitter cannot be found in the same cell with any other type of neurotransmitter. a. True b. False
False
LSD produces its effects by stimulating the release of GABA. a. True b. False
False
Low frequency sounds are perceived as being quiet. a. True b. False
False
Neurohormones produce their effects by traveling to target areas through the blood supply. a. True b. False
False
Small molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body, whereas neuropeptides can be synthesized anywhere in the neuron. a. True b. False
False
In the process illustrated in this figure, the binding of neurotransmitter coupled with the activation of a nearby receptor leads to the ejection of a molecule of ____________________, allowing ____________________ and ____________________ to enter the cell.
Magnesium, sodium, calcium
. Nociceptors are a type of a. free nerve ending. b. Pacinian corpuscle. c. Meissner's corpuscle. d. Ruffini ending.
a
. Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a catecholamine? a. serotonin b. epinephrine c. dopamine d. norepinephrine
a
A brain structure that appears to be involved with addiction to nicotine is the a. nucleus accumbens. b. area postrema. c. locus coeruleus. d. raphe nucleus.
a
A commonly used drug that can cause hearing loss by reducing blood supply to the ear is a. nicotine. b. marijuana. c. alcohol. d. heroin.
a
A condition in which both eyes do not focus on an object together is known as a. amblyopia. b. myopia. c. hyperopia. d. presbyopia.
a
A disorder produced by the degeneration of ACh receptors is known as a. myasthenia gravis. b. muscular dystrophy. c. Parkinson's disease. d. Huntington's disease.
a
A muscle relaxes after contracting when a. calcium is taken up by internal organelles. b. internal acetylcholine is broken apart by acetylcholinesterase. c. troponin is taken up by internal organelles. d. myosin and actin begin to interact.
a
A neuropeptide involved with the perception of pain is a. substance P. b. CCK. c. oxytocin. d. vasopressin.
a
A person with damage to the right hemisphere motor cortex will experience weakness or paralysis a. on the left side of the body. b. on the right side of the body. c. on both the right and left sides of the body. d. in the torso and arms but not the legs.
a
A process that prevents the production of much higher amounts of protein in females than in males is known as a. X inactivation. b. imprinting. c. crossing over. d. linkage.
a
A region of blindness in the visual field of patients with cortical damage is known as a(n) a. scotoma. b. agnosia. c. cataract. d. presbyopia.
a
A sweater looks blue because it has properties that a. reflect short wavelengths while absorbing longer wavelengths. b. reflect long wavelengths while absorbing shorter wavelengths. c. refract short wavelengths while absorbing longer wavelengths. d. refract long wavelengths while absorbing shorter wavelengths.
a
According to place theory, a. the peak of a wave in the basilar membrane correlates with a sound's frequency. b. patterns of neural firing match the frequency of a sound. c. neurons responding to one frequency are located near neurons responding to similar frequencies. d. sounds with frequencies below 4000 Hz are processed by parts of the basilar membrane different from those that process sounds above 4000 Hz.
a
According to research by Elenor Ames, Romanian orphans showed optimum recovery from early childhood deprivation when they were adopted prior to the age of a. six months. b. one year. c. three years. d. six years.
a
Adenosine is a. often found in neurons that also release catecholamines. b. often found in neurons that also release indoleamines. c. often found in neurons that also release GABA. d. never found in neurons that release another type of neurotransmitter.
a
Amber and Rachel are identical twins who were raised together, and Nicole and Kayla are identical twins who were adopted by different families at birth. Based on the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Raised Apart, what can we expect to see as these girls grow up? a. Amber and Rachel will be have more similar nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla. b. Amber and Rachel will show about the same similarities in their nonreligious social attitudes as Nicole and Kayla. c. Amber and Rachel will show less similarity in their nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla. d. None of the twins will share any substantial similarities in nonreligious social attitudes with her twin.
a
Apoptosis results from the activation of a. caspases. b. neurotrophins. c. sonic hedgehog. d. inducing proteins.
a
Approximately _________ percent of auditory nerve fibers make connections with outer hair cells, whereas _________ percent make connections with inner hair cells. a. 5; 95 b. 25; 75 c. 50; 50 d. 95; 5
a
As they walked on the beach on a starry night, Louise complimented her friend Josh on the color of his new sweater. It is most likely that Louise a. saw the sweater earlier under brighter light, because she would be unable to see its color in the dark. b. might not like the color of the sweater as well when she sees it under brighter light, because color vision in the dark is more reddish. c. can see the color of the sweater perfectly well, as color vision is excellent even in starlight conditions. d. is possibly colorblind, resulting in her "seeing" a color that she shouldn't be able to see at night.
a
Axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. ventral posterior nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
a
Behaviors involving motivated behaviors and the processing of rewards often involve brain systems that use the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin.
a
Blood vessels and axons forming the optic nerve enter and exit the eye at the a. optic disk. b. macula. c. fovea. d. temporal retina.
a
Justin is a medical student. Compared with carrying out a simple movement like tapping his foot, performing precise and complicated movements during surgery will require Justin to make greater use of his a. premotor cortex. b. tectospinal tract c. cerebellum. d. subthalamic nucleus.
a
Chemical messengers that act on neurons in the immediate vicinity of their release, generally at synapses, are a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
a
Differentiation of the hindbrain occurs along the a. rostral-caudal axis due to the activity of Hox genes. b. ventral-dorsal dimension due to the activity of Hox genes. c. rostral-caudal axis due to the activity of sonic hedgehog. d. ventral-dorsal dimension due to the activity of BMP.
a
Emily's physician prescribed a benzodiazepine (Valium) to treat an ongoing problem with anxiety. Before prescribing the new medication, the physician was concerned about possible drug interactions, and asked Emily to be very frank about her use of a. alcohol and barbiturates. b. tobacco and St. John's wort. c. methamphetamines. d. marijuana and ecstasy (MDMA).
a
Experience strengthens existing synapses when a. pre- and postsynaptic neurons are simultaneously active. b. activity of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons are not synchronized. c. activity in the postsynaptic neuron precedes activity in the presynaptic neuron. d. the pre- and postsynaptic neurons use the same neurotransmitter substances.
a
Genetic abnormalities are probably most directly responsible for a. muscular dystrophy and Huntington's disease. b. polio and muscular dystrophy. c. Huntington's disease and polio. d. tetanus and polio.
a
Genetics may predispose people to developing_________ Parkinson's disease. a. early onset, but not late-onset b. late-onset, but not early onset c. both early onset and late-onset d. neither early onset nor late-onset
a
Given the characteristics of small-molecule transmitters and neuropeptides, we can conclude that small-molecule transmitters a. are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators. b. are well-suited to roles as neuromodulators, whereas neuropeptides are well-suited to roles as neurotransmitters. c. and neuropeptides are equally well-suited to be either neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. d. and neuropeptides frequently act as neuromodulators and neurohormones, but rarely function as neurotransmitters.
a
Glutamate can be toxic to neurons because a. NMDA receptors allow calcium into a cell, and excess calcium can stimulate harmful levels of enzyme activity. b. NMDA receptors block the movement of calcium into a cell, preventing the release of other neurotransmitters. c. it blocks receptors for other types of neurotransmitters, preventing effective communication between cells. d. its breakdown in the synaptic gap produces harmful free radicals.
a
High frequency sounds a. produce a weaker signal in the ear farthest away from the sound. b. produce a weaker signal in the ear nearest the sound. c. produce a "sound shadow" on the ear nearest the sound. d. cannot be effectively localized.
a
High frequency sounds produce a peak response a. near the base of the basilar membrane. b. near the apex of the basilar membrane. c. in the tectorial membrane. d. in Reissner's membrane.
a
Horizontal cells receive input from _________ and provide output to _________. a. photoreceptors; bipolar cells b. photoreceptors; ganglion cells c. amacrine cells; bipolar cells d. bipolar cells; photoreceptors
a
How many chromosomes do human beings receive from each parent? a. 23 b. 46 c. 21 d. 42
a
If in fact tetrachromats, or people with four color photopigments, exist, what can we conclude about their sex? a. All tetrachromats would be female. b. All tetrachromats would be male. c. Tetrachromats would be equally likely to be male or female. d. Tetrachromats would be slightly more likely to be female than male.
a
In the forebrain, myelination proceeds a. simultaneously from inferior to superior and from posterior to anterior. b. simultaneously from superior to inferior and from anterior to posterior. c. first from posterior to anterior, then from inferior to superior. d. first from inferior to posterior, then from anterior to posterior.
a
In the human brain, about how many neurons use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter? a. 200,000 b. 1 million c. 200 million d. 1 billion
a
Information about pain is processed by the _________ nuclei of the thalamus. a. ventral posterior and intralaminar b. ventral posterior and lateral geniculate c. intralaminar and medial geniculate d. medial dorsal and ventral posterior
a
Input from Ib sensory fibers a. inhibits the activity of alpha motor neurons. b. activates alpha motor neurons. c. contracts muscle spindles. d. contracts muscles.
a
Intrafusal muscle fibers a. are found in muscle spindles. b. are responsible for muscle contractions. c. provide feedback regarding muscle contractions. d. are located at the junction between a muscle and tendon.
a
Jessica was experimenting with her electronic keyboard by playing the same song with different instrument settings, such as violin, piano, and flute. The differences Jessica heard in the resulting music are probably due to the _________ of the resulting sounds. a. timbre b. frequency c. amplitude d. pitch
a
Spiral ganglion processes travel to the dorsal and ventral _________ nuclei of the medulla by way of cranial nerve _________. a. cochlear; VIII b. vestibular; VIII c. cochlear; VII d. vestibular; VII
a
Justin was involved in a serious automobile accident, which resulted in damage to his olfactory system. Other than not being able to smell anything, what else can Justin expect from his injury? a. He might become severely depressed. b. The taste of his food might become too strong to be pleasant. c. His sense of taste will become stronger to compensate for the loss of olfaction. d. There will be no other problems, as smell is not an important sense for humans.
a
Karl has been told that his family produces low levels of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Consequently, we would expect Karl to react to consuming his first alcohol a. with negative symptoms, including flushing and rapid heartbeat. b. completely normally, as ALDH affects a person's response to nicotine, not alcohol. c. by becoming an alcoholic unusually quickly. d. by experiencing hallucinations.
a
Lauren is a huge fan of music, and she attends performances in clubs or concerts nearly every weekend. It is likely that a. Lauren will experience more hearing loss than her friends who attend concerts less frequently. b. Lauren will experience less hearing loss than her friends who attend concerts less frequently, because her ears will build up a tolerance to loud sounds in general. c. Lauren's attendance will not affect her hearing, as she is only a college student, not a senior citizen. d. Lauren's hearing will not be affected as long as she limits her exposure to 90 minutes each time.
a
MDMA (ecstasy) produces its effects by influencing the activity of a. serotonin and oxytocin. b. dopamine and norepinephrine. c. acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine. d. glutamate and serotonin.
a
Muscles that straighten joints are known as a. extensors. b. flexors. c. antagonists d. relaxers.
a
Myopia (nearsightedness) usually occurs when the a. eye is elongated. b. eye is shortened. c. cornea is misshapen. d. lens becomes clouded.
a
Neurites growing in the same direction often experience a. fasciculation. b. apoptosis. c. anterograde degeneration. d. retrograde degeneration.
