psy 271 Chapter 11

When experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have?

Groups are created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.

Which of the following research findings provides the best evidence that a person's responses on the IAT are likely to be predictive of discriminatory behavior?

IAT scores are significantly correlated with the degree to which participants speak to and smile at a white versus black experimenter.

Tanner believes that women are needy and unintelligent. When he meets Leslie, an independent and intelligent woman who does not match his stereotype, he is likely to conclude that (??)

Leslie must be putting on an act.

________ theory posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success or failure

Social identity

________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.

Stereotype threat

Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications) whose qualifications varied. What did this study show?

When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others), prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants.

Which of the following real-world examples is most consistent with the predictions of realistic group conflict theory?

Working-class Americans exhibited the most anti-black prejudice in the wake of the civil rights movement because their jobs were most at risk.

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the Robbers Cave experiment, which generated conflict between two groups of boys. This study showed that

a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.

Basking in reflected glory refers to a tendency to

a. mistakenly believe that we are responsible for someone else's accomplishments. c. underestimate our own contributions to a group effort. d. take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated.

In one study participants were divided into two groups using the minimal group paradigm. Participants then filled out an attitude questionnaire twice—once to record their own attitudes and once to record how they thought another ingroup or outgroup member might respond. Results showed that participants tended to

assume that their beliefs were more similar to those of fellow ingroup members than to those of outgroup members.

Bob believes that the "typical" African American is good at sports and bad at business. Research suggests that if Bob encounters an African American who is bad at sports but an excellent businessman, he is likely to

assume that there is a subtype of African Americans who can be good at business.

Jenny asks herself, "Did my officemate get the promotion instead of me because I am overweight or because I am really less qualified?" This sort of thought illustrates the ________ that members of stigmatized groups are likely to experience in everyday life.

attributional ambiguity

Patricia Devine's research indicates that the activation of stereotypes is typically a(n) ________ process, and thus stereotypes ________.

automatic; are difficult for people to control

Which of the following scenarios is most consistent with the predictions of social identity theory?

b. Jason's sense of self is shaped by the triumphs and tribulations of his fraternity. d. Oliver's sense of self was shaped by his mother's parenting style.

When is Kyle, a so-called morning person, more likely to use stereotypes when forming judgments of others?

b. at night d. None of the above—morning people are more likely than night owls to use stereotypes at all times.

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

b. competition over limited resources. c. erroneous categorizing and subtyping processes. d. deficits in self-control.

Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements for a situation in which contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice?

b. cooperative pursuit of superordinate goals c. clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other

Research shows that even if schools are integrated, if children's parents do not encourage and support that integration, children will be less likely to meet and play with children from different backgrounds. In this case, which condition for reducing prejudice is NOT met?

b. cooperative pursuit of superordinate goals c. contact supported by social norms d. one-on-one interactions between members of equal status

Jim, who is prejudiced against Jewish people, is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-inconsistent actions, such as an act of philanthropy, to ________. In contrast, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions, such as self-interested behavior, to ________

b. global causes; specific causes c. situational causes; dispositional causes d. dispositional causes; situational causes

Callie, a college student, believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike. Callie is demonstrating the ________ effect.

b. outgroup homogeneity c. group generalization d. paired distinctiveness

Mr. Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well. Mr. Biggs is applying

b. the minimal group paradigm. c. the jigsaw classroom technique.

Alec thinks that members of a particular group are hostile, and therefore he acts toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, Alec may elicit a coldness in members of that group that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario is an example of

b. the self-fulfilling prophecy. c. paired distinctiveness. d. ingroup homogeneity.

Members of stigmatized groups often cannot tell whether many of their experiences have the same origins as those of nonstigmatized groups or whether these experiences are the result of prejudice. Research on this attributional predicament in performance-based contexts has shown that

black participants' self-esteem was not affected by positive or negative feedback if they knew that their evaluators could see them.

