PSY 280 W11, W12, W 13, W14, W15 EXAMS 1 & 2

Blackout drunk" occurs when blood alcohol content (BAC) exceeds ______.

0.21

Alzheimer's disease is among the top ______ causes of death in the United States.

10

In the United States, approximately ______ percent of the population is over the age of 65.

12

Lance is considered an at-risk drinker. He drinks at least ______ drinks each week, and sometimes drinks more than ______ drinks each day.

14;4

During any given year, approximately what percentage of Americans experiences a diagnosable mental disorder?

18.9

The term "sexual arousal" was introduced in the ______. It is a ______ concept.

1930s; physiological and psychological

Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of those with AIDS who will show neurocognitive deficits?

35%

Positron emission tomography (PET) research described in the textbook indicates that the effects of cocaine on the brain persist for at least ______ month(s) after use is discontinued.

4

Neurocognitive disorders are found among ______ percent of those 90 years of age or older.

40

Evidence that children who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder may show face processing abnormalities as early as ______ months of age.

6

Since the year 1900, the proportion of the American population that is over 65 has increased by a factor of ______.

6

It is not until they reach their ______ that a clear majority have difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.

80s

Which statement MOST accurately describes age trends across childhood in inattention on the one hand, and hyperactivity or impulsivity on the other?

Across childhood, inattention tends to increase, whereas hyperactivity tends to lessen.

Delirium tremens is an example of ______.

Alcohol withdrawal

Antisocial and borderline personality disorders are examples of Cluster ______ personality disorders, namely, ______ disorders.

B; dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Which choice correctly matches an instrument with the type of assessment it represents?

Beck Depression Inventory—symptom subtest

______ personality disorder is NOT an anxious fearful personality disorder.

Borderline

Consider attachment disorders, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Which of these disorders, if any, are in the same DSM-5 category?

Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are in the same category; attachment disorders are in a different one.

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between delirium and neurocognitive disorder?

Delirium is distinct from neurocognitive disorder.

Which statement is true concerning dropout rates in psychological treatment for anorexia nervosa?

Dropout rates for adults in cognitive behavioral therapy for anorexia nervosa are lower than for other forms of treatment, but still fairly high.

Which statement is true concerning the genetic foundations of early-onset Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, and Alzheimer's disease on the other?

Early-onset Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease have different genetic markers.

Which statement is FALSE concerning differences between human lovemaking and the sexual activity of other primates?

From penetration to ejaculation, human copulation is shorter than is the copulation of other primates.

Which statement BEST describes historical trends in the treatment of early ejaculation?

In the early 20th century, early ejaculation was treated psychoanalytically; more recently, it has been treated through both medication and psychological treatment

Visual hallucinations and Parkinson's-like symptoms are MOST likely found in cases of ______.

Lewy body dementia

______ schizophrenia, unspecified catatonia and delusion disorder are ______ disorders.

Like; psychotic

In what way does mitochondrial DNA violate the classic principles of Medelian inheritance?

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother.

Nineteen-year-old Rosa has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Based on information presented in the textbook, what has MOST likely happened in Rosa's brain?

Neural connections were pruned unusually early.

Which statement is MOST accurate concerning the origin of personality disorders?

Personality disorders have both genetic and environmental roots, but generally reflect environmental more than genetic factors in their development.

Which statement BEST expresses how the understanding of psychopathology has changed over time?

Professionals today are more likely than those in the past to view mental disorders as closely related to physical disorders.

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between the professional training of roles of psychologists vs. psychiatrists?

Psychiatrists must have attended medical school: psychologists must have attended a graduate program in psychology.

which of the following statements is the most accurate

Stress has both beneficial and harmful effects on the body.

Mild neurocognitive disorder is BEST distinguished from normal cognitive aging using ______.

The Mental Status Exam

Why are the personality traits associated with anorexia nervosa considered endophenotypes?

The traits intervene between the genetic susceptibility toward and the actual expression of the disorder.

Which medication is NOT an atypical antipsychotic?