a
Nutrients are moved through the digestive tract by _________ muscle. a. smooth b. cardiac c. striated d. both smooth and striated
a
Of the following species, which has the largest number of genes in their genome? a. plants b. flies c. yeast cells d. human beings
a
Olfactory receptor cells differ from most other neural cells in that they a. die and are replaced frequently. b. replicate by mitosis. c. have no dendrites. d. use gaseous neurotransmitters exclusively.
a
Otosclerosis may lead to hearing loss due to a. immobilization of the stapes. b. buildup of earwax in the ear canal. c. infections of the middle ear. d. damage to the tympanic membrane.
a
Parkinson's disease typically results from degeneration of brain systems using the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin.
a
People with spinal cord injuries show a loss of _________ muscle fibers. a. slow-twitch b. slow-twitch and fast-twitch c. fast-twitch d. autonomic
a
Primary motor cortex is located in the _________ gyrus of the _________ lobe. a. precentral; frontal b. precentral; parietal c. postcentral; frontal d. postcentral; parietal
a
Professor Stevenson and his colleagues observed the motor behavior of children following the administration of a drink with food additives or a drink without the additives. Neither the children nor their observers knew which kind of drink each consumed. This experimental procedure is designed to control for a. placebo effects. b. tolerance. c. withdrawal. d. the likelihood that some of the children might have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
a
Research has shown that a person's height is about 81 percent heritable, whereas his or her body mass index (BMI) is about 59 percent heritable. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of these findings? a. The variability we see in a population's height is more influenced by genetic factors than the variability we see in the population's weight. b. Environmental factors account for only 19 percent of a person's height and 41 percent of a person's BMI. c. We cannot make any conclusions about genetic contributions to either height or weight. d. Knowing the relative genetic contributions to traits such as height or weight does not allow us to compare these two unrelated characteristics of people.
a
Rods contain which of the following photopigments? a. rhodopsin b. cyanolabe c. chlorolabe d. erythrolabe
a
Sherry had some spinal cord damage, and she now has difficulty mostly with fine movement. More specifically, she had damage to the _________ pathway in her spinal cord. a. lateral b. ventromedial c. rostral-tegmental d. dorsomedial
a
Single segments of a myofibril are called a. sarcomeres. b. twitches. c. Z lines. d. troponins.
a
Slow-twitch fibers and fast-twitch fibers are both a type of a. myosin filament. b. actin filament. c. myofibril. d. sarcomere.
a
Small black print on a white background is an example of a stimulus with _________ frequency and _________ contrast. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low
a
Sound waves with a single frequency are known as a. pure tones, which are rare in nature. b. pure tones, which are common in nature. c. complex tones, which are rare in nature. d. noise, which is common in nature.
a
Spinal motor neurons responsible for contracting muscles are known as _________ motor neurons. a. alpha b. beta c. gamma d. theta
a
Synaptic pruning a. is a normal part of brain development. b. is associated with mental retardation, and results in too few connections. c. results from insufficient amounts of neurotrophins. d. results from excess amounts of neurotrophins.
a
Tears shed in response to emotional events _________ tears shed while peeling onions. a. contain more protein than b. contain more glucose than c. contain less water than d. have the same composition as
a
Temporal theory accounts for the encoding of sounds under _________ Hz. a. 4,000 b. 6,000 c. 10,000 d. 12,000
a
The Babinski sign occurs when a. stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to spread and the big toe to point upward. b. stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to curl and then separate. c. tapping the knee with a small hammer causes the foot to kick. d. both extensors and flexors at a joint contract simultaneously in violation of reciprocal inhibition.
a
The Minnesota Study of Twins Raised Apart found support for which of the following conclusions? a. Identical twins are very similar to each other on a number of traits, regardless of whether the correlation for any particular trait was high or low. b. Identical twins raised together are very similar to each other on a number of traits, but identical twins raised apart are not. c. Identical twins are very similar on traits that are highly correlated, like fingerprint ridges, but not similar to each other on traits that are not highly correlated, like nonreligious social attitudes. d. Identical twins are no more similar to each other on highly correlated traits than fraternal twins and non-twin siblings.
a
The _______ hypothesis suggests that the cognitive resources a person possesses may offset age-related decreases in functioning a. multiple reserve b. synaptic pruning c. sundowning d. anterograde bracing
a
The _________ forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear, whereas the _________ forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear. a. tympanic membrane; oval window b. oval window; tympanic membrane c. round window; oval window d. oval window; round window
a
The amplitude of a light wave is encoded as _____________, while the wavelength of a light wave is encoded as ___________________. a. brightness; color b. color; brightness c. saturation; reflection d. hue; saturation
a
The cell bodies of bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells are located in the _________ layer. a. inner nuclear b. outer nuclear c. inner plexiform d. outer plexiform
a
The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from directly in front of you or behind you is about _________ msec. a. 0.0 b. 0.2 c. 0.4 d. 0.6
a
The hum from Courtney's computer bothers her roommate, who is a light sleeper. Because Courtney would like to stay up late to work without bothering her roommate, she might consider reducing the sound by a. buying new thick rugs, curtains, and bedspreads in order to absorb some of the noise. b. removing all fabrics from her dorm room, such as rugs and curtains. c. surrounding the back and sides of the computer with shiny metal panels. d. moving all objects, like lamps and chairs, that are between her computer and her roommate's bed.
a
The leading known nongenetic cause of intellectual disability is a. alcohol use by pregnant women. b. marijuana use by the partner of a pregnant woman. c. prenatal exposure to lead-based paints. d. environmental asbestos exposure during pregnancy.
a
The most important target(s) for output from primary motor cortex is (are) a. either the red nucleus or alpha motor neurons. b. the superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain. c. the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. d. the reticular formation of the brainstem.
a
The negative impact of THC on memory may be due to its effect on the a. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. thalamus.
a
The neural plate develops along the _________ midline from cells in the _________. a. dorsal; ectoderm b. dorsal; mesoderm c. ventral; ectoderm d. ventral; endoderm
a
The process of adjusting focus when looking at objects close up or at a distance is known as a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. transduction. d. lateral inhibition.
a
The process of translating a physical stimulus into action potentials is known as a. transduction. b. translation. c. absorption. d. the dark current.
a
The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between _________ nm. a. 400 and 700 b. 100 and 600 c. 700 and 1,000 d. 1000 and 10,000
a
The regulation of sleep, mood, and appetite involve brain systems using the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.
a
The release of vesicles containing neuropeptides requires a. higher levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. b. lower levels of calcium than the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. c. approximately equal levels of calcium as the release of small-molecule neurotransmitters. d. no calcium at all.
a
The structure indicated by the number "8" in this image is the a. cochlea. b. pinna. c. ossicle. d. incus.
a
The trichromatic theory of color vision is based on _________ and best explains the processing of color at the level of the _________. a. the existence of three types of cones; retina b. the existence of three types of cones; primary visual cortex c. antagonistic center-surround receptive fields; retina d. antagonistic center-surround receptive fields; primary visual cortex
a
This image illustrates the activation of which of the following types of receptor? a. an NMDA glutamate receptor b. a kainate glutamate receptor c. a nicotinic dopamine receptor d. a GABAA receptor
a
Tryptophan serves as a precursor in the synthesis of a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.
a
Two important processes that produce lasting but reversible changes in gene expression are histone modification and __________. a. cross-linking b. RNA transcription c. x-linked gene mapping suppression d. DNA methylation
a
Visual input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus participates in a. regulating daily rhythms. b. recognizing familiar objects. c. visually guided reflexes. d. recognizing color.
a
We do not see the blood vessels and neurons that lie in front of the retina because a. the visual system does not respond much to stimuli that never change. b. these structures are made of special proteins whose fibers make them transparent. c. they are blocked by the vitreous humor. d. they lie behind the lens and cornea.
a
What causes muscles to twitch? a. depolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of sodium ions b. depolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of potassium ions c. hyperpolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of calcium ions d. hyperpolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an outflow of potassium ions
a
What is the approximate ratio of on-center bipolar cells to off-center bipolar cells in the human retina? a. 1:1 b. 2:1 c. 5:1 d. 10:1
a
When Daniel drives down the street, other people stop and stare because of the loud, low-pitched sounds coming from the new sound system in his car. What types of sound waves are coming from Daniel's car? a. high amplitude, low frequency b. high amplitude, high frequency c. low amplitude, low frequency d. low amplitude, high frequency
a
When either a mother's or father's version of a gene is expressed, but not both, we refer to the gene as a. imprinted. b. dominant. c. recessive. d. an SNP.
a
When potassium channels in the hair cell open, potassium will _________ the cell, producing _________. a. enter; depolarization b. enter; hyperpolarization c. leave; depolarization d. leave; hyperpolarization
a
When rods are in the dark, cGMP keeps sodium channels _________ allowing sodium to _________ the cell. a. open; enter b. open; leave c. closed; enter d. closed; leave
a
When the rostral part of the neural tube fails to close, what disorder typically results? a. anencephaly b. Down syndrome c. Williams syndrome d. spina bifida
a
Which of the following accurately describes the attraction of bases between strands of DNA? a. A pairs with T, and C pairs with G b. A pairs with C, and T pairs with G c. A pairs with G, and T pairs with C d. A pairs with U, and T pairs with G
a
Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other? a. the vestibular and tympanic canals b. the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct c. the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct d. the auditory and vestibular canals
a
Which of the following disorders is caused by a virus that targets and destroys spinal alpha motor neurons? a. polio b. muscular dystrophy c. myasthenia gravis d. Huntington's disease
a
Which of the following groups of cells respond to input from only one eye? a. ocular dominance columns b. orientation columns c. hypercolumns d. cytochrome oxidase blobs
a
Which of the following is the best example of a phenotype? a. Ryan has black hair. b. Jessica has an allele for type O blood from her father and one for type A blood from her mother. c. Andrew has one gene for blonde hair and another gene for black hair. d. Elizabeth has two copies of the APOE3 allele.
a
Which of the following receptors is both voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent? a. NMDA b. AMPA c. kainate d. muscarinic
a
Which of the following statements about muscle movement is true? a. The only thing that muscles can do is contract. b. A single muscle can bend a joint by contracting and straighten it by relaxing. c. Smooth muscles cause movement by contracting, while striated muscles cause movement by contracting and relaxing. d. Striated muscles cause movement by contracting, but smooth muscles cause movement by contracting and relaxing.
a
Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors? a. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. b. Muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the peripheral nervous system only. c. Nicotinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only. d. Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the central nervous system only.
a
Which of the following structures are found in the outer ear? a. the pinna and auditory canal b. the pinna and the tympanic membrane c. the auditory canal and the tympanic membrane d. the auditory canal and the oval window
a
Which type of mechanoreceptor is encapsulated, adapts rapidly, has a small receptive field, and senses pressure? a. Meissner's corpuscles b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Merkel's disks d. Ruffini endings
a
While you are reading this test, your _________ vision is most active because of activity in your _________. a. photopic; fovea b. scotopic; fovea c. photopic; ganglion area d. photopic; rods
a
With repeated use of a drug, more of the drug is necessary to achieve the same effects. This demonstrates the development of a. tolerance. b. withdrawal. c. sensitization. d. cross-tolerance.
