PSY 301 Ch 4+5

plagiarism according to APA ethical standards

"Psychologists do not present portions of another's work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally."

nonexperiment control group

not exposed to manipulation of the independent variable at all

blind experiments

participants are unaware of the level being presented to them

people who provide the behavior that psychologists are studying

subjects or participants

cooperative participants

try to fulfill the perceived demands of the experimenter

You should publish the results from a series of experiments A) as one experiment at a time so that they get into the literature quickly. B) as a book. C) in as many separate journals as possible. D) as an integrated series.

D) as an integrated series.

double-blind experiment

neither the participant nor the experimenter is aware of which level of the independent variable the participant is exposed to

If you violate an underlying assumption of a statistical test used to analyze your data, the author would call this A) a dirty trick. B) a questionable trick. C) a hat trick. D) a neat trick

B) a questionable trick.

Which of the activities listed below did the author classify as dirty tricks (highly unethical)? A) reformulating theory B) falsifying credentials C) all of the choices are dirty tricks D) omitting experiments from a report

B) falsifying credentials

The majority of psychological research done today uses what kind of participants? A) paid adults B) military personnel C) college students D) laboratory rats

C) college students

A double-blind experiment is one in which A) all choices are examples of a double-blind experiment. B) the experimenter knows none of the participants and none of them know each other. C) neither the experimenter nor the participants know which level of the independent variable is being presented. D) both of the participant's eyes are covered.

C) neither the experimenter nor the participants know which level of the independent variable is being presented.

In an experiment, if one group is asked to pretend that they were exposed to one of the levels of the independent variable and behave as if they had been exposed to it when they had actually not been, this group would be called a A) know-nothing control group. B) stooge group. C) simulation control group. D) naïve experimental group.

C) simulation control group.

It has been shown that demand characteristics can even influence how animals behave in experiments. True/False

True

Suppose you did a series of three experiments and you find that one of the experiments was flawed. It is okay to leave out the flawed experiment in your final report. True/False

True

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

attempts to specify the ethical standards by which psychologists should conduct their business

how to minimize demand characteristics?

automation, blind/double blind, multiple experimenters

noncooperative participants

-"screw-you-effect" -attempts to determine the demand characteristics of an experiment and then behave in such a way as to contradict the experimenter's hypothesis

questionable tricks

-actions that most investigators find unacceptable but lead to frowning and scolding rather than banishment - experimental design, collecting data, data analysis, reporting results

demand characteristics

-clues that influence participants in the experimental situation -participants to try to determine what the experiment is really about from clues the experimenter gives them

deception

-concealing or camouflaging the real purpose of an experiment -give participants false cues so that their interpretation of the demand characteristics is incorrect

naturalistic observation

-depends on the experimenter's being an unobtrusive observer -Experimenters usually have little control over the variables in the situation. They often have to wait for them to occur naturally, and even then they cannot control potential confounding variables or draw causal conclusions from the correlational data

postexperiment questioning

-help determine if demand characteristics were a problem in your experiment -experimenter's asking an offhand question to a well-structured written questionnaire

neat tricks

-make our science more efficient and easier to understand and is considered not only acceptable but also necessary -leaving things out, reorganizing, reformulating

defensive participants

-participants are less concerned with making the experimenter look good than with making themselves look good -trying to perform as well as possible

ways too detect if demand characteristics were a problem in the experiment

-postexperiment questioning -nonexperiments -simulation control groups

6 courtesy rules

1) be present 2) be prompt 3) be prepared 4) be polite 5) be private 6) be professional

why do psychologists do research on animals

1) continuity of behaviors 2) control 3) uniqueness 4) irreversible effects

when is informed consent not required?

1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves 2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations

investigator's responsibilities for treatment of human participants

1. Evaluate the ethical acceptability of the experiment. 2. Determine whether participants are at risk. 3. Retain responsibility for ethical procedures. 4. Disclose risks to participants and obtain informed consent. 5. Determine whether deception is justified and necessary. 6. Respect the freedom of participants to decline participation. 7. Protect participants from discomfort, harm, and danger. 8. Give postexperimental debriefings. 9. Remove any undesirable consequences of participation. 10. Keep individual research information confidential.

You should keep raw data from a published experiment A) for a minimum of about 5 years following publication. B) until you finish the data analysis. C) until the experiment is published. D) forever.

A) for a minimum of about 5 years following publication.

Data can be eliminated from an experiment if A) responses fail to meet criteria established prior to the experiment. B) responses to certain levels of the independent fail to support your hypothesis. C) data should never be eliminated D) participants seem uncooperative

A) responses fail to meet criteria established prior to the experiment.

It is ethical to eliminate participants from your data set because A) they failed to meet some predetermined overall performance criterion. B) you do not think they were paying attention. C) you do not think their data look logical. D) their data are contrary to your hypothesized result.

A) they failed to meet some predetermined overall performance criterion.

