PSY 308

Which of the following is true of the formal operational period? A. A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought. B. Almost all children in Western nations attain formal operational thought. C. A small number of people never attain formal operational thought. D. Almost all children throughout the world attain formal operational thought.

A. A significant number of people never attain formal operational thought. The formal operational period is unique in Piaget's theory in the sense that not all children achieve it. During normal development, the vast majority of children eventually progress well into concrete operational thought, but Piaget believed a significant number of people never attain formal operations, even in adulthood.

Three children were presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal an expensive drug to save his wife's life. Nene says that it is appropriate for Heinz to steal the drug because his family's anger if he did not save his wife would be much worse punishment than any consequences of stealing. Clara thinks that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and would be alone if she died. Casper thinks it was wrong for Heinz to steal the drug because if everyone stole, society would be worse off. According to Kohlberg's stages, which person is most developed in their moral reasoning? A. Casper B. Clara C. Nene

A. Casper Nene can be described at the preconventional level. Her focus is on obedience and punishment orientation, which is characteristic of the first stage. Clara's focus on Heinz's personal need for love and not being lonely puts her at the second stage. Casper's focus on a social contract for the common good puts him at a higher stage, according to Kohlberg. (Thought question: How would you rephrase Clara's justification to put her at the highest stage, a principle-driven orientation.)

_________ branch out from the cell body of neurons and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. A. Dendrites B. Axons C. Axon terminals D. Basal ganglia

A. Dendrites Dendrites branch out from the neuron's cell body and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. Axons conduct electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

Dominique and her infant daughter move from the United States to Japan. Neither Dominique nor her daughter speaks Japanese. After 5 years living in Japan, it is likely that A. Dominique's daughter will easily become fluent and speak Japanese without an accent. B. both Dominique and her daughter will still be struggling to learn the language. C. Dominique will easily become fluent and speak Japanese without an accent. D. both Dominique and her daughter will sound just like natives.

A. Dominique's daughter will easily become fluent and speak Japanese without an accent. Young children seem to be able to learn languages much more easily than adults. Adults who move to a community where a language that is new to them is spoken will often speak the new language with an accent, even after speaking only that language for years. However, young children like Dominique's daughter will become fluent and accent-free.

Which of the following is NOT true of educational children's programming such as Blues Clues and Sesame Street? A. Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning. B. The content can have a positive effect on prosocial behavior and understanding emotions. C. If the content has a well-designed educational mission, it can have a positive effect. D. The content can promote positive depictions of diversity in others.

A. Early exposure prior to two years of age is important for the strongest benefits for learning. In general, there is little evidence that videos designed for children under two actually teach them anything. They learn better from a live person. In general, there is little evidence that videos designed for children under two actually teach them anything. They learn better from a live person.

All of the following statements about imaginary companions are true EXCEPT: A. Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students. B. Imaginary companions can be invisible or partially embodied in a doll or stuffed animal C. Imaginary companions can take a variety of roles including playmates, older mentors, and animals. D. Some estimates suggest that more than half of children have had an imaginary companion at some point

A. Imaginary companions are seen in elementary school students but not in middle school students. The incidence of having an imaginary companion does change with age. However, imaginary companions are seen not only in elementary school but even in middle school.

Jason is an 8-year-old boy whose parents would be classified as authoritarian parents. What is the most likely outcome for Jason? A. Jason will show more hostility than his peers. B. Jason will be self-reliant and self-controlled. C. Jason will show immature behavior. D. Jason will set lower goals for achievement.

A. Jason will show more hostility than his peers. Jason will likely demonstrate more hostility than do his peers. Boys of authoritarian parents tend to be hostile whereas girls of authoritarian parents tend to set low goals.

Manuel is 5 years old ,and his brother, Ricardo, is 11 years old. According to Piaget's stage theory of moral reasoning, which of the following is most likely to best describe the brothers' reasoning about rules? A. Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external. B. Both boys see rules as human agreements that can be changed if all parties consent. C. Both boys see rules as unchanging and external. D. Ricardo is more likely than Manuel to see rules as unchanging and external.