a
Within a synaptic gap, monoamines are deactivated in the synaptic gap by a. reuptake. b. diffusion. c. enzymes. d. enzymes and reuptake.
a
Your friend has a prescription for Valium that she takes for anxiety. She has taken Valium before the party you and she are attending. When she gets to the party, you see her heading for the bar. Based on what you have learned so far in this course, which of the following would you tell her? a. You should probably not drink any alcohol because both alcohol and Valium act on the same system and their additive effects could be very dangerous. b. You should limit yourself to six drinks because too much of the two drugs together could make you very ill. c. Alcohol is not a drug, so there really isn't any reason to worry as long as you don't get drunk. d. Don't worry, alcohol and valium act on very different neurotransmitters, so a drug interaction is very unlikely.
a
saac observed a sample of motor units in which single neurons innervated fibers of the same type. This led Isaac to conclude that a. neural input probably determines the identity of muscle fibers as slow or fast-twitch. b. the organism that supplied the samples had probably suffered a spinal cord injury. c. the organism that supplied the samples was very old. d. his sample was not representative, and he needed to obtain more samples before reaching a conclusion.
a
the signal to your brain that light has hit your retina is _________. Interpreting the signal is _________. a. sensation; perception b. perception; sensation c. conscious; unconscious d. natural; supernatural
a
Dystrophin, the protein that is affected by muscular dystrophy, normally acts to a. protect muscle fiber membranes during movement. b. clear the interior of muscle fibers of excess calcium. c. allow myosin and actin to interact during muscle contraction. d. protect muscle spindles from too much stretching during movement.
a
Neurons controlling voluntary movement of the head are located in the a. ventral portions of the precentral gyrus. b. dorsal portions of the postcentral gyrus. c. supplementary motor area. d. cerebellum.
a
When a rod is exposed to light, retinal changes into the ____________________ form, sodium channels close, and the cell releases ____________________ glutamate.
all-trans, less
. Cell death genes act by a. stimulating sonic hedgehog. b. activating caspases. c. producing nerve growth factor. d. inhibiting caspases.
b
. The subjective perception of loudness a. changes at the same rate as the intensity of a stimulus. b. changes at a slower rate than the intensity of a stimulus. c. changes at a faster rate than the intensity of a stimulus. d. has not been measured by scientists due to individual differences among participants.
b
. An athlete with likely potential in Olympic weightlifting would probably have _________ in the quadriceps muscle. a. about the same number of fast- and slow-twitch fibers b. more fast- than slow-twitch fibers c. more slow- than fast-twitch fibers d. only fast-twitch muscles
b
115. In a medication trial, a participant with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) acted very relaxed and focused after trying a new medication that he believed would calm him down. However, the "medication" was really just a sugar pill. Given what you've learned in this chapter, which of the following explanations makes the most sense? a. This would not have happened, because you have to have had a drug in order to feel its effects. b. This could happen because the placebo effect is real and can result in actual physical symptoms. c. The only way this could happen would be if the participant really didn't have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). d. The participant didn't really feel relaxed and focused, but didn't want to disappoint the doctors.
b
A condition in which the patient is unable to recognize the faces of familiar people is known as a. astigmatism. b. prosopagnosia. c. presbyopia. d. hyperopia.
b
A disorder characterized by extreme difficulties in producing movement is known as a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. b. Parkinson's disease. c. Huntington's disease. d. myasthenia gravis.
b
A single alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervate are known as a(n) a. motor junction. b. motor unit. c. intrafusal unit. d. antagonistic unit.
b
Abnormalities in muscle fiber proteins characterize a. myasthenia gravis. b. muscular dystrophy. c. Parkinson's disease. d. Huntington's disease.
b
Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized from a. acetyl coenzyme A, usually found in dietary fats, and choline, a substance formed by the actions of mitochondria within cells. b. choline from dietary fats and acetyl coenzyme A, both of which are acted on by choline acetyltransferase. c. the amino acid tyrosine, synthesized from the phenylalanine found in foods. d. tryptophans, amino acids found in chocolate, milk, and poultry.
b
Adenosine often acts to _________ of other neurochemicals. a. stimulate the release b. inhibit the release c. inhibit the reuptake d. enhance the reuptake
b
Adrenergic and noradrenergic receptor subtypes are a. always ionotropic. b. always metabotropic. c. ionotropic in synapses using norepinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using epinephrine. d. ionotropic in synapses using epinephrine and metabotropic in synapses using norepinephrine.
b
Amphetamine and cocaine a. activate dopamine receptors. b. inhibit dopamine reuptake. c. activate serotonin receptors. d. inhibit serotonin reuptake.
b
An allele that produces a phenotypical trait regardless of whether or not its pair is homozygous or heterozygous is a. imprinted. b. dominant. c. recessive. d. an SNP.
b
An individual organism's set of genetic instructions is known as the their a. telomere. b. genotype. c. phenotype. d. chromosome.
b
Anandamide may be an endogenous a. opiate. b. cannabinoid. c. amphetamine. d. nicotine.
b
As you bend your arm up to take a drink, the ________ muscles are active, and when you extend your arm to put the glass down, the ________ muscles are active. a. striated; smooth b. flexor; extensor c. extensor; flexor d. Type II; Type I
b
Ascending pain fibers use which of the following as their primary neurotransmitter? a. GABA b. glutamate c. adenosine d. epinephrine
b
Axons from the gustatory nucleus synapse in the _________ of the thalamus. a. medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) b. ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus c. ventral posterior (VP) nucleus d. intralaminar nuclei
b
Fibers from the mechanoreceptors make their first synapses in the a. dorsal root ganglia of the cerebellum. b. dorsal column nuclei of the medulla. c. the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. d. primary somatosensory cortex.
b
Axons from the otolith organs and semicircular canals synapse in the a. ventral cochlear nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. b. vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla and the cerebellum. c. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the optic chiasm. d. superior olive of the pons and the reticular activating system.
b
Axons growing toward the optic chiasm are directed contralaterally or ipsilaterally by a. cell adhesion molecules. b. guidepost cells. c. sonic hedgehog. d. radial glia.
b
Based on the placement of the human eye, we should probably be classified as: a. primarily a prey species. b. primarily a predator species. c. both a prey and a predator species. d. neither a prey nor a predator species.
b
Botulinum, and its deactivated version Botox, causes muscle paralysis by a. interfering with the synthesis of ACh. b. preventing the release of ACh. c. blocking ACh receptors. d. blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
b
Brandon's teeth are stained from his constant coffee drinking, so his dentist recommended that he switch to a new electric toothbrush that not only brushes teeth very rapidly, but also uses sound to reduce plaque and staining. What kind of sound is most likely generated by Brandon's new toothbrush? a. infrasound b. ultrasound c. pure tones d. noise
b
Cell bodies of the photoreceptors are located in the _________ area. a. inner nuclear b. outer nuclear c. inner plexiform d. outer plexiform
b
Chemical messengers that communicate with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from their point of release are known as a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
b
Children born with higher than normal concentrations of neurotrophins may be at risk for the development of a. schizophrenia. b. autism spectrum disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
b
Cone photopigments differ from rhodopsin in that they a. respond to color rather than to black and white. b. require more light before breaking apart. c. take longer to synthesize. d. are not contained in the photoreceptor outer segment.
b
Connective tissue, muscles, blood vessels, and bone develop from which middle germ layer? a. the endoderm b. the mesoderm c. the ectoderm d. the blastoderm
b
Cortical thickening peaks around the age of a. 18 months. b. 11-12 years. c. 18-25 years. d. 45 years.
b
Courtney suffered a corneal abrasion on one eye after she fell asleep with her hard contact lenses in place. When she asked her physician what to expect from her injury, the physician told her that a. she would no longer be able to see from that eye. b. she would need painkillers, as the cornea has a high density of pain receptors. c. she wouldn't need any pain medication, because the cornea lacks pain reception. d. her binocular depth perception would no longer function normally.
b
Danielle began taking violin lessons when she was only four years old, and she spends many hours practicing each week. When she volunteered to participate in an imaging study at her university, the researchers noticed that a. Danielle had a smaller area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants. b. Danielle had a larger area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants. c. Danielle's frontal lobes were more active than other participants when music was played during the experiment. d. Danielle appeared to experience phantom pain when she was asked to imagine having lost her fingers in an accident.
b
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is implicated in a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. b. Parkinson's disease. c. Huntington's disease. d. myasthenia gravis.
b
Degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord is characteristic of a. polio. b. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. c. muscular dystrophy. d. myasthenia gravis.
b
Disjunction of the 21st chromosome that can lead to Down syndrome has been found to be related to a. paternal age. b. maternal age. c. multiple codon repeats on the X chromosome. d. the inability to metabolize phenylalanine.
b
Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are a. always fast ionotropic. b. always slow metabotropic. c. fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward, but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement. d. slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement, but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.
b
Drugs that interfere with the activity of a neurochemical are known as a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. facilitators. d. enablers.
b
During migration, most neurons are guided to their ultimate location by special progenitor cells known as a. mitochondria. b. radial glia. c. oligodendrocytes. d. synapses.
b
During the development of your four-year-old nephew's brain, a number of neurons died and many synapses were pruned. As a result, when he is older, he will a. suffer from intellectual disability b. probably be totally normal. c. not be able to learn to talk. d. have normal speech, but his intellectual functioning will be lower than normal.
b
Earbud devices used to listen to music a. do not influence the loudness of music. b. boost the loudness of the music by 6 to 9 dB. c. reduce the loudness of the music by 6 to 9 dB. d. reduce the risk of hearing loss resulting from loud sounds.
b
Extrafusal muscle fibers a. are found in muscle spindles. b. are responsible for muscle contractions. c. provide feedback regarding muscle contractions. d. are located at the junction between a muscle and tendon
b
Ganglion receptive fields can be found that show which of the following antagonistic center-surround organizations? a. blue-green and yellow-red b. blue-yellow and green-red c. blue-red and yellow-green d. blue-yellow-red and green-violet
b
Henry Dale's assertion that neurons could contain only one type of chemical messenger is a. correct. b. incorrect, as some neurons can release two small molecules in different locations. c. partially correct, in that neuropeptides are never found in the same neuron as amines or amino acids. d. partially correct, as neurons nearly always release more than a dozen neurotransmitters whenever stimulated.
b
High frequency gratings have a. few bars within a given distance. b. many bars within a given distance. c. large differences in intensity between adjacent bars. d. small differences in intensity between adjacent bars.
b
Hox genes appear to be influential in developing the a. entire brain. b. spinal cord and hindbrain, but not the midbrain or forebrain. c. hindbrain and midbrain, but not the forebrain. d. spinal cord, but not the brain.
b
Hubel and Wiesel's research with vision in kittens demonstrated that experience has _________ effects on the organization of the visual cortex _________. a. no; during the critical period b. substantial; during the critical period c. substantial; throughout life d. no; throughout life
b
In the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, identical twins were found to be a. very similar in all characteristics studied, regardless of whether they were raised together or apart. b. similar in some characteristics studied, but not all, regardless of whether they were raised together or apart. c. similar in all characteristics studied only if they were raised together. d. similar in some characteristics studied, but not all, only if they were raised together.