Thorazine

______ other sexual disorders, the prevalence of genito-pelvic/pain penetration disorder ______ with age.

Unlike; decreases

Cortisol is released by the ______.

adrenal gland

With respect to the five-factor model of personality, people tend to become more ______ as they age.

agreeable and conscientious

Both antisocial and narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by low levels of the five-factor dimension of ______.

agreeableness

As compared to lifetime prevalence, prevalence is ______.

always lower

I am studying a sample of individuals who are high risk for schizophrenia because they have two first-degree relatives who are diagnosed with schizophrenia. I hypothesize that all of the high-risk individuals, including those who have schizophrenia and those who do not will have enlarged ventricles. If my hypothesis is correct that enlarged ventricles would be

an endophenotype

Which method is LEAST appropriate when one is first learning about a phenomenon and wishes mainly to observe and describe it?

an experiment

Cannabis affects neurons that release GABA. In this respect, cannabis is similar to ______ medications.

antianxiety

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infants-and-toddlers program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Which term BEST describes Adam's attachment pattern?

anxious; ambivalent

Pedophilic disorder is defined with respect to sexual ______.

arousal

With respect to a neuron, sending is to receiving as ______ is to ______.

axon; dendrite

Vasocongestion is to myotonia as ______ is to ______.

blood flow; muscular tension

Among individuals with generalized anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy reduces ______.

both anxiety and comorbid depression

In an alcoholic beverage, intoxication is facilitated by the presence of ______.

carbonation, but not food substances

I was thinking about how to prepare and record a lecture for PSY 280 and planning when I would have time to do so. Then I decided to take a break and spent some time daydreaming about a the last vacation I took before the pandemic. In all likelihood when I changed from working to daydreaming, my brain activity shifted from the _________________ network to the ________________network

central executive; default

Which brain structure or region is NOT among those involved in the regulation of fear?

cerebellum

The concept of allostatic load is MOST closely related to the experience of ______ stress.

chronic

Increased dopamine may be produced in a cocaine user's brain by the sight of a razor blade resting on a small mirror. In this example, increased dopamine production is a(n) ______ response, whereas the mirror and razor blade are a(n) ______ stimulus.

conditioned; conditioned

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are especially high in the five-factor dimension of ______.

conscientiousness

Which test is BEST suited for measuring an individual's attentional characteristics?

continuous performance test

Although Lori is already intoxicated, she cannot stop using more cocaine. Lori's example BEST illustrates ______.

craving

was just sitting around and daydreaming. Then I heard a loud and unexpected noise. In all likelihood, when I heard the loud noise, my brain activity shifted from the _________________ network to the ________________network

default; salience

The textbook states that "although the individual with paranoid personality disorder may interpret noise from a neighbor as an attempt to get back at him, he would not suggest that the neighbor was working for the CIA . . . as might a person with schizophrenia." This statement suggests that persons with paranoid personality disorders do not have the ______ that characterize schizophrenia.

delusions

The term "addiction" is MOST nearly synonymous with the term ______.

dependance

In research on human sexual desire, arousal, and response, self-reported arousal and blood flow to the penis are MOST likely ______ variables.

dependent

Which option correctly matches a type of schizophrenic symptoms with the associated portion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?

disorganized symptoms - dorsolateral PFC

An individual who repeats other people's speech is demonstrating ______ and might be diagnosed with ______ schizophrenia.

echolalia; catatonic

The effect of opioids in the brain is MOST similar to that of a naturally occurring substance called ______. a) serotonin b) endorphins c) melatonin d) dopamine

endorphins

By applying validity scales to the MMPI-2, a clinician can potentially determine if a patient is ______.

exaggerating or minimizing symptoms

A flasher is a(n)

exhibitionist

Although Alzheimer's disease cannot be cured, its progression may be slowed.

false

Atypical antipsychotics better manage the negative symptoms of schizophrenia than do first-generation antipsychotics.

false

Because European youth are introduced to alcohol at an earlier age than are American youth, they have fewer problems with alcohol.

false

Because of the high level of affluence and availability of mental health resources, the prevalence of depression in the United States is lower than that in most other countries.

false

Cohen's d is a measure of statistical significance

false

Men are more likely than women are to identify as bisexual.

false

Most psychological treatment for exhibitionistic disorder is emotion-focused in orientation.

false

Of the subtypes of schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia is associated with the greatest likelihood of improvement.

false

Pedophilic disorder necessarily involves the sexual abuse of children.

false

People have enjoyed the psychoactive effects of marijuana for about 2000 years.

false

Psychotherapy is significantly more effective than medication in treating generalized anxiety disorder.

false

The brain's salience network is directly involved in planning and goal setting.

false

The plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease are absent in healthy older adults.

false

Today, people with schizophrenia are treated mainly in mental hospitals.

false

Vigilance to potential danger is a potential evolutionary benefit of the trait of agreeableness.

false

The MOST common functions of self-injurious behavior among individuals with borderline personality disorder are to ______.

feel pain and punish oneself

Alcohol or drug use in adolescence is especially concerning because of its potential impact on ______ lobe development.

frontal

Information presented in the textbook suggests that the central executive network is centered in the brain's ______ lobe.

