PSY 240 Chapter 15

About _______________ percent of men and ________________ percent of women say they are chronically sleepy.

9; 13

Tyrene has been under a lot of stress. His immune system is weakening. Which is the most common disease he is likely to get as a result of his weakened immune system?

A cold

Alzheimer's disease leading to depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms is an example of which of the following?

A medical disorder leading to a psychological disorder

Which type of treatment helps reduce behavior patterns associated with Type A?

Both behavioral and cognitive treatments

________________ occurs when blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the buildup of plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls.

Coronary heart disease

_________________ is the leading cause of death and chronic illness around the world.

Coronary heart disease

Exercise is effective in reducing which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Coronary heart disease Depression

Which of the following statements are true about circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Individual differences have genetic roots. Some people have more difficulty than others in adjusting their circadian rhythms after a disruption. Sustained difficulty in adjustment can result in a diagnosis.

Which of the following contribute to allostatic load? (Select all that apply.)

Inability to flee Chronic stress Inability to fight

Which of the following are the goals of Internet-based behavioral interventions on health? (Select all that apply.)

Increase peoples' exercise Improve peoples' diet Decrease the risk of serious diseases

Which of the following is a result of taking medication for insomnia?

Insomnia often returns after medication is discontinued.

Which of the following has a positive effect on health?

Talking about negative emotions

Married couples who argue more _____________.

show poorer immunological functioning than married couples who have fewer arguments

or a diagnosis of nightmare disorder, the nightmares must be frequent enough to cause ______________.

significant distress or impairment in functioning

Sleep restriction therapy involves all of the following EXCEPT ____________

sleep medication.

The therapy that controls the amount of time insomniacs can try to sleep in the night is known as ______________.

sleep restriction therapy

The disorder characterized by episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels is known as ____________.

sleep-related hypoventilation

A study of gay men who had contracted HIV showed that _______________.

those who concealed their sexual orientation showed a faster progression of the disease

Approximately one in ______________ adults complains that they have had insomnia in the past year.

three

Approximately what percentage of the population meets the full criteria for a hypersomnolence disorder?

1 percent

The proportion of cases of hypertension influenced by a genetic predisposition is about __________ percent.

10

Narcoleptic attacks usually last ____________.

10 to 20 minutes but can last up to 1 hour

The proportion of hospitalized people with coronary heart disease who also suffer major depression is between _____________ percent.

15 to 20

The prevalence of children who have experienced at least one episode of sleepwalking is ______________ percent.

15 to 30

About ______ percent of all serious car-crash injuries are due to driver sleepiness.

16

Coronary heart disease accounts for what percentage of all deaths in the United States?

25

To be diagnosed with insomnia disorder, the symptoms must be present for at least __________.

3 months

How many stages of sleep are there?

5

People who sleep fewer than ______ hours each night have a 70 percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least 7 or 8 hours each night.

6

Sleep-deprived people have a _____________ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep 7 or 8 hours each night.

70

Which of the following are possible causes of restless leg syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Abnormalities in the dopamine system Iron deficiency

What were the results of the study by Spiegel and colleagues? (Select all that apply.)

All of the women who didn't participate in support groups had died after 4 years. One-third of the women participating in support groups had survived after 4 years.

Which of the following medications for insomnia disorder have been shown to be most reliably effective? (Select all that apply.)

Ambien Benzodiazepines

Which of the following medications are used in the treatment of insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Antidepressants Tryptophan Benzodiazepines

Which of the following cognitive behaviors contribute to insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Being overly concerned about noises or body aches Engaging in counterproductive behaviors Worrying about sleeping

Which of the following are possible explanations for why coronary heart disease and depression are linked? (Select all that apply.)

Both coronary heart disease and depression may be caused by a deficiency of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. Blocked arteries lead to reduced oxygen to the brain and the marshaling of the immune system, both of which can lead to mood changes. Both coronary heart disease and depression are linked to genes that alter the functioning of the serotonin system.

People with psychological disorders are more likely to develop which of the following health problems? (Select all that apply.)

Cancer Severe allergies Chronic respiratory disease

Which of the following are true about shift work type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Caused by working irregular hours Caused by working rotating shifts In one study, 31 percent of night workers developed this.

____________ keep people in sync with the regular patterns of light and dark over the course of the day.

Circadian rhythms

Which of the following are components of a Type A personality? (Select all that apply.)