b
In the film Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban, the "Fat Lady" painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched, loud sound of her singing voice alone. Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce? a. high amplitude, low frequency b. high amplitude, high frequency c. low amplitude, low frequency d. low amplitude, high frequency
b
In the process illustrated in this figure, which drugs act as antagonists? a. Additional l-dopa, amphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate b. Reserpine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia c. Cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate d. Apomorphine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia
b
In the third through eighth weeks of a human pregnancy, the developing organism is referred to as a(n) a. zygote. b. embryo. c. blastocyst. d. fetus.
b
Information about retinal disparity combines with an assessment of an object's movement in the anterior _________ lobes. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital
b
Intrafusal fibers receive input from a. alpha motor neurons. b. gamma motor neurons. c. Ia sensory fibers. d. C fibers.
b
Jennifer enjoys Asian food, but carefully avoids the food additive MSG. If she eats it by mistake, she experiences a rapid pulse, chest pain, and nausea. Jennifer's symptoms result from activity of which of the following neurotransmitters? a. GABA b. glutamate c. serotonin d. dopamine
b
Jonathan is being treated for high blood pressure and heart disease with the drug reserpine. Which of the following side effects should Jonathan and his physician expect to see? a. hyperactivity b. muscle weakness and fatigue c. severe depression d. memory deficits
b
Kyle plants a group of seeds in a pot of enriched soil, and provides all the seeds with identical temperature, lighting, and water. When his plants are mature, he notices that they are quite different in height. Which of the following is the best conclusion Kyle could draw from his observations? a. The differences in the height of his plants are due to equal contributions of environmental and genetic variables. b. Holding the plants' environment constant has magnified the influence of genetic differences on the height of the plants. c. Genetic variables are more influential than environmental variables in determining the height of Kyle's plants. d. Kyle lacks sufficient information to draw any scientific conclusions from his observations.
b
LSD produces a. neither tolerance nor withdrawal. b. tolerance, but not withdrawal. c. withdrawal, but not tolerance. d. tolerance and withdrawal.
b
Linear acceleration is sensed by the a. cochlea. b. otolith organs. c. semicircular canals. d. nociceptors.
b
Long, fingerlike extensions from the core of growth cones are known as a. microtubules. b. filopodia. c. lamellipodia. d. cell adhesion molecules.
b
MDMA (ecstasy) is most similar in chemical structure to which of the following drugs? a. LSD b. methamphetamine and mescaline c. nicotine d. gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
b
Memory problems associated with alcohol may result from its activity at _________receptors. a. GABA b. NMDA glutamate c. opiate d. dopamine
b
Most cases of colorblindness result from abnormal recessive genes located on the X chromosome that are not duplicated on the Y chromosome. Which of the following statements accurately predicts the outcome for the children of a father with typical genes and a mother with abnormal genes? a. Half of the couple's daughters, but none of their sons, are likely to be colorblind. b. Half of the couple's sons, but none of their daughters, are likely to be colorblind. c. None of the couple's children are likely to be colorblind. d. All of the couple's children are likely to be colorblind.
b
Motor units that include Type IIb fibers a. usually include Type IIa fibers as well. b. produce about 100 times the force as units that include Type I fibers. c. produce about one-third of the force produced by units that include Type IIa fibers. d. are rarely found in humans.
b
Muscarinic receptors respond to a. muscarine, a substance found in tobacco, and acetylcholine. b. muscarine, a substance found in some mushrooms, and acetylcholine. c. muscarine, nicotine, and acetylcholine. d. acetylcholine only.
b
Myasthenia gravis a. may be treated by administering dopamine agonists. b. may be treated with medications that suppress the immune system. c. may be treated with the implant of fetal stem cells. d. has no current effective treatments.
b
Myelination occurs in a. motor systems before it occurs in sensory systems. b. sensory systems before it occurs in motor systems. c. interneurons before either motor or sensory systems. d. interneurons, sensory systems, and motor systems all at the same time.
b
Neurogenesis in adulthood a. does not appear to occur in humans. b. may protect the brain from the effects of stress. c. only occurs in telomeres, the tips at the end of chromosomes. d. is negative correlated with levels of physical activity.
b
Neurons releasing acetylcholine are found in the a. preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. b. preganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system. c. preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system and both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. d. postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system and the preganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic nervous system.
b
New cells formed at the ventricular zone begin to migrate after the _________ following conception. a. seventh day b. seventh week c. fifth month d. seventh month
b
Nick's grandfather has just been diagnosed with glaucoma, and was told by his doctor that this condition results from a blockage of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Based on Nick's understanding of the anatomy of the eye, he was able to tell his grandfather that the blockage involves his a. vitreous humor, which circulates around the cornea and lens. b. aqueous humor, which circulates around the cornea and lens. c. vitreous humor, located in the main chamber of the eyeball. d. aqueous humor, located in the main chamber of the eyeball.
b
Observations of the muscle fibers of people who have experienced spinal cord damage suggest that neural input is especially important to the maintenance of a. fast-twitch fibers. b. slow-twitch fibers. c. both fast and slow-twitch fibers. d. neither fast nor slow-twitch fibers.
b
Olfactory receptor axons synapse within the a. olfactory epithelium. b. glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs. c. olfactory cortex. d. medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
b
Perilymph may be found in the _________, whereas endolymph is found in the _________. a. cochlear duct; vestibular and tympanic canals b. vestibular and tympanic canals; cochlear duct c. cochlear duct and vestibular canal; tympanic canal d. cochlear duct and tympanic canal; vestibular canal
b
Progenitor cells that divide to produce another progenitor cell and a migrating cell divide along a cleavage line that is _______ to the surface of the ________ zone. a. perpendicular; dorsal b. parallel; ventricular c. perpendicular; dorsolateral d. parallel; caudal
b
Queen Victoria of England had a son, Leopold, and a great-grandson, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov of Russia, both of whom had hemophilia. We can conclude that: a. Queen Victoria must have had hemophilia, too. b. Queen Victoria was a carrier for hemophilia. c. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, must have been a carrier. d. Leopold and Tsarevich Alexei probably developed hemophilia due to a spontaneous mutation, because their female relatives did not have the condition.
b
Rats receiving overdoses of heroin a. were more likely to die in their home cage than in an unfamiliar cage. b. were less likely to die in their home cage than in an unfamiliar cage. c. were equally likely to die in their home cage as in an unfamiliar cage. d. all died regardless of location.
b
Reciprocal inhibition is a simple type of _________ reflex. a. monosynaptic. b. polysynaptic c. flexion d. withdrawal
b
Relative to neurons using other neurotransmitters, serotonergic neurons a. are quite numerous. b. are surprisingly few in number. c. project to very limited parts of the brain. d. do not have different receptor subtypes.
b
Rhodopsin, the photopigment found in rods, has two parts, opsin and ________. a. cyanolabe b. retinal c. erythrolabe d. ganglia
b
Rigor mortis, or the muscle stiffness present after death, results primarily from a. a drop in acetylcholine levels. b. a lack of energy needed to separate actin and myosin molecules. c. an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations. d. the breakdown of troponin molecules.
b
Samuel lost vision in his right eye due to an accident. Samuel must use great care while driving because his a. color vision has been distorted. b. depth perception will not be as accurate as before his accident. c. peripheral vision is no longer functional. d. scotopic vision will be distorted.
b
Single-cell recordings during movement indicate that a. movements are encoded by single neurons. b. movements are encoded by populations of neurons. c. it is not possible to identify correlations between neural activity and movements. d. neural activity during movement appears surprisingly random.
b
The cornea obtains nutrients from a. its own blood supply. b. the aqueous humor. c. the vitreous humor. d. the blood supply of the iris.
b
The fact that all dogs in the neighborhood begin to howl at the same time every day while you can't hear anything that might cause this response is probably because the dogs a. can hear sounds we would classify as infrasound. b. can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound. c. are disturbed by underground vibrations. d. require more volume before they can hear the same sounds as you do.
b
The human blind spot results when light falls on the a. fovea. b. optic disk. c. macula. d. temporal retina.
b
The human genome contains about ________ protein-building genes. a. 9,500 b. 19,000 c. 100,000 d. 2.5 million
b
The idea of a hierarchical system of visual perception is challenged by which of the following? a. Single visual neurons are not capable of responding simultaneously to changes in two dimensions, such as orientation and movement. b. A visual hierarchy would require a very large number of "grandmother" cells. c. Single visual neurons can easily incorporate complex input from memory systems. d. Hierarchies help us predict how other species "see."
b
The ingestion of toxins may trigger a vomiting reflex controlled by the a. locus coeruleus. b. area postrema. c. raphe nucleus. d. ventral tegmentum.
b
The interior of the neural tube will be retained in the adult brain as the a. forebrain. b. ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord. c. hindbrain. d. corpus callosum.
b
The layer of pigmented cells supporting the photoreceptors in the retina and absorbing random light is known as the a. macula. b. epithelium. c. fovea. d. ganglion layer.
b
The lens obtains its nutrients from a. its own blood supply. b. the aqueous humor. c. the vitreous humor. d. the blood supply of the iris.
b
The long strands of protein running the length of a muscle fiber are called a. sarcomeres. b. myofibrils. c. Z lines. d. troponins.
b
The major inhibitory neurochemical of the central nervous system is a. glutamate. b. GABA. c. serotonin. d. acetylcholine (ACh).
b
The movement associated with the take-off of an airplane is sensed by the a. cochlea. b. otolith organs. c. semicircular canals. d. nociceptors.
b
The nigrostriatal pathway uses the neurotransmitter a. dopamine, and is important in movement. b. dopamine, and is important in the development of Parkinson's disease. c. norepinephrine, and is important in vigilance. d. serotonin, and is important in mood.
b
The premotor cortex and SMA converge on very large cells located in _________ of primary motor cortex. a. pyramidal cells in Layer III. b. pyramidal cells in Layer V c. Purkinje cells in Layer III d. Purkinje cells in Layer V
b
The primary location of serotonergic neurons in the brain is the a. substantia nigra. b. raphe nucleus. c. locus coeruleus. d. nucleus accumbens.
b
The process in which chromosomes exchange equivalent sections of genetic material is known as a. linkage. b. crossing over. c. meiosis. d. gene expression.
b
The reason the homunculus for the motor cortex is shaped the way it is (huge tongue, large hands) is that a. it is a drawing of all the motor functions of the body, and it is not drawn to scale. b. the amount of cortex devoted to each part of the body is represented by the relative size of the body part. c. it is a reproduction of a drawing done the late eighteenth century. d. there is an inverse relationship between the actual size of each body part to its representation in the homunculus drawing.
b
This chemical is released from a neuron and diffuses away to influence neurons somewhat distant from the releasing neuron. The chemical is a(n) a. neurotransmitter. b. neuromodulator. c. neurohormone. d. enzyme.
b
This chemical is released from the adrenal gland and travels through the bloodstream. It fits into the receptors on almost every cell in the body. The chemical is a(n) a. neurotransmitter. b. neurohormone. c. neuromodulator. d. antagonist.
b
Traditional therapy for Parkinson's disease often includes a. medication to inhibit dopamine production. b. medication to stimulate dopamine production. c. gene replacement therapy. d. caspase inhibitors.