frontal

Psychopathy may be related to the failure of ______ lobe development during childhood.

frontal

Darby has referred to a treatment program by the court in a case in which he was apprehended after "grinding" against strangers on crowded commuter trains. Darby's case BEST illustrates ______ disorder.

frotteuristic

The disorder MOST often comorbid with major depressive disorder is ______.

generalized anxiety disorder

In a case vignette presented in class, your instructor talked about a person who had bipolar disorder with psychotic features. While in a psychotic state, that individual ran over a person who he erroneously believed was threatening him and killed him. He was sentenced to prison and the conditions were that he would first be committed to a psychiatric hospital and, when he was no longer psychotic, he would be moved to prison to finish the rest of his sentence. This scenario tells us that the verdict in his murder trial was

guilty and mentally ill

With respect to schizophrenia, positive symptom is to negative symptom as ______ is to ______.

hallucination; social withdrawal

Which factor is NOT related to the development of autism spectrum disorder?

having taken the MMR vaccine

As compared to electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging's (fMRI) spatial resolution is ______ and its temporal resolution is ______.

higher; lower

Sadism is to masochism as deriving pleasure from ______ is to deriving pleasure from ______.

humiliating others; being humiliated

With respect to the characteristics of a healthy self, intimacy is to connectedness as ______ is to ______.

identity; boundaries

Over the past 20 to 25 years, researchers' estimates of the schizophrenia's concordance rate in identical twins have ______.

increased

The text states that the emphasis in diagnosis in the past 50 years has been on "reliability of diagnosis such that mental health professionals in one location would diagnose the same individual in the same manner as professionals in another location." With respect to the type of reliability discussed in the textbook, this passage refers MOST closely to ______ reliability.

inter-rater

Being "high" or "stoned" BEST reflects ______.

intoxication

The female orgasm differs from the male orgasm in that ______.

it is less likely to occur too early during the sex act

______ the neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies are found ______ brain cells.

like; inside

Which mental disorder is NOT among those mentioned in the textbook as reflecting potential differences in mitochondrial functioning?

major depression

Which word or phrase BEST expresses the proportion of people with borderline personality disorder who have experienced some type of abuse in childhood?

most

Among individuals who have had a psychotic episode, frequency of cannabis use is ______ correlated with the time-to-relapse. a) negatively b) not c) positively d) perfectly.

negatively

Which of the following therapy techniques for generalized anxiety disorder encourages and emphasizes the use of distraction as the primary means of addressing persistent worries? a) Cognitive-behavioral therapy b) Mindfulness-based therapy c) psychodynamic psychotherapy d) all of the above- distraction is a necessary element of treatment for most anxiety disorders e) none of the above

none of the above

The two basic conditions of the M'Naghten rule are (1) the presence of a mental disorder and (2) ______.

not knowing the wrongfulness of the act at the time of the act

The thrifty gene hypothesis was developed to explain ______.

obesity

With respect to personality disorders, Cluster A is to Cluster C as ______ is to ______.

odd or eccentric disorders; anxious or fearful disorders

Consider these statements: (1) Depression and obesity are related; (2) Depression predicts obesity five 10. A researcher defines delayed ejaculation as occurring most of the time it occurs in 75 percent or more of sexual experiences. The researcher has developed a(n) ______ definition.

operational

Acetylation and methylation have ______ effects on gene activity.

opposing

If I want to know the probability that I research finding occurred by chance, then the statistic I need is ________________. If I want to know how large the effect is that was found in the student, the statistic I need is__________________________.

p value (statistical significance); Cohen's d

Shannon believes that other people are always trying to exploit her. She interprets small, innocuous changes in her surroundings, such as the sight of an unfamiliar car parked on her street, as evidence of others' sinister intentions toward her. Shannon's example BEST reflects ______ personality disorder.

paranoid

Frotteuristic disorder and exhibitionistic disorder are examples of ______.

paraphilias

Which choice matches a type of delusion seen in schizophrenia with its definition?

persecution - the belief that other people are plotting against the individual

In the case of a disorder such as schizophrenia, the endophenotypes are ______.

physical, physiological, or psychological

In inferential statistics, the characteristics of the ______ are inferred from those of the ______.

population; sample

Across cultures, the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is ______ related to the availability of food.

positively

Aggression is ______ related to suicidal behaviors; impulsivity is ______ related to suicidal behaviors.

positively; positively

Which sequence correctly arranges the phases of schizophrenia, from first to last?

premorbid → prodromal → psychotic → stable

The distinction between positive and negative symptoms is BEST seen as a(n) ______ distinction.

presence vs. absence

When cocaine molecules are active in a synapse, they inhibit the reuptake of dopamine. This means that cocaine molecules ______.

prevent dopamine from being recycled by the first or "sending" neuron.