Competitive striving for achievement Easily aroused hostility Sense of time urgency

Which of the following sensations are symptoms of restless leg syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Creeping Tingling Itching

Which of the following are characteristic of non-24-hour type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Deficits in cognition and functioning Complaints of sleepiness during daylight Individual sleeps during the day and is awake at night

Which psychological condition is hypersomnia most strongly related to?

Depression

Which of the following disorders do people with restless leg syndrome have higher rates of than the general population? (Select all that apply.)

Depression Anxiety disorders

Cognitive-behavioral interventions for nightmare disorder include which of the following?

Desensitizing individuals to their nightmares

______________ involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep.

Disorders of arousal

Which of the following are true about advanced sleep phase type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Earlier timing of circadian biomarkers Excessive sleepiness during the day Results in early morning insomnia

Which of the following behaviors are depressed people with coronary heart disease less likely than nondepressed people with coronary heart disease to engage in? (Select all that apply.)

Eat a low-fat diet Take part in physical activity

Which of the following cognitive behaviors contribute to insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Engaging in counterproductive behaviors Being overly concerned about noises or body aches Worrying about sleeping

Which of the following are people from Asian cultures likely to do in coping with stressful events? (Select all that apply.)

Enjoy the company of those they love Look to their social networks without revealing concerns or weaknesses

Hypersomnolence disorders are characterized by which of the following factors? (Select all that apply.)

Excessive sleepiness Excessive quantity of sleep Low quality of wakefulness

Which of the following are effective behavioral interventions for treating circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Exposing night shift workers to bright lights during the night Exposing individuals with delayed sleep phase type to bright lights early in the morning Planned napping during night shifts

Which of the following are nongenetic causes of sleepwalking and sleep terrors? (Select all that apply.)

Extreme fatigue Stress Use of hypnotic drugs

True or false: According to one study, Type A men had three times as many heart attacks as non-Type A men during the course of the study.

False

True or false: Research with animals has shown that the disruption of the social environment can induce pathology that resembles cancer.

False

True or false: Women are more prone than men to coronary heart disease.

False

Which of the following statements are true about sleep cycles and age? (Select all that apply.)

From age 5 until old age, a person spends between 20 and 25 percent of total sleep time in REM sleep. Newborns spend about half their sleeping time in REM sleep. Older people tend to experience less Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep.

Research indicates that psychological factors can affect the progression of illness in people who have __________________.

HIV

_______________ psychology is the field that explores how biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors interact to influence physical health.

Health

The field of behavioral medicine is also known as which of the following?

Health psychology

Which of the following health problems can result from pessimism? (Select all that apply.)

High blood pressure Poorer immune system functioning Chronic arousal of the body's fight-or-flight response

Which of the following are major risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply.)

High blood pressure Smoking Diabetes

Sleepwalkers are unable to do which of the following?

Hold conversations

Which of the following statements are true about people with central sleep apnea? (Select all that apply.)

It can be caused by cerebral vascular disease. They experience complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time. They do not have frequent awakenings.

Which of the following are true about cognitive-behavioral interventions for nightmare disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It has been shown to reduce the frequency of nightmares. It has been shown to reduce depression. It has been shown to reduce anxiety.

Which of the following statements are true regarding delayed phase type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It is diagnosed only when it seriously interferes with a person's functioning. It is the most common type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder. Adolescents typically experience this.

In extreme cases, surgery can be done for individuals with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Which of the following statements are true regarding this procedure? (Select all that apply.)

It is done to remove tissue blocking the airway. It is done to increase upper airway area.

Which of the following are disadvantages associated with a comprehensive assessment of sleep? (Select all that apply.).

It is expensive. It requires special equipment.

Which of the following are advantages of a comprehensive assessment of sleep? (Select all that apply.)

It is objective. It is detailed.

Who of the following is less likely to have a physical illness and less likely to die from a variety of conditions?

John, a 34-year-old construction worker who is married and has three children

Stage 2 sleep includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

K-complexes Spindles

Which of the following sociocultural factors play a role in hypertension rates? (Select all that apply.)

Lack of adequate financial resources Living in a violent neighborhood Frequent experience of racism

Which of the following does sleep deprivation impair? (Select all that apply.)

Learning Decision-making Memory Logical reasoning

Which of the following are people from Asian cultures likely to do in coping with stressful events? (Select all that apply.)

Look to their social networks without revealing concerns or weaknesses Enjoy the company of those they love

Which of the following health-related problems have been linked to avoidance coping? (Select all that apply.)