Patricia Devine and her colleagues conducted a study where participants were subliminally exposed to neutral words (e.g., number, animal) or words stereotypically associated with African Americans (e.g., welfare, jazz). Participants then read a story about a person who acted in an ambiguous manner and rated the hostility of this person. Results showed that ________ participants who had been exposed to the stereotypical words rated the person in the story as more hostile than did participants who had been exposed to the neutral words.

both prejudiced and nonprejudiced

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest?

c. Sarah holds an implicit belief that men are stronger than women. d. Sarah holds an implicit belief that male names are more attractive than female names. c

In one study, white participants were faster to identify a weapon as a weapon when it was preceded by a picture of an African American face as opposed to a white face. Subsequent research suggests that this effect is due to

c. a stereotypical association between handguns and African Americans. d. controlled processing of information about African Americans.

The ________ perspective emphasizes that stereotypes can be useful categories that allow us to process information efficiently.

cognitive

A class is divided randomly into two teams for a game of Jeopardy. Tamara, the captain of the winning team, is informed that as a prize she can either get twenty pieces of candy for her team, with the losing team getting ten pieces, or she can get fifteen pieces while the losing team gets none. Based on research using the minimal group paradigm, what prize is Tamara most likely to select?

fifteen pieces for her team and zero for the losing team

According to the textbook, all of the following are changes that can be made on a societal level to reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination EXCEPT to

foster competition between groups so that each group is motivated to improve.

Stereotypes are

generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

In one study, white participants had to decide as quickly as possible whether an object depicted in a photograph was a handgun or a hand tool. Each photograph was immediately preceded by a picture of either a black face or a white face. Results showed that participants were faster to identify the (??)

handgun when it was preceded by a white face.

According social identity theory, Jason is more likely to stereotype others and express prejudice when

his own self-esteem is threatened.

The ________ test has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

implicit association

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show

ingroup favoritism.

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

material resources are scarce.

Research suggests that people tend to perceive ________ variability of habit and opinion among members of the ingroup than they do among members of the outgroup because people are ________.

more; more likely to notice the idiosyncrasies of ingroup members

According to the concepts of distinctiveness and illusory correlation, ________ behaviors on the part of members of ________ groups are particularly distinctive and memorable.

negative; minority

Recall that Peter Glick and Susan Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in nineteen different countries. They found that

positive stereotypes can have troublesome consequences.

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by

prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

Research indicates that automatic, negative associations with members of various stigmatized groups appear to be more easily activated among ________ than among ________.

prejudiced individuals; nonprejudiced individuals

In experiments employing the minimal group paradigm, a majority of participants are more interested in maximizing their ________ than in maximizing their ________.

relative gain; absolute gain

Recall that Steele and Aronson (1995) showed that black participants performed relatively poorly on a test when they were led to believe it was a particularly good measure of intellectual ability. This finding can be explained by

stereotype threat.

In one study, participants were presented with a list of traits about a hypothetical person while simultaneously watching a video about Indonesia. In one condition, the traits were accompanied by an applicable stereotype (e.g., skinhead); in the other condition, the traits were presented without a stereotype. Results showed that participants in the________ condition remembered the trait information better and performed ________ on a surprise multiple-choice quiz about Indonesia

stereotype; better

Consider the following quote from the work of the social psychologist Dan Gilbert: "Stereotypic beliefs about women's roles, for example, may enable one to see correctly that a woman in a dark room is threading a needle rather than tying a fishing lure, but they may also cause one to mistakenly assume that her goal is embroidery rather than cardiac surgery." This quote illustrates the fact that

stereotypes bias how we construe behaviors.

The American journalist Walter Lippmann stated that "the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting, for direct acquaintance. . . . We have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it." By a "simpler model," he is referring to

stereotypes.

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. Janet is engaging in

stereotyping.

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ________. Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ________.

stereotyping; discrimination

Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment, which of the following environments is most likely to foster cohesion across racial groups, and why?

the US military, because soldiers cooperate to accomplish the shared goal of defending the nation

Research suggests that stereotyping can sometimes be ________ because it can ________ our social environment.

useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with Wrong answer*

Surveys of participants in the Seeds of Peace program, which brings together Israeli and Palestinian teenagers for a three-week summer camp experience, showed that participation in the program led to more favorable intergroup attitudes. Nine months after the program, these attitudes

waned a bit but were still more favorable than they had been at the beginning of the program.

In one study, participants listened to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game. Results showed that participants who thought one of the players (Mark) was black, compared to participants who thought he was white, believed that Mark

was more athletic and played better.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher.