PSY 300 Quizzes
During a normal night's sleep, the average person experiences _____ periods of REM sleep: 1-2 25-26 5-6 11-12
5-6
There are approximately how many neurons in the human brain?
86 billion
What is a "grandmother cell"?
A hypothetical neuron that just responds to one particular stimulus (the sight of one's grandmother)
What is peripheral dyslexia? Dyslexia that is secondary to some other symptom A reading deficit arising up to the level of the visual word form area A problem in reading words in the periphery A reading deficit arising after the level of visual word recognition
A reading deficit arising up to the level of the visual word form area
What term denotes a sudden change (depolarization and depolarization) in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane?
Action Potential
Patients who tend to write in mIxEd cAsE are often thought to have a deficit at which stage in processing? Graphic Motoric Graphemic Allographic
Allographic
Which of the following statement about EEG frequency bands is CORRECT? Delta: day-dreaming Alpha: deep sleep Alpha: eyes-closed Delta: awake
Alpha: eyes-closed
If a nerve membrane suddenly became equally permeable to both Na+ and K+, the membrane potential would: Approach the new K+ equilibrium potential Approach a value of about 0 mV Approach to the new Na+ equilibrium potential Not change
Approach a value of about 0 mV
What are the two major language-related white matter tracts? superior and inferior occipito-frontal fasciculi corticobulbar tract and anterior commissure Arcuate fasciculus and extreme capsule optic radiation and corticospinal tract
Arcuate fasciculus and extreme capsule
Which of the following statement about the Biased Competition Theory of attention is INCORRECT? This theory was proposed by Desimone and Duncan in 1995 Attention is an emergent property of many neural mechanisms working to resolve competition for visual processing and control behavior Attention includes both pre-attentive and focused attention stages The brain selectively attends to one object and represents the features of just that object
Attention includes both pre-attentive and focused attention stages
Which of the following statement about the Biased Competition Theory of attention is INCORRECT? This theory was proposed by Desimone and Duncan in 1995 The brain selectively attends to one object and represents the features of just that object Attention is an emergent property of many neural mechanisms working to resolve competition for visual processing and control behavior Attention includes both pre-attentive and focused attention stages
Attention includes both pre-attentive and focused attention stages
Which of the following is NOT a property of Feature-Integration Theory? The brain represents all perceived features, but selectively attends to one object and ignores any others Perceptual features such as color, size, or shapes are processed in parallel prior to attention Attention is processed within the visual cortex Attention is needed to bind together two or more different features of the same object
Attention is processed within the visual cortex
Which of the following lies at 90 degrees to both a sagittal and coronal section?
Axial Plane
Which of the following brain regions are included in the "dorso-dorsal attention network"? Bilateral temporopairetal junction and ventral prefrontal cortex Bilateral fusiform and superior temporal gurus Bilateral intra-parietal sulcus and frontal eye fields Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula
Bilateral intra-parietal sulcus and frontal eye fields
Which of the following statement about hemispheric difference in attention processing is INCORRECT? Left hemisphere attends to contralateral stimuli whereas the right hemisphere attends to both contralateral and ipsilateral stimuli Left hemisphere processes relatively local information whereas the right hemisphere processes relatively global information Bottom-up attention is processed by both hemispheres whereas top-down attention is processed mainly by the right hemisphere
Bottom-up attention is processed by both hemispheres whereas top-down attention is processed mainly by the right hemisphere
If you would like to use TMS to induce "Speech Arrest", you should place a TMS coil over: Broca's area Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Occipital lobe Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Which part of the brain is important for dexterity and a smooth execution of movement?
Cerebellum
Functional MRI CANNOT directly measure ______ . Changes of blood oxygenation level due to neuronal activity Changes of blood oxygenation level due to hypertension Changes of blood oxygenation level from drinking coffee Changes of electrical current due to neuronal activity
Changes of electrical current due to neuronal activity
If you have 2 brain imaging scans on the same day, which of the following method would NOT be influenced by the task you are performing during scans?
Computerized axial tomography
Which method combines multiple x-rays to generate 3D brain images?
Computerized axial tomography
Which method measures the static outlines of brain structures? Functional MRI Computerized axial tomography Single cell recording Electroencephalography
Computerized axial tomography
What does functional MRI directly measure? Magnetic fields created by neuronal firing Electrical activity Neurotransmitters Concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
Concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
What kind of visual search is associated with the ability to find "Waldo" among items that share one or more features with the target? Conjunction search Negative search Feature search Parallel search
Conjunction search
Which of the following connectivity may not be measured with current fMRI technologies designed for human imaging (in vivo)? Connectivity between temporal and occipital lobes Connectivity between 2 groups of neurons Connectivity between 2 neurons Connectivity between 2 cortical layers
Connectivity between 2 neurons
Which of the following connectivity may not be measured with current fMRI technologies designed for human imaging?
Connectivity between 2 neurons
What is the large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
Which of the following statement about DLPFC is INCORRECT? Patients with left DLPFC lesion are particularly impaired in the FAS test Brain activity within the DLPFC increases with the number of moves needed to accomplish the Tower of London task DLPFC is the affective division of the prefrontal cortex DLPFC includes both Brodmann areas 9 and 46
DLPFC is the affective division of the prefrontal cortex
What neuroanatomical region is described by the following: "sub-cortical grey matter structures lying in the center of the brain containing the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
What are allophones? The production of one phoneme is influenced by the preceding and proceeding phonemes Different spoken/acoustic renditions of the same phoneme Horizontal stripes on the spectrogram produced with a relative free flow of air (e.g. by vowels) Vibrations of the vocal cords that characterizes the production of some consonants
Different spoken/acoustic renditions of the same phoneme
What property of neurons does the method of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) depend on? Resting membrane potential Action membrane potential Diffusion of water molecules down the length of axons
Diffusion of water molecules down the length of axons
Which imaging technique is used to look at the quality of the brain's structural connectivity? Functional MRI Diffusion tensor imaging
Diffusion tensor imaging
What is another term of reference that could also mean "superior"?
Dorsal
The deepest stages of sleep are generally experienced: During the first half of the sleep interval During the second half of the sleep interval During continuous periods averaging two hours each During REM sleep
During the first half of the sleep interval
Difficulties in spelling and writing are collectively known as: Aspellia Dysgraphia Micrographia Dyslexia
Dysgraphia
What does EEG machine measure? Euclidean distance Electrical activity Phase synchrony White matter density
Electrical activity
Which method has the worst spatial resolutions?
Electroencephalography
The cortex is a prerequisite to sophisticated skills True False
FALSE
What kind of visual search is associated with the ability to detect an object among distractor objects in situations in which the number of distractors presented is unimportant? Negative search Serial search Conjunction search Feature search
Feature search
A functional MRI data set is usually a ___ matrix Three-dimensional (x,y,z) Two-dimensional (x,y) Four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) Seven-dimensional (x,y,z,t,f1,f2,f3)
Four-dimensional (x,y,z,t)
Which lobe of the brain is the most anterior?
Frontal Lobe
What imaging technique is used to look at activity in grey matter? Functional MRI Diffusion tensor imaging
Functional MRI
You may use ____ to measure changes of functional networks due to a neurological disease Functional MRI T2-weighted MRI DTI T1-weighted MRI
Functional MRI
The left supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe is most strongly linked to which reading process? Summating the two routes Grapheme-phoneme conversion route Semantic reading route Visual word recognition
Grapheme-phoneme conversion route
What type of brain tissue consists primarily of neuronal cell bodies?
Gray matter
Which of the following is a structure of the limbic system? Hypothalamus Thalamus Hippocampus Caudate nucleus
Hippocampus
Diffusion tensor imaging is designed to measure ________. Change of blood perfusion Integrity of white matter fiber tracts and structural networks of brains Functional activities in response to external stimuli Blood volume
Integrity of white matter fiber tracts and structural networks of brains
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using TMS over human lesion methods? A within-subject design is possible Can study functional integration The effects of TMS are reversible It is possible to stimulate any part of the brain
It is possible to stimulate any part of the brain
Which of the following languages have a "transparent" mapping between sounds and spelling? Italian English French Chinese
Italian
Which of the following statements about visual field defects are correct? Midline optic chiasm lesion could result in the loss of the right visual field for both eyes Lesion of the right optic tract could result in the loss of the left visual field for both eyes Damage of the right optic nerve could result in total blindness of the left eye Loss of one eye results in complete blindness across both visual fields
Lesion of the right optic tract could result in the loss of the left visual field for both eyes
Which of the following statements about visual field defects are correct? Damage of the right optic nerve could result in total blindness of the left eye Loss of one eye results in complete blindness across both visual fields Midline optic chiasm lesion could result in the loss of the right visual field for both eyes Lesion of the right optic tract could result in the loss of the left visual field for both eyes
Lesion of the right optic tract could result in the loss of the left visual field for both eyes
What is the central feature of the "cohort model"? Many different words are initially activated in parallel but the number of words activated dwindles over time Spoken words are recognized by matching them on to motor codes for speech production Spoken words are recognized by two distinct "what" and "how" routes
Many different words are initially activated in parallel but the number of words activated dwindles over time
Which brain region do you think is being described here: "Part of hindbrain; regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure"?