Lower adherence to medical regimens Greater pain after surgery More risky behaviors

Which of the following diseases are associated with sleep-related hypoventilation? (Select all that apply.)

Lung disease Diseases of the chest wall

Which of the following are symptoms of irregular sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

May be sleepy during periods of the day Have at least three fragmented periods of sleep per 24 hours May have insomnia during the night

Which of the following medications are used as treatments for daytime sleepiness due to narcolepsy and hypersomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Methamphetamine Amphetamines Methylphenidate

Which of the following have been show to WORSEN REM sleep behavior disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Mirtazapine Venlaxafine

Which medication has been consistently effective in the treatment of daytime sleepiness in individuals with narcolepsy and hypersomnia?

Modafinil

Research indicates that which of the following illnesses occur in higher rates in people during times of stress? (Select all that apply.)

Mononucleosis Herpes Colds

Which of the following are criteria for hypersomnolence disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Must be present at least three times per week Must cause significant distress Must cause impairment in functioning

Which of the following are criteria for diagnosing insomnia disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Must occur for at least 3 months Must cause significant distress Must cause impairment in functioning

What are the two types of nacolepsy? (Select both answers that apply.)

Narcolepsy with cataplexy Narcolepsy without cataplexy

How many drivers have admitted to having driven while being drowsy at least once in the past year?

Over 50 percent

In a polysomnographic assessment, which of the following are measured? (Select all that apply.)

Oxygen desaturation Leg movements Heart activity Brain-wave activity

Which people appear to be at increased risk for coronary heart disease?

People who live in a chronically stressful environment over which they have little control People who have a cultural predisposition for coronary disorders

Which of the following does sleep deprivation cause? (Select all that apply.)

Perceptual distortions Irritability Emotional upheaval

Which of the following are contributors to the loss of sleep? (Select all that apply.)

Personal financial matters State of the U.S. economy

Which of the following is true of a pessimistic outlook, as opposed to an optimistic outlook.

Pessimism reduces positive coping strategies.

Which of the following consequences are the result of seeking social support? (Select all that apply.)

Positive outcomes on the progression of major diseases Better immune system functioning

Use of which of the following substances can lead to a diagnosis of substance-induced sleep disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Prescription drugs Illicit drugs Alcohol

What is the primary goal of Internet-based health interventions?

Provide easily accessible and inexpensive programs to increase healthy behaviors

Which of the following are true of psychological disorders and physical health problems? (Select all that apply.)

Psychopathology and medical illness may share a genetic cause. Psychological disorders may contribute to medical disorders. Medical disorders may create psychological disorders.

When a person is asleep and his or her eyes engage in rapid movements, the person is in what stage of sleep?

REM

When electrodes next to a person's eyes detect pronounced rapid eye movements, this is known as ____________ sleep.

REM

Which of the following is the fifth stage of sleep?

REM sleep

John frequently acts out his more vivid and violent dreams. During them, he may injure himself or become violent toward others. He has been diagnosed with ________________.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Some sleeping people become violent or dangerous, sometimes acting out their dreams. These individuals are probably experiencing _______________.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Which of the following characteristics describe disorders of arousal? (Select all that apply.)

Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep A mix of elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep

Allen, a man from a very traditional Asian-American family, has been under a lot of job stress lately. It has reached the point where he is becoming overwhelmed by it. What is Allen most likely to do to seek help for this stress?

Seek the company of his family

Which of the following statements are true regarding medication for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea? (Select all that apply.)

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown mixed effectiveness. Stimulants can reduce daytime sleepiness associated with it.

Which of the following apply to the administration of melatonin for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Shown to enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms for shift work type Dosage and timing are tricky Shown to enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms for delayed phase type

_______________ occurs when people with narcolepsy awaken and experience brief periods in which they cannot move or speak.

Sleep paralysis

___________________ involves screaming, sweating, and a racing heart.

Sleep terror disorder

Which of the following is a factor in the leading causes of death in the twenty-first century? Select all that apply.

Smoking Diet Stress

Which of the following characteristics are found in people with obstructive sleep apnea/hyponea syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Snoring loudly Gasping for air Stopping breathing for several seconds

Which of the following biological factors are associated with hypersomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Specific genes have been implicated in hypersomnia. It is related to other mental disorders, particularly depression. Low levels of histamine have been found in people with hypersomnia.

John is drifting off and his EEG indicates that his brain wave pattern has become less regular and has lower amplitude. John is in which stage of sleep?