Which statement is true about plagiarism? A) Because the Internet is public information, it is okay to use material you find there without having to cite it. B) When you use another's words or ideas you have to provide a citation at that point in your report. C) It is okay to use another author's words as long as you include the publication you are quoting from in the reference section of your report. D) While you should not use somebody else's words in your report without citing the authors, it is okay to use their ideas without citing as long as you paraphrase.

B) When you use another's words or ideas you have to provide a citation at that point in your report.

A general principle to follow to determine whether an action is scientifically ethical is to ask whether A) anything has been left out or anything added that is not entirely truthful. B) the action aids the efficient growth of the body of knowledge. C) the action would pass an ethics committee. D) the action will further your career.

B) the action aids the efficient growth of the body of knowledge.

The primary responsibility for doing ethical research rests with A) institutional review boards. B) you, the researcher. C) one of the Matts D) the editors who review research articles.

B) you, the researcher.

informed consent

Before they consent to participate, participants are entitled to be informed about the factors that might influence this decision. Once they have been so informed, the researcher must document their consent, usually in writing

Rules for treating experimental participants fairly A) are always established by institutional review boards. B) are nonexistent. C) can be found in several American Psychological Association publications. D) are unwritten and passed from one experimenter to the next.

C) can be found in several American Psychological Association publications.

In the text the author discusses in great detail procedures such as the use of placebos, double-blind designs, and automation. These were all suggested to counteract the possible effects of A) defensive participants. B) cheating. C) demand characteristics. D) non-cooperative participants.

C) demand characteristics.

The best place to find a basic set of rules that should govern an experimental psychologist's behavior is A) in a document published by the National Institutes of Health called Basics of Proper Experimentation. B) look in any recent statistics textbook. C) in a document published by the APA called the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. D) to ask your local clergy.

C) in a document published by the APA called the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

The primary reason that the APA has spent so much time and effort creating ethical guidelines detailing how humans should be treated in behavioral research is that A) humans lose many of their legal rights when they agree to serve in research. B) there have been so many cases of mistreatment of humans in behavioral research. C) the nature of the relationship between those being experimented on and the experimenter is stacked in favor of the experimenter having implied power. D) many psychologists cannot be trusted.

C) the nature of the relationship between those being experimented on and the experimenter is stacked in favor of the experimenter having implied power.

If you collect data during a research project and another researcher asks for a copy of your data set, how should you respond? A) You would not be able to comply with this request because data sets should always be destroyed once the data analysis is completed. B) Provide the data but wait for a while so that the other researcher cannot "scoop" your result. C) Politely decline. The data set is your property and that of your university. D) Provide the data set as long as you can maintain confidentiality of your participants.

D) Provide the data set as long as you can maintain confidentiality of your participants.

In order to minimize transmitting experimenter biases to participants, the experimenter could A) use multiple experimenters. B) make the experiment a double-blind experiment. C) use recorded instructions. D) all choices are correct.

D) all choices are correct. A) use multiple experimenters. B) make the experiment a double-blind experiment. C) use recorded instructions.

When traditional psychological research is done on humans it is usually mandatory to A) use at least three age groups. B) avoid deceiving the participants in any way. C) pay the participants. D) get the participants' informed consent.

D) get the participants' informed consent.

If participants in a control group are administered a non-active substance in the same way that the active drug is given to the experimental group, they are said to have been given a(n) A) binder B) null tablet C) antidote D) placebo

D) placebo

Blind experiments are ones that study perceptual cues used by individuals when their vision is blocked. True/False

False

It is a legitimate procedure to analyze your data as many ways as possible and then report only those that support your hypothesis. True/False

False

Plagiarism occurs only when the exact words of another author are used as one's own without attribution. True/False

False

The Hawthorne effect refers to a demand characteristic created by ethnic identity. True/False

False

The generic term recommended by the American Psychological Association for referring to those on whom we do research is subjects. True/False

False, APA recommends participants

Data from participants who fail to meet some overall performance criterion may be legitimately eliminated if the criterion is established prior to the experiment and reported in the results section of the report. True/False

True

A non-experimental control group is not exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable. True/False

True

APA says that experimenters should keep their raw data for a minimum of 5 years. True/False

True

placebo

administering a nonactive substance in the same manner that the active drug is administered -purpose of the placebo is to produce a double-blind design; both the experimenter and the participants are blind to whether any individual is receiving the drug or the placebo.

dirty tricks

clearly unethical and unacceptable behaviors - fabricating, plagiarism, falsifying credentials

role playing

experimenter asks participants to imagine that they are in a particular situation and to respond as they think they would in a similar realworld situation

simulation control group

exposed to the experimental situation but without a critical manipulation of the independent variable

Hawthorne effeect

refers to a change in behavior that is due simply to the experimenter's paying attention to the participants rather than to the effects of the independent variable - alteration of behavior by subjects due to their awareness of being observed

institutional review boards (IRBs)

research-oriented institutions have a board of experienced researches that evaluate experiments for possible ethical issues help eliminate or improve many potentially unethical investigations