A clinician might consider a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder when ______.

psychotic symptoms have persisted for less than 6 months

Which stage in the treatment of schizophrenia is matched with the correct process?

recovery - rehabilitation

Different laboratories using different participants have confirmed that persons with schizophrenia show enlarged ventricles in the brain. This statement MOST clearly supports the value of ______ in research.

replication

Lamar has had an orgasm, whereas his partner Latoya has not had one yet. Lamar is in the ______ phase of the human sexual response, and Latoya is in the ______ phase.

resolution; plateau

Aleesha experiences auditory hallucinations and expresses the belief that she is being tracked by foreign government through her phone. In addition to these symptoms, her mood has been severely depressed for at least the past month. Aleesha is BEST diagnosed with ______ disorder.

schizoaffective

Heavy cannabis use increases the risk of ______. a) borderline personality disorder b) schizophrenia c) bipolar disorder d) social anxiety disorder

schizophrenia

According to Jonathan Burns' (2004) evolutionary theory of schizophrenia, ______.

schizophrenia is a side-effect of the evolution of complex cognitive and social abilities

With respect to psychopathy, the textbook suggests that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may be especially useful in the investigation of ______.

schizophrenia.

An example of an odd-eccentric personality disorder is ______ personality disorder.

schizotypal

The behaviors and physical characteristics of a client that a clinician observes during an interview reflect the client's ______.

signs

The presence of schizophrenia is very ______ from one society to the next, ______ an evolutionary perspective on the disorder.

similar; supporting

Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression ______.

stimulates prefrontal cortex activity

Imagine a condition in which the human body is unable to produce oxytocin. This condition would limit the person's ability produce which type of response?

tend and befriend

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the sample and the population in experimental research?

the sample is a subset of the population

A retired boxer showing emotional changes and slowed thought BEST illustrates neurocognitive disorder due to ______.

traumatic brain injury

A person does not require a history of major depression to be diagnosed with Bipolar I

true

An individual who has one personality disorder is quite likely to have another.

true

Bleuler identified the four "A's" of schizophrenia.

true

Blood alcohol content (BAC) will increase if one consumes more than one drink per hour.

true

Cocaine's effects on the brain are long-lasting.

true

Dementia is an older term for neurocognitive disorder.

true

Dialectical behavior therapy is effective at reducing suicidality among people with borderline personality disorder.

true

In general, the medical problems associated with anorexia nervosa can be reversed when the individual returns to a normal weight.

true

Masters and Johnson's treatment procedure lasted 2 weeks.

true

Of the major neurocognitive disorders, only delirium can be cured.

true

Paranoid personality disorder is a Cluster A personality disorder.

true

People with a mental disorder are twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as those without a mental disorder.

true

People with anxiety disorders are biased toward paying attention to threatening information and stimuli.

true

Suicide prevention programs have been found to be effective.

true

Technically speaking, validity is not a property of of tests themselves, but, rather, validity is a property of using a test for a specific purpose.

true

The brain areas activated when male experiences an ejaculation are the same as those that respond when an individual takes heroin.

true

The brain's executive network is involved in planning, goal setting, and directing attention.

true

The cognitive deficits in vascular neurocognitive disorder appear as abrupt changes.

true

The life span of individuals with schizophrenia is abbreviated by 15 to 20 years.

true

The prevalence of dependent personality disorder is less than 1 percent.

true

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are the ______.

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

The potential genetic basis of bulimia nervosa is BEST described as ______.

unclear

Anxiety entails ______ of the executive network and ______ of its salience network.

under activity; overactivity

______ the costs associated with them, the prevalence of neurocognitive disorders is expected to ______.

unlike; decrease

______ reasoning ability, vocabulary ______ decrease with age across adulthood.

unlike; does not

______ neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques are found ______ neurons.

unlike; outside

Neurocognitive disorders due to prion disease are BEST described as ______.

very rare

The relationship between mental illness and gun violence is BEST described as ______.

weak

An instrument's internal reliability is enhanced when ______.

when the different questions asked on an instrument relate to one another

In the brain, neurons appear as ______.

white matter

In the brain, neurons' axons appear as ______.

white matter

Alogia is to anhedonia as lack of ______ is to ______.

words; pleasure

The five-factor model personality dimension of neuroticism is associated with being ______.

worried and self-conscious