Stage 1

Sleep spindles are found in which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

Delta waves are found in ______________.

Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep

Thomas's therapist is treating his insomnia by recommending that he use the bedroom only for sleep and sex. Nothing else! If unable to sleep, he should leave the bedroom until he is once again sleepy. He should establish the same wakeup time daily and never nap. Thomas is getting what form of therapy?

Stimulus control

Which behavioral component of cognitive-behavioral therapy includes suggestions such as going to sleep only when sleepy and using the bed or bedroom only for sleep?

Stimulus control

Which of the following psychological disorders can result in sleep disturbances? (Select all that apply.)

Substance-use disorders Unipolar depression Schizophrenia

Which of the following are true about sleep terror disorders? (Select all that apply.)

The individual usually has no memory of the sleep terror on awakening. The behavior involves screaming and sweating. The individual is not easily awakened.

Which of the following are true regarding sleepwalking and sleep terrors? (Select all that apply.)

There is a higher concordance rate among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. They tend to run in families.

Which of the following statements are true about circadian rhythms? (Select all that apply.)

They are located in the superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. They are driven by mechanisms in the brain. They keep people in sync with the regular patterns of light and dark.

Which of the following statements are true about people with central sleep apnea? (Select all that apply.)

They do not have frequent awakenings. They experience complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time. It can be caused by cerebral vascular disease.

Which of the following are true about people who work rotating shifts? (Select all that apply.)

They have higher rates of cardiovascular disease. They have higher rates of gastrointestinal disease. They have higher rates of illness.

Which of the following behaviors are typical of people who walk in their sleep? (Select all that apply.)

They may respond to questions. They are difficult to wake up. They can injure themselves.

Which of the following demonstrate the value of Internet-based intervention programs? (Select all that apply.)

They promote behaviors that improve health. They are delivered to individuals who might not have in-person programs available to them in their area. They are delivered to individuals who might not otherwise be able to afford programs.

Which of the following is a result of behavioral and cognitive interventions for insomnia?

They tend to have long-lasting positive effects.

Which of the following medications is NOT used in treating insomnia?

Tricyclics

True or false: The partner who has more control over a separation or divorce shows better immune functioning than the other partner.

True

Individuals with the ________________ behavior pattern are hard-driving, competitive, impatient, and hostile.

Type A

Men are more likely to have a ________________ than women are.

Type A personality pattern

Which of the following side effects are associated with sleep aid medications that have been effective? (Select all that apply.)

Withdrawal Dependency

Which of the following cognitive behaviors contribute to insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Worrying about sleeping Being overly concerned about noises or body aches Engaging in counterproductive behaviors

The most common disease in which the immune system plays a role is _____________.

a cold

A major source of support for people under stress is ___________________.

a partner

Cataplexy involves _______________.

a sudden loss of muscle tone

A persistent pattern of delayed sleep onset that is 2 or more hours earlier than desired is known as ________________.

advanced sleep phase circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

______________ Americans and Hispanic Americans have higher rates of chronic heart disease than do European Americans.

african

The pattern of sleep cycles varies with a person's ____________.

age

When a stressor is chronic and the person cannot fight it or flee from it, the physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging. This condition is known as ____________.

allostatic load

Apneas ____________________.

are brief episodes of the complete cessation of breathing

The effects of sleep deprivation _____________.

are cumulative

A pessimistic outlook directly causes chronic _____________ of the body's physiological response to stress, while an optimistic outlook does not.

arousal

People who seek positive social support show positive health outcomes ______________.

at both the macrolevel and the microlevel

People who seek positive social support show positive health outcomes _______________.

at both the macrolevel and the microlevel

Samson recently had surgery. His ensuing coping behavior,denying that he is ill, may have contributed to greater pain during recovery, Samson has a(n) _______________ coping style.

avoidance

A method of coping that is bad for health is denying that you are ill or not facing other obvious stresses. This coping mechanism is known as _______________.

avoidance coping

Serena has been told by her doctor that she has liver cancer. She refuses to believe this and is continuing to act as if there were nothing wrong with her. The type of coping that Serena is demonstrating is _____________.

avoidance coping

In individuals with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, behavioral interventions _________________.

can help treat these disorders

Hostile people have greater secretions of the stress-related biochemicals known as _____________.

catecholamines

Hostile people have greater secretions of the stress-related biochemicals known as ______________.

catecholamines

Patrice stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. She does not have frequent awakenings and does not feel tired during the day. Patrice is probably experiencing _____________.

central sleep apnea

Sustained difficulties in adjusting circadian rhythms can be diagnosed as ________________.