Medulla oblongata
The targeted destruction of myelin is associated with which of the following pathologies?
Multiple Sclerosis
The chemical signals released into the synaptic cleft by a neuron are called
Neurotransmitters
Which of the following statements is TRUE? Objects on the left side of space will be represented in the primary visual cortex of the left hemisphere Objects on the left side of space will be seen on the right side of the retina of both eyes Objects on the left of space are seen by the right eye (not the left eye) Objects on the left of space are seen by the left eye (not the right eye)
Objects on the left side of space will be seen on the right side of the retina of both eyes
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual information?
Occipital Lobe
Which of the following statements about the action potential is FALSE?
Once generated, another action potential can occur immediately afterwards
What is NOT the legacy of H.M. for cognitive neuroscience? Different areas of the brain may be responsible for different types of memory People will have sustained attention deficit after traumatic brain injury Memory is separable from other perceptual, attention and intellectual functions Medial temporal lobe is critical for declarative memory
People will have sustained attention deficit after traumatic brain injury
A participant was instructed to perform a backward digit span task immediately after he or she viewed a sequence of numbers that appeared on the screen. Which type of memory were we measuring? Non-verbal long-term memory Verbal long-term memory Phonological short-term memory Visuospatial short-term memory
Phonological short-term memory
Which of the following words may pose problems for a dyslexic who reads phonetically? Pint Mint Hive Call
Pint
The physiological basis of the EEG signal originates in which of the following?
Postsynaptic dendritic currents
Which of the following brain regions are included in the "dorso-ventral attention network"? Right fusiform and superior temporal gurus Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula Right intra-parietal sulcus and frontal eye fields Right temporoparietal junction and ventral prefrontal cortex
Right temporoparietal junction and ventral prefrontal cortex
When reading text, what is the name given to movement of the eyes? Nystagmus Stigmata Saccade Fixation
Saccade
Which orthogonal plane separates left from right? Coronal Sagittal Axial
Sagittal
Which test could be used to assess the "theory of mind"? Sally-Anne Test Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Stroop Test Iowa Gambling Test
Sally-Anne Test
Which of the following is NOT a feature of acquired surface dyslexia? A tendency to mispronounce irregular words (e.g. CHAOS read with "ch" sound) An ability to read aloud nonwords (e.g. BLIT) Problems in reading lower frequency words, relative to more common words Semantic errors in reading (e.g. reading "dog" as "cat")
Semantic errors in reading (e.g. reading "dog" as "cat")
The anterior temporal pole is most strongly linked to which reading process? Summating the two routes Semantic reading route Grapheme-phoneme conversion route Visual word recognition
Semantic reading route
Which of the following statement about the brain computer interface is INCORRECT? Brain computer interface is a device that allows you to control the machine with your thought Sensors can only be implanted in the primary motor cortex to control motor output of a robotic arm Brain signals acquired by sensors can be analyzed and translated into commands The output devices can carry out desired actions
Sensors can only be implanted in the primary motor cortex to control motor output of a robotic arm
Which of the following processing or effect is NOT associated with feature search? Parallel processing Pop-out effect Bottom-up processing Serial processing
Serial processing
The output of center-surround cells in the lateral-geniculate nucleus can be combined in V1 to create sensitivities to specific orientations. The neurons in V1 that are sensitive to orientations are called: Hyper-complex cells Parvocellular cells Simple cells Complex cells
Simple cells
Which method has a spatial resolution at the single neuron level? Single cell recording Electroencephalography Functional MRI Positron emission tomography
Single cell recording
Which of the following region supports cognitive evaluation for amygdala? brainstem hypothalamus Striatum Primary visual cortex
Striatum
Which feature of the brain's surface resembles a valley? Sulcus Gyrus
Sulcus
Which of the following statement about different types of attention is INCORRECT? Alternating attention is critical when you are preparing food and reading a recipe Divided attention is critical when you are running on a treadmill and talking on the phone Sustained attention is critical when you are lying on the bed and letting your mind wander Selective attention is critical when you are looking for a friend's face in a crowd of people
Sustained attention is critical when you are lying on the bed and letting your mind wander
What is the advantage of network models compared to the blobology? Directly measuring neuronal activity Determination of causal relations between brain lesions and behavior Taking into account group of regions that function together Identification of individual brain regions and their functions
Taking into account group of regions that function together
Which of the following statements about eye movements during reading are FALSE? English readers typically have more left-to-right saccades Some words are not fixated at all The amount of time a word is fixated is unrelated to linguistic factors (e.g. how predictable a word is) Hebrew readers take in more letters to the left of fixation than the right
The amount of time a word is fixated is unrelated to linguistic factors (e.g. how predictable a word is)
According to Van der Haegen et al. (2012) what determines the laterality of the VWFA? Handedness The laterality of face perception The laterality of speech Differences in visual attention
The laterality of speech
What is typically recorded in the method of single-cell recording?