b
Typical speech has an intensity of about _________ dB, whereas legal deafness is defined as occurring when speech sounds lower than _________ dB cannot be heard. a. 40; 65 b. 60; 82 c. 82; 100 d. 102; 120
b
Ventromedial pathways provide a. automatic control of the hands, feet, and parts of limbs farther from the body. b. automatic control of the neck, torso, and parts of limbs close to the body. c. voluntary control of the hands, feet, and the medial sections of limbs. d. voluntary control of the neck and torso.
b
What is the main effect of lateral inhibition in the bipolar cells of the retina? a. Color contrast is produced. b. Edges or boundaries can be identified. c. Movement is sensed. d. The blood vessels of the eye are not perceived.
b
When at rest, the NMDA receptor is blocked by ________ ions. a. sodium b. magnesium c. potassium d. calcium
b
When we watch a film in the theatre, we perceive the sound as coming from the actors' lips instead of from the speakers arrayed around the screen. This is probably due to a. the superiority of modern surround sound systems. b. our use of vision to aid the localization of sound. c. the construction of the theatre, which is designed to reflect sounds from the back and sides of the building. d. our inability to localize sounds above a certain amplitude.
b
Which of the following drugs act as reuptake inhibitors? a. organophosphates and reserpine b. cocaine and Prozac® c. nicotine and curare d. Botox® and apomorphine
b
Which of the following is a sex-linked disorder? a. myasthenia gravis b. muscular dystrophy c. Parkinson's disease d. Huntington's disease
b
Which of the following is the best definition of a gene? a. an individual's set of observable characteristics b. a hereditary unit made of DNA that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome c. a molecule that encodes genetic information d. a sequence of three bases on the DNA molecule that encode one of twenty amino acids
b
Which of the following is the outer layer of skin, which is actually composed of dead cells? a. glabrous tissue b. epidermis c. dermis d. subcutaneous tissue
b
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a monoamine? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. acetylcholine (ACh) d. norepinephrine
b
Which of the following neurotransmitters undergoes its final synthesis step within synaptic vesicles? a. ACh b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. dopamine
b
Which of the following sets of cells forms a direct pathway for visual information and lies perpendicular to the back of the eye? a. photoreceptors, horizontal cells, ganglion cells b. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells c. photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells d. photoreceptors, amacrine cells, bipolar cells
b
Which of the following statements regarding the synthesis of neurotransmitters is true? a. Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron. b. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the axon terminal, but neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body. c. Neuropeptides may be synthesized anywhere in the neuron, but small-molecule neurotransmitters must be synthesized in the cell body. d. Both small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides must be synthesized in the cell body.
b
Which of the following structures is part of the basal ganglia? a. the red nucleus b. the putamen c. the cerebellum d. the reticular formation
b
Which of the following substances is not a neuropeptide? a. oxytocin b. adenosine c. vasopressin d. insulin
b
Which of the membranes in the cochlea is labeled number "6" in this image? a. the tympanic membrane b. the basilar membrane c. Reissner's membrane d. the tectorial membrane
b
Within the visible light spectrum, shorter wavelengths are perceived as_________, whereas longer wavelengths are perceived as _________. a. red; violet and blue b. violet and blue; red c. yellow; blue and blue d. red; green
b
Your friend was in an accident, and although his intelligence and personality are unchanged, he is no longer able to play his guitar, nor is he the coordinated athlete he once was. His symptoms may be the result of damage to which of the following areas? a. the frontal lobes b. the cerebellum c. the occipital lobes d. the hippocampus
b
temporal summation may occur at the neuromuscular junction because a. action potentials last longer than muscle contractions. b. muscle contractions last longer than action potentials. c. many motor neurons form synapses at a single neuromuscular junction. d. acetylcholine is broken down slowly in the synaptic gap.
b
. Hair cells in the endolymph hyperpolarize and depolarize as a result of the activity of their _________ channels. a. voltage-dependent sodium b. transmitter-gated potassium c. mechanically gated potassium d. mechanically gated calcium
c
. One major difference between striated and smooth muscles is that a. smooth muscles move the voluntary system and striated muscles move automatic systems. b. striated muscles are responsible for fast twitch and smooth muscles are responsible for slow twitch. c. striated muscles move mostly voluntary systems while smooth muscles move involuntary, automatic systems. d. smooth muscles are made up of myofibrils and striated muscle is made up of only sarcomeres.
c
. The average person has approximately how many taste buds? a. 2,000 b. 4,000 c. 6,000 d. 10,000
c
. The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a a. different area of cortex assigned to each ear. b. different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness. c. neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies. d. neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes.
c
A dermatome is an area of skin a. containing free nerve endings. b. that is covered by hair. c. served by the dorsal roots of a spinal nerve. d. served by the ventral roots a spinal nerve.
c
A single motor unit usually contains a motor neuron and a. one muscle fiber. b. both fast and slow-twitch fibers. c. either fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers, but not a mixture of the two types. d. a muscle spindle.
c
According to Melzack and Wall's "gate theory" of pain, why does rubbing your elbow after you bump it help reduce the pain? a. Rubbing produces an increased release of endorphins. b. Rubbing produces a refractory period in nociceptors, preventing their further activation. c. Input from rubbing competes with ascending pain messages. d. The act of rubbing has a placebo effect on the pain.
c
Activity in the basal ganglia is lower than normal in cases of a. Alzheimer's disease. b. Huntington's disease. c. Parkinson's disease. d. muscular dystrophy.
c
Age-related changes in muscle function a. are related to genetics and cannot be changed. b. can be completely stopped through exercise. c. cannot be stopped, but people can compensate somewhat for these changes by exercising. d. cannot be stopped, but people can compensate somewhat for these changes by eating carefully.
c
Alcohol probably produces its main effects by acting as an agonist at the ________ receptors. a. serotonin b. glutamate c. GABA d. dopamine
c
Alternative versions of a particular gene are known as a. SNPs. b. imprinted genes. c. alleles. d. proteomes.
c
An antagonistic pair of muscles is made up of a. two extensor muscles at the same joint. b. two flexor muscles at the same joint. c. an extensor muscle and a flexor muscle at the same joint. d. two complex muscles that allow joints like hips and elbows to move in many directions
c
An individual organism's observable characteristics, are known as their a. genome. b. genotype. c. phenotype. d. chromosome.
c
Antagonistic center-surround organization means that a. photoreceptors in the fovea will suppress input from photoreceptors in the periphery of the eye. b. photoreceptors in the periphery of the eye will suppress input from photoreceptors in the fovea. c. light falling on the center of a receptive field has the opposite effect than light falling on the surround. d. light falling on the center of a receptive field has the identical effect as light falling on the surround.
c
Ashley's mother woke up one morning seeing rings of flashing light in one eye. Her doctor diagnosed the event as a "vitreous detachment." Although Ashley was unfamiliar with this condition until she looked it up in her search engine, she was able to tell her mother that it probably involved: a. the pigmented tissue at the back of the eye that supports the photoreceptors. b. a blockage of the tear ducts at the outer upper corner of the eye. c. the fluid located in the main interior chamber of the eyeball. d. the fluid located in the secondary anterior chamber of the eyeball.
c
Astigmatism usually occurs when the a. eye is elongated. b. eye is shortened. c. cornea is misshapen. d. lens becomes clouded.
c
At the peak of neurogenesis in humans, about how many new neural cells are produced per minute? a. 10,000 b. 75,000 c. 250,000 d. 500,000
c
Exposure to environmental toxins may lead to a. Huntington's disease. b. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. c. Parkinson's disease. d. polio.
c
Bending a joint requires a. relaxation of extensors and flexors. b. contraction of extensors and flexors. c. relaxation of extensors and contraction of flexors. d. contraction of extensors and relaxation of flexors.
c
Bing has had a stroke that affected an area of his brain that serves his macula, including the foveas of both eyes. What should you expect his vision to be like? a. He will be totally blind. b. He will be able to see only what is exactly in front of him. c. He will be able to see only what is in his peripheral visual area. d. He will be able to see color, but not movement.
c
Bipolar cells receive input from a. photoreceptors only. b. horizontal cells only. c. photoreceptors and horizontal cells. d. photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
c
C fibers carry information about a. temperature and pressure. b. pressure and itch. c. pain and temperature. d. temperature and taste.
c
Cannabinoids probably produce their effects by a. stimulating neurotransmitter release. b. blocking neurotransmitter reuptake. c. acting as an agonist at receptor sites. d. promoting neurotransmitter synthesis.
c
Chemical messengers that often travel in the blood supply in order to affect target neurons that are quite distant are known as a. neurotransmitters. b. neuromodulators. c. neurohormones. d. neuroenzymes.
c
Cholinergic neurons in the brain are important to which of the following behaviors? a. regulating mood and appetite b. processing olfaction c. learning and memory d. maintaining homeostasis
c
Christina was bitten by a black widow spider while retrieving some wood for her fireplace. Her abdominal muscles began to contract painfully, which was to be expected because black widow spider venom a. inhibits release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. b. competes with acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic receptor sites. c. promotes greater than normal release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction. d. interferes with GABA inhibition of the motor system by blocking receptors.
c
Chronic users of cocaine and amphetamine frequently show symptoms similar to a. major depressive disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
c
Color constancy may be maintained in part by the activity of neurons located in Area a. MT. b. MST. c. V4. d. IT.
c
Compared to the muscles of young adults, the muscles of elderly people a. contain fibers that are more angular than round. b. show a more even distribution of slow and fast twitch fibers. c. are more likely to be hybrids of fast and slow twitch fibers. d. are more likely to be made up of slow twitch fibers.
c
Compared with P cells, M cells have a. smaller, slower axons. b. smaller receptive fields. c. the ability to respond to subtle contrast. d. the ability to respond to color.
c
Compared with its apex, the basilar membrane at its base is a. wider and stiffer. b. wider and more flexible. c. narrower and stiffer. d. narrower and more flexible.
c
Compared with other sensory neurons, such as those that serve mechanoreceptors, Ia sensory fibers are a. far less commonly found in the human nervous system. b. less likely to be myelinated in the human nervous system. c. very large and very fast. d. very small and slow.
c
Compared with photopic vision, scotopic vision is a. highly sensitive to light and color. b. less sensitive to light and color. c. highly sensitive to light but not detail. d. highly sensitive to detail but not light.
c
Compared with vision under direct sunlight, our ability to see detail under starlight is about a. the same. b. ten times better. c. ten times worse. d. one hundred times worse.
c
Cortical modules described by Hubel and Wiesel contain a. one set of ocular dominance columns, one hypercolumn, and four cytochrome oxidase blobs. b. one set of ocular dominance columns, two hypercolumns, and eight cytochrome oxidase blobs. c. two sets of ocular dominance columns, two hypercolumns, and 16 cytochrome oxidase blobs. d. four sets of ocular dominance columns, four hypercolumns, and 16 cytochrome oxidase blobs.
c
Curare causes muscle paralysis by a. interfering with the synthesis of ACh. b. preventing the release of ACh. c. blocking ACh receptors. d. blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
c
During early development, the nervous system develops from which outer germ layer? a. the endoderm b. the mesoderm c. the ectoderm d. the blastoderm
c
During which stage of development do new neurons form connections with other neurons? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 4 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 6
c
Echolocation, used by some animals to navigate and find prey, relies on the ability of physical objects to _________ sound. a. absorb b. refract c. reflect d. enhance
c
Elizabeth's grandmother recently underwent a hip replacement operation. Because she took this course, Elizabeth is able to tell her grandmother that she a. will need to be very careful, because the removal of her joint receptors means that she will not know the position of her hip without looking. b. will have to relearn how to walk, as the operation removes joint receptors responsible for managing muscle stretch. c. will still know the position of her hip without looking, even though her operation will remove all of her joint receptors. d. should prepare to deal with phantom pain from the joint receptors that have been removed.