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

The drug most often used to treat REM sleep behavior disorder is _______________.

clonazepam

A combination of _________________ and behavioral techniques has been shown to improve cardiovascular health by reducing Type A behavior, particularly hostility.

cognitive

The CPAP machine treats obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome by delivering a stream of ___________ air via a hose to a nasal mask.

compressed

_______________ arousals are episodes of incomplete awakening that do not involve sleepwalking or sleep terrors.

confusional

Physiological responses to stress depend on the level of stress and the length of time the stress has lasted. In other words, these responses occur along a ________________.

continuum

Sadie is a pessimist who always thinks the worst is going to happen. Lately, Sadie has not been feeling well and has been suffering from a number of infections and viruses. Her pessimistic outlook may be contributing to her poor health by _______________.

contributing to a poorer immune system

Research with animals has shown that the disruption of the social environment can induce pathology that resembles ____________.

coronary artery disease

Research with animals has shown that the disruption of the social environment can induce pathology that resembles ________________.

coronary artery disease

People who live in a chronically stressful environment over which they have little control appear to be at increased risk for _____________.

coronary heart disease

The leading cause of death among women is ____________.

coronary heart disease

The conclusion that Spiegel and colleagues reached based on their study was that the support groups reduced stress and distress for the women and thus reduced the release of _________________, which can promote tumor growth.

corticosteroids

For every 24-hour period in which a person does not get adequate sleep, he or she builds up an increasing sleep deprivation, also known as "sleep ______________ ."

debt

A persistent pattern of slow sleep onset and awakenings and an inability to go to sleep or wake up earlier if desired is known as _______________.

delayed sleep phase type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep are characterized by waves known as ____________ waves.

delta

Sleep disturbances may be the result of a psychological disorder such as _________________-.

depression

Sleep disturbances may be the result of a psychological disorder such as __________________.

depression

Hypersomnolence is a chronic condition that most often begins in ______________.

early adulthood

Administering melatonin at prescribed times during the day has been shown to ___________________ in individuals with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders.

enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms

________________ insomnia is defined as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence.

episodic

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence is known as ______________.

episodic insomnia

The 90 percent of hypertension cases whose causes are not genetic or are unknown are known as ________________ hypertension cases.

essential

An important target of intervention for depressed patients with coronary heart disease is ______________.

exercise

An important target of intervention for depressed patients with coronary heart disease is _______________.

exercise

Most young adults sleep _______ hours each day.

fewer than 7.5

Physiological responses to stress, such as increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure, are known collectively as the ____________ response.

fight-or-flight

The potential public health impact of health-based interventions is considered to be _________________.

great

The goals of _______________ mastery techniques are to increase peoples' skills as well as their beliefs that they can engage in the behaviors, known as self-efficacy beliefs.

guided

_______________ mastery techniques provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.

guided

The techniques that provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations are ________________.

guided mastery techniques

Women with breast cancer who actively sought social support from others _________________.

had greater immune system activity

In Stage 1 sleep, the brain waves _____________.

have lower amplitudes

Talking about negative emotions appears to _________________.

have positive effects on health

What can we say about treating narcolepsy with antidepressants?

heir effectiveness has not been shown in controlled studies.

Daniel got 10 hours of sleep last night and still needed a 3-hour afternoon nap. He still feels tired. Daniel may be suffering from _________________.

hypersomnolence disorder

Jonathan has been sleeping for 12 hours three or four nights a week. Each day he takes a 3-hour nap in the afternoon. This situation has been occurring for approximately 4 months. Jonathan's behavior meets the criteria for a diagnosis of _______________.

hypersomnolence disorder

A condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls, is called ______________.

hypertension

A condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls, is called _________________.

hypertension

The ______________ system protects us from disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.

immune

The two branches of the immune system are the ________________ immune system and the specific immune system.

innate

The most familiar sleep-wake disorder is ____________.

insomnia

Chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep that does not restore energy and alertness is ____________.

insomnia disorder

Millions of people around the world get health information from the _________________ every day.

internet

People whose sleep tends to be fragmented into at least three periods per 24 hours have a disorder known as ______________.

irregular sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

People whose sleep tends to be fragmented into at least three periods per 24 hours have a disorder known as _______________.

irregular sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Sleepwalking disorder ___________.

is relatively common in children

Historically, since women had primary responsibility for their offspring and were not physically capable of fighting off aggressors, they tended to _________________.

join social groups for protection

There are two types of narcolepsy. People who have narcolepsy with cataplexy ________________.

lack cells in the hypothalamus that secrete hypocretin

Eighty to 90 percent of people dying from coronary heart disease have one or more major risk factors affected by _______________.

lifestyle choices

Cognitive factors help to ______________ insomnia.

maintain

Milton was recently diagnosed with HIV. He lost his partner two years ago to AIDS. Because of this, according to research, he __________________.

may have a faster progression to AIDS

Studies show that health gains from Internet-based programs are _______________.

modest and short-lived.