The number of action potentials per second
Which of the following statement is INCORRECT? The orbital prefrontal cortex is connected with amygdala critical for processing of emotion The orbital prefrontal cortex is connected with ventral tegmental area critical for processing of motivation The orbital prefrontal cortex includes Brodmann areas 9 and 46 The orbital prefrontal cortex is connected with medial temporal lobes critical for long-term memory
The orbital prefrontal cortex includes Brodmann areas 9 and 46
An unexpected shift of attention is harder when crossing midline (creating new saccade) than not (modifying existing saccade). This phenomenon can best be explained by: The premotor theory of attention Feature integration theory Biased competition theory
The premotor theory of attention
Which of the following statement regarding the Cannon-Bard Theory is INCORRECT: This theory emphasizes the role of the cortex over the peripheral nervous system The visceral peripheral nervous system is necessary and sufficient for emotional responses Cortex could inhibit emotion-related behavior and restrict their display to the appropriate circumstances Sensory information relayed through the thalamus split into 2 separate pathways (hypothalamus and cortex)
The visceral peripheral nervous system is necessary and sufficient for emotional responses
The part of the brain that responds to letter strings more than pseudo-letters has been termed: The visual word form area Parahippocampal place area Fusiform alphabet area Extrastriate letter area
The visual word form area
What is a core characteristic of the model of attention by Corbetta and Schulman (2002)? The right and left parietal lobes have equivalent roles in attention Covert orienting of attention is equivalent to a non-executed action plans There are two attention-related systems in the parietal lobes (a dorso-dorsal and dorso-ventral branch) Attention and awareness are separate
There are two attention-related systems in the parietal lobes (a dorso-dorsal and dorso-ventral branch)
Which of the following statements about axons and dendrites is true?
There is only one single axon for each neuron
Which of the following statements is true about event-related potentials
They have a good temporal resolution
What is another term of reference that could also mean "inferior"?
Ventral
During stage 4 sleep, what is the sleeper experiencing? Very light sleep REM sleep Very deep sleep Paradoxical sleep
Very deep sleep
According to the traditional dual-route model, how are nonwords (e.g. BLIT) read aloud? Via the semantic route Via phoneme-grapheme conversion Via grapheme-phoneme conversion Via the dorsal route
Via grapheme-phoneme conversion
According to the traditional dual-route model, how are words with irregular spelling-sound correspondence (e.g. YACHT) read aloud? Via phoneme-grapheme conversion Via the semantic route Via the dorsal route Via grapheme-phoneme conversion
Via the semantic route
What type of brain tissue consists primarily of axons and support cells?
White matter
Which of the following statements about the main idea of motor theory of speech perception is INCORRECT? The motor system is recruited for perceiving speech Mirror neurons are involved in speech perception Word recognition involves both what and where routes We interpret what we hear, based on what we would say
Word recognition involves both what and where routes
A hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding into the brain a result of a blood clot that deprives the tissue of oxygen
a result of bleeding into the brain
What is a branching structure in a neuron that carries information to other neurons and transmits an action potential?
axon
Compared to structural MRI, functional MRI
can show brain activity
For right-handers, language is primarily handled by the right hemisphere left hemisphere
left hemisphere
When a neuron reaches action potential, it depolarizes and repolarizes in an amount of time on the order of: milliseconds microseconds second nanoseconds
milliseconds
The pattern of stress and intonation used in a language is called phonology prosody morphology syntax
prosody
The hyperpolarized phase of the action potential is due to
the prolonged opening of the voltage-gated K+ channels
Morphology is the study of grammar meaning words speech sounds
words
Which of the following sound is created by vocal fold vibration? t f z s
z