c
Endurance activities, such as distance running, rely primarily on _________ muscles using _________ metabolism. a. fast-twitch; aerobic b. fast-twitch; anaerobic c. slow-twitch; aerobic d. slow-twitch; anaerobic
c
Generally speaking, when you are watching a football game, your _________ system is responsible for helping you determine which team just made the touchdown, while your _________ system is responsible for telling you if the kick made it through for the extra point. a. magnocellular; parvocellular b. on center; off surround c. parvocellular; magnocellular d. off center; on surround
c
Hertz (Hz) is used to measure a sound's a. loudness. b. intensity. c. frequency. d. amplitude.
c
How many major layers are found in the lateral geniculate nucleus? a. two b. four c. six d. eight
c
Human hearing is not as good as dogs' hearing for _________ frequencies, and not as good as elephants and goldfish for _________ frequencies. a. high; middle b. middle; low c. high; low d. low; high
c
Ia sensory fibers are activated in response to a. contraction of muscle fibers. b. stretching of Golgi tendon organs. c. stretching of muscle fibers. d. input from Ib fibers.
c
If I increase the volume on my stereo by 10dB, from 60 to 70 dB, my family will probably perceive the loudness of the music as a. 10 times louder than before. b. 100 times louder than before. c. 2 times louder than before. d. about the same as before.
c
If a drug blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, it will serve as a(n) _________ for acetylcholine. a. antagonist b. modulator c. agonist d. mimic
c
In the lateral geniculate nucleus, there are _________ magnocellular and _________ parvocellular layers. a. three; three b. four; four c. two; four d. four; two
c
In their study of the heritability of autistic traits among Dutch teens, Rosa Hoekstra and her colleagues were careful to choose participants from a variety of backgrounds and circumstances. Why is careful sampling especially important to studies of heritability? a. The effects of heritability are most obvious in populations that exclude extreme environmental conditions, such as affluent or very poor families. b. Environmental influences are magnified in extreme environmental conditions, such as among affluent or very poor families. c. Extremes of environmental conditions, such as affluent or very poor families, tend to magnify the influence of heritability. d. These precautions are really not relevant, because heritability cannot be assessed experimentally.
c
In which of the following locations would we expect to find the greatest density of muscle spindles? a. the legs b. the torso c. the hands d. the arms
c
In which of the following ways do ganglion cells differ from the other cells in the retina? a. They are active only when light is present. b. They produce graded potentials instead of conventional action potentials. c. They produce conventional action potentials instead of graded potentials. d. They contain larger quantities of photopigment.
c
Information from the left half of the visual field is processed by a. the left eye and the left occipital cortex. b. both the right and left occipital cortices. c. both eyes and the right hemisphere occipital cortex. d. both eyes and the left hemisphere occipital cortex.
c
Jennifer has been assessing the rate at which neurotransmitters are being released by a population of rods. So far she has observed a very low rate of release, which most likely means that the rods are a. completely in the dark. b. being exposed to dim light. c. being exposed to bright light. d. no longer functioning normally.
c
Jessica's vision is 20/20, but her friend Joshua needs to wear glasses to correct for his 20/200 vision. Without his glasses, Joshua sees as much detail in objects that are 20 feet away from him as Jessica sees in objects that are _________ feet away from her. a. 10 b. 20 c. 200 d. 2,000
c
Jonathan tripped on a sprinkler during a game of flag football, and felt a sharp pain as he broke his ankle. Later on, after he returned home from the emergency room with a new cast, he felt a dull, aching pain in his broken ankle. Which of the following is the best explanation for Jonathan's experience? a. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers, and as the rate of signaling dropped, the quality of the pain changed to dull and aching. b. The sharp pain resulted from the activation of nociceptors that respond to mechanical injury, whereas the dull pain resulted from the activation of nociceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged cells. c. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers, and the dull pain resulted from the transmission of messages along A fibers. d. The sharp pain resulted from the transmission of messages along A fibers, and the dull pain resulted from the transmission of messages along C fibers.
c
Localization of sounds in the vertical plane (above or below) is aided by a. the existence of sound "shadow." b. an analysis of the intensity of sounds reaching each ear. c. the effect of the pinna on incoming sounds. d. an analysis of the arrival time of sounds at each ear.
c
Modern antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac) exert their effects by a. promoting serotonin synthesis. b. enhancing serotonin release. c. inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. d. activating serotonin receptors.
c
Nicholas plays guitar and Anthony plays bass for their rock band. When they turn up their amplifiers to 80 dB, how will the instruments sound to their neighbors? a. Nicholas' guitar will sound louder than Anthony's bass. b. Anthony's bass will sound louder than Anthony's guitar. c. Both instruments will sound equally loud. d. The apparent loudness of the two instruments will vary from time to time depending on the frequencies of the notes being played.
c
Nicotine produces its effects by a. increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). b. preventing the release of acetylcholine (ACh). c. activating receptors for acetylcholine (ACh). d. interfering with the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
c
One-year-old Joey's eyes have been crossing whenever he tries to focus on anything close to him. The doctor has told his parents that he has to have glasses immediately and wear them whenever he is awake. Why would the doctor say that? a. Joey has to get used to wearing glasses as a child in order to wear them later in life. b. Joey has to wear glasses now so that he won't have to wear them later in life. c. Joey's eyesight is still developing, and if he doesn't wear glasses during this critical period, his vision could be permanently affected. d. Joey's doctor is probably an alarmist, and it really isn't that important.
c
Organophosphates (used as pesticides and as biological weapons) are a. agonists that promote ACh production. b. antagonists that block ACh release. c. agonists that interfere with acetylcholinesterase. d. antagonists that block ACh receptors.
c
Pain information travels through the spinal cord to the brain along the pathway labeled "3" in this image. What is the name of this pathway? a. the reticulospinal tract b. the rubrospinal tract c. the spinothalamic pathway d. the corticospinal tract
c
Researchers are training pigeons to peck to receive food pellets when they see gratings but withhold their pecks to receive pellets when they see a uniform gray circle. This procedure will help the researchers determine a. whether or not pigeons can see color. b. whether or not pigeons have feature detectors. c. how much contrast a grating must have before it looks different from the gray circle to a pigeon. d. whether pigeons are intelligent enough to learn to peck one stimulus rather than another.
c
Rey was being evaluated for a possible spinal cord injury during a college football game. The team physician stroked the sole of Rey's foot, and his toes curled. This observation suggests that a. Rey has a serious spinal cord injury that might affect his future mobility. b. Rey has a mild spinal cord injury, and with proper treatment, he should recover completely. c. Rey does not appear to have damaged his spinal cord, although this should be confirmed by further testing. d. Rey's spinal cord is probably all right, but it appears that he has sustained damage to his foot or ankle.
c
Richard's grandfather is losing his hearing. Consequently, he is probably experiencing a. no problems hearing voices, as age-related hearing loss does not affect the frequencies found in normal speech. b. equal difficulty hearing Richard and his mother. c. more difficulty hearing Richard's mother than Richard. d. more difficulty hearing Richard than his mother.
c
Sarin gas is a type of organophosphate. It was released in a Tokyo subway in 1995 by a religious sect, killing 12 people. Organophosphates are dangerous because they a. prevent the reuptake of acetylcholine (ACh), reducing the amount available for subsequent signaling. b. stimulate an larger than normal release of acetylcholine (ACh), leading to convulsions and death. c. interfere with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), allowing acetylcholine (ACh) to overstimulate muscle fibers. d. occupy receptor sites for acetylcholine (ACh), preventing further signaling and paralyzing muscles.
c
Slow-twitch muscle fibers are to _______ as fast-twitch muscle fibers are to _______. a. Ia: Ib b. IIa; Ia c. I; IIa & IIb d. IIb; IIa
c
Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as a. fundamental frequencies. b. pure tones. c. ultrasound. d. infrasound.
c
Stan, an aging Hollywood actor, uses Botox treatments to reduce wrinkling. These treatments work, because Botox a. blocks nicotinic receptors on muscle fibers, reducing their rate of contraction. b. breaks down acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic gap, leading to stronger contraction of facial muscles. c. reduces the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and which paralyzes facial muscles. d. increases the release of acetylcholine (ACh) and the subsequent contraction of facial muscles.
c
Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on whale communication. Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound? a. noise b. pure tones c. infrasound d. ultrasound
c
The muscles of the arms and shoulders contain a. approximately equal amounts of fast and slow-twitch fibers, making them well-suited for both endurance and explosive movements. b. higher proportions of slow-twitch fibers, making them better suited for endurance than for explosive movements. c. higher proportions of fast-twitch fibers, making them better suited for explosive movements than for endurance movements. d. higher proportions of fast-twitch fibers, making them better suited for endurance than for explosive movements.
c
The patellar tendon or "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a _________ reflex. a. withdrawal b. flexion c. monosynaptic d. polysynaptic
c
The pathways illustrated in the left side of this figure (numbers 1 and 2) are known as the a. medial lemniscus. b. spinothalamic pathways. c. lateral pathways. d. ventromedial pathways.
c
The primary source of norepinephrine in the brain is the ________, which is located in the ________. a. substantia nigra; occipital lobe b. raphe nucleus; reticular activating system c. locus coeruleus; pons d. nucleus accumbens; cerebellum
c
The proportion of fast and slow-twitch fibers found in an individual's quadriceps muscle is primarily determined by the a. individual's diet. b. number of hours the individual spends each week engaged in anaerobic activity, like weightlifting. c. the number of ACTN3 genes that person has d. number of hours the individual spends each week engaged in aerobic activity, like running or cycling.
c
The tough, white outer covering of the eye is known as the a. fovea. b. macula. c. sclera. d. cornea.
c
The trichromatic theory of color vision _________ and the opponent process theory _________. a. is accurate; is false b. is false; is accurate c. explains one part of color vision; explains another part of color vision, but neither explains it completely d. explains all of color vision in one way; explains all of color vision in another way, but both explanations are accurate
c
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the a. reticular formation of the pons. b. reticular formation of the medulla. c. vestibular nuclei of the medulla. d. midbrain.
c
Theory of mind (TOM), the understanding of another person's perspective, appears to be difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Consequently, researchers suspect that this condition may have a negative impact on a person's _________ neurons. a. vector b. reciprocal c. mirror d. pyramidal
c
Tolerance develops for the use of some drugs because a. over time, the blood-brain barrier more effectively blocks the movement of the drug from the blood supply into the brain. b. more of the drug is absorbed by the body's fat stores, leading to the need to use more to get the same effects. c. the body's compensation for the drug cancels out its effects. d. the experienced user's expectations cancel out the drug's effects.