A. Manuel is more likely than Ricardo to see rules as unchanging and external. Manuel is likely to see rules as unchanging and external like physical laws. Blame is assigned based on how bad the outcome, not intentions. Ricardo, on the other hand, is likely to see rules as human agreements that can be changed if all parties consent, blame is assigned by intention, and there is a stronger sense that the punishment should fit the severity of the transgression.

Clarence just turned 3 and his sister, Marie, just turned 5. Both participate in the false belief task and are presented with a box of chocolate. When they open it, they find a pencil. The researcher asks each of them what another child seeing the box for the first time would think was inside it. What is the most likely outcome? A. Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. B. Only Marie will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. C. Both children will say the new person would think there was chocolate inside. D. Both children will say the new person would think there were pencils inside.

A. Only Clarence will say the new person would think there were pencils inside. Younger children tend to equate another person's beliefs with what is true in the world and not with their prior experience and beliefs. It is not until about 3½ years of age that children stop having difficulty reasoning about other people having false beliefs. Thus, Marie but not Clarence would think that another child would believe that there was chocolate in the closed box.

Glenda shows the following symptoms: difficulty walking, shaky hands, slow movements, and impaired memory. She likely has A. Parkinson's disease. B. essential tremor disease. C. Alzheimer's disease. D. macular degeneration.

A. Parkinson's disease. Glenda is showing the best-known symptoms of Parkinson's disease: difficulty walking, shaky hands, and slow movements.

Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that A. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant. B. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. C. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. D. Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant.

A. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant. The less accurate the mother-to-be is at perceiving distress-related emotions, the likelier her infant is to show an insecure attachment. Thus, Amber's infant is more likely to demonstrate an insecure attachment.

Given that Molly and Maddy are fraternal twins, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells. B. Molly and Maddy have half their genes in common. C. Molly and Maddy are as genetically similar on average as any two non-twin siblings. D. Their conceptions involved genetically different sperms and eggs.

A. Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells. In fraternal (dizygotic) twins, two different sperm fertilize two different eggs. In identical (monozygotic) twins, the fertilized egg splits into two separate cells.

Which of the following is NOT associated with delaying the childbearing years until the late 30s or 40s? A. There is less psychological distance between parents and child. B. Older parents tend to interact more with their children in verbally sophisticated ways and be less reactive. C. Older parents tend to have more stable marriages and developed social support networks. D. There is greater economic security for the family.

A. There is less psychological distance between parents and child. Children report that they identify less with older parents, see them as more remote from their own lives, and feel less in tune with them. Thus, there is greater psychological distance between children and older parents.

Equilibration refers to the process whereby a child uses _____ to create a better fit between cognition and experience. A. accommodation and assimilation B. implicit cognition only C. explicit and implicit cognition D. accommodation only

A. accommodation and assimilation Piaget described equilibration as a process involving both accommodation and assimilation to adjust schemes (or create new ones) to better fit the environment.

Mason is considered to be a difficult baby. Which of these descriptors is unlikely to describe Mason? A. adjusts well to new situations B. irregular eating patterns C. irregular sleeping patterns D. often unhappy

A. adjusts well to new situations Difficult infants are often unhappy and have irregular biological rhythms. Difficult infants like Mason tend to not adjust well to new situations. If Mason was slow to warm, we could expect him to adapt slowly to new situations.

The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants. A. Anxious B. Avoidant C. Disorganized D. Disoriented

A. anxious Japanese infants may be more likely to demonstrate type C (anxious attachment) responses because they develop expectations that caregivers would always be immediately available and responsive.

Cognitive structures devoted to filtering information to help children focus on some information and ignore other distracting information are called A. attentional schemas. B. echoic schemas. C. iconic schemas. D. orienting schemas.

A. attentional schemas. Attentional schemas serve to filter information and direct attention away from distraction.

Mark frequently checks in with his teenage son about what he is doing after school and encourages appropriate activities. This behavior suggests that Mark is high on A. behavioral control. B. restrictive control. C. enforced control. D. psychological control.