Cataplexy is usually experienced by people with _____________.

narcolepsy

Cataplexy is usually experienced by people with ______________.

narcolepsy

Recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day is known as _____________.

narcolepsy

Recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day is known as _______________.

narcolepsy

Toward the end of the night, little Ricky wakes up screaming and tells his parents that a monster was trying to eat him. Ricky often has this dream, causing distress to himself and his parents. Ricky has ______________.

nightmare disorder

A free-running sleep-wake cycle that is not entrained by a light-dark cycle is know as _________________.

non-24-hour type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

People who work rotating or irregular hours may develop ____________.

shift work type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Mrs. Dawson complains that her husband snores continuously and loudly, keeping her awake at night. She also claims that he seems to stop breathing at times, then wakes up gasping for air. Mr. Dawson is probably experiencing _____________________.

obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

The most common breathing-related sleep disorder is ____________.

obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

The most common breathing-related sleep disorder is ______________.

obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

Hostility leads to coronary heart diseases due to ____________.

overarousal of the sympathetic nervous system

People who interpret events negatively are said to have a _______________ point of view.

pessimistic

___________________ is a hard, fatty substance that builds up in blood vessels supplying the heart.

plaque

A comprehensive assessment of how people sleep is obtained by a ____________.

polysomnographic evaluation

People with ________________ disorders have more physical health problems than people without them.

psychological

Candace saw her home ravaged by a hurricane and all of her possessions lost. Instead of giving up in despair, she felt renewed vigor and rebuilt her home. Today, she is a stronger person than before. Candace could be described as _________________.

resilient

People who are able to handle severe stress extremely well and bounce back with renewed vigor are called _____________.

resilient

Tabitha was lying in bed when her legs started to have creeping, crawling, tingling, itching sensations. She got out of bed and shook her legs. The feeling went away. After going back to bed, while she was still awake, the sensations returned. Tabitha has _____________.

restless leg syndrome

Cyndi has sleep terrors. Three or four nights a week she starts screaming but remains asleep. A behavioral treatment would involve ______________.

scheduled awakenings 30 minutes prior to the time it usually occurs

The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase peoples' skills as well as their beliefs that they can engage in the behaviors, known as _________________.

self-efficacy beliefs

In contrast to the beginning of the twentieth century, when infectious diseases were among the leading causes of death, the five leading causes of death in the twenty-first century are all influenced by psychological and ________________ factors.

social

A frequent contributor to sleep problems is _____________.

stress

When illicit drugs, alcohol, or prescription drugs lead to a sleep disturbance, the diagnosis is ______________-___________ sleep disorder,

substance induced

Research indicates that during times of stress, people _______________.

suffer higher rates of infectious diseases

Depressed people with coronary heart disease are less likely to _________ than nondepressed people with coronary heart disease.

take prescribed medication

Depressed people with coronary heart disease are less likely to _______________ than nondepressed people with coronary heart disease.

take prescribed medication

When women are faced with threats, they engage in a pattern termed _______________.

tend and befriend

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors _____________.

tend to run in families

Gerald is still in the closet and has experienced a faster than normal progression of his HIV. It is likely that ___________________.

the stress of concealing his sexual orientation has led to a faster progression of the disease

The difference between resilient and fragile people is ______________.

the way they appraise or interpret events

Over the course of one study, Type A men had _____________ heart attacks or other forms of coronary heart disease as non-Type A men.

twice as many

The prevalence rate in adults for occasional problems with insomnia is _______________.

up to 50 percent

The prevalence rate in adults for occasional problems with insomnia is _________________.

up to 50 percent

Lack of sleep __________.

weakens the immune system

Susan was diagnosed with Stage 3 breast cancer. She sought out the support of her family and friends. Susan most likely _______________.

will have greater immune system activity

Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome can be successfully treated _________________.

with a CPAP machine