c
What is the function of striated muscles? a. control blood pressure and move the eyes and lung b. move nutrients through the digestive tract and move bones c. control the heart and skeletal muscles d. control blood pressure and move the heart
c
When a rod absorbs a photon of light, retinal changes from the a. 11-cis form to the all-trans form and merges with opsin to form rhodopsin. b. all-trans form to the 11-cis form and merges with opsin to form rhodopsin. c. 11-cis form to the all-trans form, and the rhodopsin molecule breaks apart. d. all-trans form to the 11-cis form, and the rhodopsin molecule breaks apart.
c
When variations in a single base are responsible for the difference between two alleles, the resulting condition is known as a. X inactivation. b. an imprinted gene. c. a single nucleotide polymorphism. d. a mutation.
c
Which of the following areas of the human body has the largest representation in the primary somatosensory cortex? a. the foot b. the torso c. the thumb d. the leg
c
Which of the following cells form a system that lies parallel to the back of the eye and integrates information across the surface of the retina? a. bipolar cells and ganglion cells b. photoreceptors and bipolar cells c. horizontal cells and amacrine cells d. amacrine cells and ganglion cells
c
Which of the following is NOT one of the ventromedial motor pathways? a. the reticulospinal tract b. the tectospinal tract c. the rubrospinal tract d. the vestibulospinal tract
c
Which of the following neurotransmitters is an indoleamine? a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. dopamine
c
Which of the following sequences describes the typical order in which motor units are recruited? a. Type IIb, Type IIa, Type I b. Type II b, Type I, Type IIa c. Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb d. Type I, Type IIb, Type IIa
c
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the relationship between colorblindness and sex? a. No type of colorblindness is related to the sex of the individual. b. Both red-green colorblindness and blue-yellow colorblindness are sex-linked conditions. c. Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked condition, but blue-yellow colorblindness is not. d. Blue-yellow colorblindness is a sex-linked condition, but red-green colorblindness is not.
c
Many toxins responsible for motor disorders interact with the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. GABA. c. acetylcholine (ACh). d. glutamate.
c
. Which of the following groups of cells participate in the processing of color? a. ocular dominance columns b. orientation columns c. hypercolumns d. cytochrome oxidase blobs
d
A Hebb synapse is one that a. has been pruned. b. has not fully matured. c. participates in vision. d. has been strengthened by simultaneous activity.
d
A characteristic that results from genes on the X chromosome that are not duplicated on the Y chromosomes is referred to as being a. recessive. b. mutated. c. an SNP. d. sex-linked.
d
A group of three bases that provides instructions for the production of a single amino acid is known as a a. proteome. b. tripheme. c. ribosome. d. codon.
d
A history of having applied insecticides and herbicides to one's garden is related to which of the following disorders? a. Huntington's disease b. myasthenia gravis c. muscular dystrophy d. Parkinson's disease
d
A low frequency sound wave is perceived as a. quiet. b. loud. c. high pitched. d. low pitched.
d
A recessive gene allele a. can only be expressed when paired with a matching allele. b. can influence a genotype, but not a phenotype. c. can influence the phenotype of female children, but not male children. d. can influence a phenotype when it occurs in pairs or on the X chromosome.
d
A single human can produce eggs or sperm with more than _________ different combinations of his or her chromosomes. a. 800 b. 8,000 c. 800,000 d. 8,000,000
d
A visual interneuron's receptive field is defined as the a. portion of the visual field to which the interneuron responds. b. group of photoreceptors providing the interneuron with input. c. combination of the interneuron and the cells with which it communicates. d. location on the retina where light affects the interneuron's activity.
d
According to Robert Friedland (2014), healthy brain activity is associated with all but which of the following activities? a. being married b. physical fitness c. prayer d. watching television
d
Acetylcholine (ACh) released into the synaptic gap is deactivated primarily by a. diffusion away from the synapse. b. absorption by astrocytes. c. reuptake. d. enzymes.
d
Aging is associated with reduced rates of neurogenesis in the ________ in a wide range of mammalian species. a. hypothalamus b. amygdala c. visual cortex. d. hippocampus
d
Alpha motor neurons are a. small and unmyelinated. b. small and myelinated. c. large and unmyelinated. d. large and myelinated.
d
Alpha motor neurons form connections with muscle fibers at the a. muscle spindle. b. antagonistic joint. c. motor unit. d. neuromuscular junction.
d
Alpha motor neurons receive input from a. neurons in muscle spindles only. b. neurons in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. c. spinal interneurons and neurons of the brainstem and motor cortex. d. neurons in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, neurons of the brainstem and motor cortex, and spinal interneurons.
d
Amacrine cells form direct connections with a. photoreceptors and bipolar cells. b. photoreceptors and ganglion cells. c. horizontal cells and bipolar cells. d. bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells.
d
Among the advantages of light as a stimulus is the fact that light a. passes through any medium. b. is absorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. c. does not travel in straight lines. d. travels very quickly.
d
Anthony has dark brown eyes, and his sister Samantha has green eyes. It is likely that a. Anthony's aqueous humor has a different composition than Samantha's. b. Anthony's irises contain a denser blood supply than Samantha's. c. Samantha's irises contain more melanin than Anthony's. d. Anthony's irises contain more melanin than Samantha's.
d
Approximately how many hair cells may be found in each human ear? a. 3,500 b. 8,000 c. 12,500 d. 15,500
d
Binocular cells respond most vigorously when a. a grating appears different than a uniformly colored disk. b. an object is moving. c. when a person is scanning a painting that uses perspective to achieve an impression of depth. d. both eyes are looking at the same feature of an object.
d
Brandon loves to spend many hours per week in the weight room, and he is quite muscular. Brandon's muscles have enlarged as a result of a. scar tissue. b. the breakdown of sarcomeres and Z lines. c. the production of more troponin. d. the production of more actin and myosin filaments.
d
Caffeine's stimulant effects occur because it is an _________ neurotransmitter adenosine. a. agonist for the excitatory b. antagonist for the excitatory c. agonist for the inhibitory d. antagonist for the inhibitory
d
Cataracts occur when the a. eye is elongated. b. eye is shortened. c. cornea is misshapen. d. lens becomes clouded. ANSWER: d
d
Cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex are the ___________ to begin migrating, and they have the _____________ journey to their final destination. a. first; shortest b. first; longest c. last; shortest d. last; longest
d
Christopher's grandfather was diagnosed recently with shingles. Based on what he had learned about dermatomes in his biological psychology class, Christopher knew that his grandfather would experience unpleasant skin eruptions in a. random patterns all over his body. b. areas that are not covered with hair, such as the soles of the feet. c. a single stripe around the entire circumference of his body. d. a single stripe on one half of his body.
d
Cocaine and amphetamine differ from one another in that a. cocaine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and amphetamine does not. b. amphetamine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and cocaine does not. c. cocaine stimulates neurotransmitter release and amphetamine does not. d. amphetamine stimulates neurotransmitter release and cocaine does not.
d
Cocaine and amphetamine produce their stimulant actions by serving as _________agonists. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. glutamate d. dopamine
d
Compared with civilians suffering from addiction, returning vets from Vietnam who had used heroin while overseas had a. less success in recovering from addiction, because they used more potent forms of the drug. b. less success in recovering from addiction, due to the complications of posttraumatic stress disorder. c. about the same rate of success in recovering from addiction. d. much more success in recovering from addiction.
d
Compared with non-twin siblings, fraternal twins a. experience the same level of genetic and environmental influence. b. have more genes in common. c. have fewer environmental influences in common. d. have more environmental influences in common.
d
Cystic fibrosis is a fatal lung condition that results from a recessive gene. If one parent is a healthy carrier for the condition while the other is not a carrier, what is the likely outcome for any children they might have? a. The children will be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, and all will develop the disease. b. Fifty percent of their children will develop the disease, and the other fifty percent will be carriers. c. None of the children will have the disease, and none will be carriers. d. None of the children will have the disease, but they have a fifty percent chance of becoming carriers.
d
Different versions of the APOE gene are correlated with the development of a. hemophilia. b. colorblindness. c. breast cancer. d. Alzheimer's disease.
d
Dr. Simmons synthesized a new drug in her laboratory, and discovered that it enhanced dopamine activity in the mesolimbic system of rats. What conclusions should Dr. Simmons draw from this finding? a. There is no risk that the drug would be addictive to humans, because rats and humans respond to substances very differently. b. Dr. Simmons should immediately try out the drug on some human volunteers to assess whether or not the drug is addictive. c. Based on the information she has, Dr. Simmons cannot draw any conclusions about the addictive potential of her new drug. d. There is a significant risk that the drug would be addictive to humans.
d
Endogenous morphines (endorphins) are examples of a. monoamines. b. catecholamines. c. indoleamines. d. neuropeptides.
d
Extreme skewing in x-inactivation has been linked with which of the following characteristics in offspring? a. hemophilia b. colorblindness c. Alzheimer's disease d. autoimmune diseases
d
Ganglion receptive fields a. are always the same size. b. do not show the same center-surround organization as bipolar receptive fields. c. are smaller in the periphery than in the macula. d. are smaller in the macula than in the periphery.
d
Gary's physician warned him that changes in his vision made it too dangerous for him to drive his car anymore after dark, although he would be perfectly safe during the daytime. Gary is probably experiencing deficits in his a. color vision. b. retinal disparity. c. photopic vision. d. scotopic vision.
d
Golgi tendon organs are innervated by a. Ia sensory fibers. b. alpha motor neurons. c. gamma motor neurons. d. Ib fibers.
d
How many chromosomes do human beings typically have? a. 20 pairs for a total of 40 chromosomes b. 21 pairs for a total of 42 chromosomes c. 22 pairs for a total of 44 chromosomes d. 23 pairs for a total of 46 chromosomes
d
In a double-blind experimental procedure a. both the participant and experimenter know whether the participant received a drug or a placebo. b. the participant, but not the experimenter, knows whether he/she received a drug or a placebo. c. the experimenter, but not the participant, knows whether the participant received a drug or a placebo. d. neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant received a drug or a placebo.
d
In a study of mothers who used combinations of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during pregnancy, it was found that they produced children who a. could not be distinguished from those produced by mothers who used alcohol only. b. had less gray matter than other children for the first few weeks of life, but who were subsequently quite normal. c. had less white matter than other children. d. had less gray matter than other children at least until age 10-13 years.
d
In addition to its involvement with motor disorders, which of the following structures has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? a. the cerebellum b. the thalamus c. the red nucleus d. the basal ganglia
d
In humans, myelination is not complete until a. the beginning of the fetal period of prenatal development. b. birth. c. 2 years of age. d. early adulthood.
d
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), people often feel hypervigilant, or unable to relax even when they're in a very safe situation. Which of the following neurotransmitters might be involved in this unusual state? a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. norepinephrine
d
In which of the following conditions can the failure to follow a carefully prescribed diet result in intellectual disability? a. Williams' syndrome b. Alzheimer's disease c. fragile X syndrome d. phenylketonuria (PKU)
d
Karen just finished an intense weightlifting session. It is likely that she will experience some muscle soreness the following morning due to the a. ability of some nociceptors to respond to capsaicin. b. ability of some nociceptors to respond to lactic acid. c. response of warm fibers to the heat generated by working muscles. d. opening of mechanically gated channels on some nociceptors.
d
Kayla made an appointment with her physician after she experienced a sudden attack of dizziness and nausea. Kayla's physician will most likely begin the examination by checking her a. ossicles. b. pinnas. c. spinal reflexes. d. inner ear.
d
Kerry's little brother was recently prescribed methylphenidate (Ritalin) for his attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Having completed her biological psychology course, Kerry was able to explain to her parents that Ritalin was most similar in its actions at the synapse to a. reserpine. b. black widow venom and botulin toxin. c. nicotine and curare. d. cocaine and amphetamine.
d
L-dopa participates in the synthesis of a. dopamine only. b. dopamine and epinephrine. c. dopamine and norepinephrine. d. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
d
Lisa and Tom both weigh 160 pounds, and both consumed two beers in the last hour. What can we conclude about their blood alcohol levels? a. Because they are the same weight, both should have the same blood alcohol levels. b. Neither will show any evidence of having consumed alcohol, because one hour is plenty of time for a 160 lb. person to metabolize the alcohol contained in two beers. c. Tom's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Lisa's, because alcohol is absorbed by fat, and women usually have more fat than men. d. Lisa's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Tom's, because alcohol is diluted by muscle, and men usually have more muscle than women.
d
Longer wavelengths, such as microwaves, would not make a good basis for a visual system because a. most longer wavelengths are blocked by the earth's atmosphere. b. they travel at too slow a speed. c. they are too abundant at the earth's surface to be useful in vision. d. long wavelengths penetrate objects instead of being reflected from them.
d
Marcia was born with an abnormality in her adrenal glands that results in the production of excess catecholamines. Which of the following medications might be most useful for treating her condition? a. There is no possible way to treat Marcia's condition. b. amphetamine, because it is a potent catecholamine reuptake inhibitor c. Botox, because it will prevent the release of catecholamines d. AMPT, because it interferes with the production of catecholamines
d
Monoamine oxidase would break down all of the following neurotransmitters except a. serotonin. b. epinephrine. c. norepinephrine. d. acetylcholine (ACh).
d
Motor neurons are a. evenly distributed throughout the gray matter of the spinal cord. b. evenly distributed throughout the white matter of the spinal cord. c. more numerous in spinal segments serving the middle torso. d. more numerous in spinal segments serving the arms and legs.
d
Muscle fibers contract when Z lines move _________ and the sarcomeres _________. a. farther apart; stretch b. farther apart; shorten c. closer together; stretch d. closer together; shorten
d
Muscle fibers respond to a. serotonin. b. glutamate. c. dopamine. d. acetylcholine.
d
Muscles dominated by slow-twitch fibers appear _________ due to the presence of _________. a. white; calcium b. white; myoglobin c. red; calcium d. red; myoglobin
d
Muscular dystrophy a. is usually treated with AChE inhibitors. b. may be treated with medications that suppress the immune system. c. may be treated with dopamine agonists. d. has no currently approved effective treatments.
d
The "red eye" that appears in some flash photography results from the a. distortion of the eye's color by the aqueous and vitreous humors. b. scattering of light from the iris of the eye. c. reflection from the red epithelium behind the retina. d. rich blood supply of the retina.
d
The M cells are primarily responsible for processing information about a. small, high-contrast, colorful objects. b. large, high-contrast, moving objects. c. small, low-contrast, colorful objects. d. large, low-contrast, moving objects.
d
The _________ tracts are part of the lateral pathway. a. tectospinal and rubrospinal b. vestibulospinal and tectospinal c. corticospinal and reticulospinal d. rubrospinal and corticospinal
d
The area of the retina that lacks large blood vessels and is responsible for central vision is called the: a. optic disk. b. anterior chamber. c. temporal retina. d. macula.
d
The completion of myelination a. does not have observable behavioral effects, as the process is completed before birth in humans. b. might account for the ability of children to learn to read and write. c. coincides with the onset of puberty and children's ability to think in abstract terms. d. might account for superior decision-making in adults compared to teens.
d
The corticospinal tract crosses the midline at the level of the a. superior colliculi of the midbrain. b. junction between the midbrain and pons. c. junction between the pons and medulla. d. junction between the medulla and spinal cord.
d
The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from a point perpendicular to your head on either side is about _________ msec. a. 0.0 b. 0.2 c. 0.4 d. 0.6
d
The endolymph surrounding hair cells differs from other extracellular fluids in that it contains a a. smaller than normal concentration of sodium. b. larger than normal concentration of sodium. c. smaller than normal concentration of potassium. d. larger than normal concentration of potassium.
d
The fact that symptoms of Huntington's disease include the inability to control voluntary movements makes sense because the major damage from Huntington's seems to be in the: a. motor cortex, which controls planned movements. b. cerebellum, which controls coordinated movements. c. spinal cord, which is the final pathway for all movements. d. basal ganglia, which participates in the initiation and control of fine motor movements.
d
The force of a movement is most directly controlled by a. the rate of motor neuron firing alone. b. recruitment of motor units alone. c. feedback from muscle spindles and recruitment. d. the rate of motor neuron firing and recruitment.
d
The formation of long-term memories may involve ________ receptors. a. dopamine b. muscarinic c. nicotinic d. NMDA
d
The fovea contains only a. rods in all animals. b. cones in all animals. c. rods in primates. d. cones in primates.
d
The human brain is considered mature during which developmental period? a. early childhood b. adolescence c. late childhood d. early adulthood
d
The human proteome is a. the same as the proteomes of other primates. b. the same as the proteomes of other mammals. c. the same as the proteomes of all living things. d. unique to our species.
d
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) a. does not show an antagonistic center-surround organization. b. shows antagonistic center-surround organization that has the same strength as that found in the retina. c. shows antagonistic center-surround organization that is weaker than that found in the retina. d. shows antagonistic center-surround organization that is stronger than that found in the retina.
d
The majority of the axons in the optic tracts project to the a. suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. b. superior colliculus. c. inferior colliculus. d. thalamus.
d
The most common excitatory neurochemical in the central nervous system is a. serotonin. b. ACh. c. GABA. d. glutamate.
d
The periphery of the retina is superior to the center for viewing a. colorful objects in bright light. b. black and white objects in bright light. c. objects in fine detail in dim light. d. objects with less detail in dim light.
d
The premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area (SMA) receive substantial direct input from the a. basal ganglia. b. cerebellum. c. red nucleus. d. thalamus.
d
The rapid removal of your hand from a hot surface is the result of a. reciprocal inhibition. b. a monosynaptic reflex. c. an extensor reflex. d. a flexor reflex.
d
The sound stimulus begins with the a. absorption of energy by molecules of air. b. reflection of energy from objects in the environment. c. impact of sound energy on the cochlea. d. vibration caused by the movement of objects in space.
d
The tendency for experienced cocaine users to undergo a drop in core body temperature while viewing paraphernalia associated with cocaine use probably results from a. changes in enzymes. b. changes in the number of receptor sites. c. changes in receptor sensitivity. d. classical conditioning.
d
The transformation of sensory stimuli into neural signals in any of the sensory systems is called ________. a. sensation b. interpolation c. perception d. transduction
d
Through which of the following media can sound waves travel? a. air only b. water only c. air and water d. air, water, and solids
d
Tom's father has hemophilia, but Tom does not have the disease. What are the chances that Tom's children will have hemophilia? a. Tom's sons will almost certainly have it because Tom will have inherited the recessive gene from this father. b. Tom's daughters may be carriers, but his sons will not have the gene. c. All of Tom's children will be carriers, but it will not be expressed until they have children. d. None of Tom's children will be carriers or have the illness because his X gene came from his mother, who is not a carrier.
d
Tyrosine serves as a substrate or building block for the synthesis of which of the following neurotransmitters? a. acetylcholine (ACh) b. indoleamines c. histamines d. catecholamines
d
Using contrast sensitivity functions, we can conclude that cats would have superior vision compared to humans for stimuli with _________ frequency and _________ contrast. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low
d
When NMDA channels are opened, they allow the passage of charged _________ ions. a. chloride b. sodium and chloride c. calcium d. sodium and calcium
d
Which of the following areas of the spinal cord show enlargement of the ventral horns due to large numbers of motor neurons? a. C1-C2 and T2-T12 b. C1-C2 and L1-S3 c. C3-T1 and T2-T12 d. C3-T1 and L1-S3
d
Which of the following describes the correct order for myelination from start to finish? a. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord b. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, spinal cord c. spinal cord, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain d. spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
d
Which of the following is the best example of a genotype? a. Nicole has green eyes. b. Justin is taller than his parents. c. Lauren has the same hair color as her fraternal twin sister. d. Anthony has two copies of the APOE2 allele.
d
Which of the following may help to protect the brain from the effects of stress? a. cellular migration b. synaptic pruning c. increased levels of neurotrophins. d. neurogenesis
d
Which of the following neurotransmitters is a byproduct of the energy molecule ATP? a. glycine b. GABA c. glutamate d. adenosine
d
Which of the following parts of the body are more sensitive according to the two-point discrimination test? a. back of the torso b. calves of the legs c. forearms d. lips
d
Which of the following processes does not experience a critical window? a. imprinting b. language c. vision d. mathematical reasoning
d
Which of the following structures contains receptors for sound? a. the semicircular canals b. the ossicles c. the auditory canal d. the cochlea
d
Which of the following substances is found only in neurons that produce acetylcholine? a. choline b. acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) c. tryptophan d. choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
d
Within the brain, nitric oxide (NO) a. does not appear to play an important role in any system. b. appears to play an important role in regulating breathing and blood pressure. c. appears to play an important role in higher cognitive functions, such as attention. d. appears to play an important role in regulating sensory input to the cortex.
d
Without input from the gamma motor neurons, a. extrafusal muscle fibers would be unable to contract. b. intrafusal muscle fibers would not be able to relax. c. extrafusal fibers would go limp whenever intrafusal fibers contracted d. intrafusal fibers would go limp whenever extrafusal fibers contracted.
d
The two types of fiber in this figure are the ____________________ fibers indicated by the number 1 and the ____________________ fibers indicated by the number 4.
intrafusal, extrafusal
The tympanic membrane separates the ____________________ ear from the ____________________ ear.
outer, inner
10. True or false? The generation and maintenance of good brain health is less well understood than the mechanisms responsible for disease, especially among older adults.
true
3. Because the heritability of height is 81 percent, and the heritability of adult body mass index (BMI) is 59 percent, we can conclude that genetics play a stronger role in the development of height than BMI
true
5. About two-thirds of the cells traveling to the developing cortex follow radial glia, and the remaining one-third move in a horizontal direction instead, without using radial glia to guide them.
true
8. True or false? Doctors recommend that those with phenylketonuria adhere to the dietary restrictions associated with this condition throughout their lifetimes.
true
A motor unit is made up of one alpha neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates. a. True b. False
true
Flexion reflexes, such as our withdrawal of our foot away from a sharp object, are examples of polysynaptic reflexes. a. True b. False
true
High frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near the base of the basilar membrane, whereas low frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near its apex. a. True b. False
true
If we compare the human contrast sensitivity function with a cat's contrast sensitivity function, we can see that the human eye is better than the cat's at seeing fine detail. a. True b. False
true
Joan has one APOE3 and one APOE4 allele. This means Joan is heterozygous for the APOE gene.
true
Meissner's corpuscles feature small receptive fields and rapid adaptation. a. True b. False
true
Nociceptors are largely responsible for the sensation of pain. a. True b. False
true