A. behavioral control. Mark is high on behavioral control, which involves attempting to regulate a child's behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of the family or society.

A treatment study that compares how children randomly assigned to undergo one of two different treatment options respond to their treatments by examining their post-treatment scores is using a/an _________ design. A. between-subjects B. interrater C. test-retest D. within-subjects

A. between-subjects Two or more different groups are being compared.

Envy is A. both a complex and self-conscious emotion. B. a complex emotion. C. a Machiavellian emotion. D. a self-conscious emotion.

A. both a complex and self-conscious emotion. Envy is a complex emotion, which emerges from various combinations of basic emotions. Envy is also a self-conscious emotion in that the emotional experience itself requires some degree of self-awareness. Envy involves examining the sense of self in relation to others and feeling that others are more fortunate.

A study that examined 24- and 30-month-olds found that A. children showed a considerably higher incidence of imitation when the actor was live as opposed to televised. B. children were unable to imitate an action demonstrated by a television actor. C. children were able to imitate an action demonstrated by a television actor immediately after watching but not if there was a delay. D. children showed a considerably higher incidence of imitation when the actor was televised as opposed to live.

A. children showed a considerably higher incidence of imitation when the actor was live as opposed to televised. Young children showed considerably higher incidence of imitation when the actor was live as opposed to televised.

Jose was born blind. Imaging studies of Jose's brain reveal the brain area typically devoted to the processing of visual information has been repurposed to process auditory information. This is an example of A. compensation plasticity. B. critical periods. C. synaptic pruning. D. resilient development.

A. compensation plasticity. Compensation plasticity refers to the capacity for an area of the brain that is deprived of its normal inputs and processing routines to become devoted to other functions instead.

Maria has had to use Post-it® notes to remember things as she has grown older. This illustrates a form of A. compensation. B. optimization. C. alleviation. D. maximization.

A. compensation. Maria is using a form of compensation; she is using Post-it® notes as aids to make up for losses in cognitive abilities.

Nash and Carson are in the same day care class. Each receives a similar-sized piece of pizza for lunch. Nash says to cut his into more pieces than Carson's because he is really hungry. Nash has not yet mastered A. conservation. B. transitive reasoning. C. geometric information. D. seriation.

A. conservation. Conservation refers to being able to judge whether certain physical properties of an object (e.g., size or amount) are conserved (i.e., remain unchanged) when the object is transformed along different sorts of dimensions. Here, Cash is not able to understand that the amount of pizza remains unchanged if it is cut up into many pieces.

Dr. Terrizzi believes that children are not intrinsically good or bad. This belief suggests that he A. could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist. B. is neither an evolutionary nor cultural psychologist. C. is an evolutionary psychologist. D. is a cultural psychologist.

A. could be either an evolutionary or cultural psychologist. We cannot determine whether Dr. Terrizzi is an evolutionary or cultural psychologist. Both approaches share the assumption that children are not intrinsically good or bad. But they differ in the extent to which they see biological constraints as shaping the nature of moral thought.

Crossword puzzle completion is an index of A. crystallized intelligence. B. configurative intelligence. C. fluid intelligence. D. optimized intelligence.

A. crystallized intelligence. Fluid tasks are those involving reasoning and stimulus processing in novel situations with new information, whereas crystallized tasks (like crossword puzzles) rely more on the use of information that is already available and familiar.

Lauren has suffered a severe and sustained drop in positive affect. She has reported feelings of sadness and worthlessness and her appetite has diminished. These symptoms suggest that Lauren may have A. depression. B. amenorrhea. C. anxiety disorder. D. bulimia nervosa.

A. depression. Lauren is likely suffering from unipolar depression, which is associated with a severe and sustained drop in affect. Bipolar depression includes shifts from manic to depressive phases.

Vishnu has a genetic vulnerability for depression. This vulnerability may be referred to as a/an A. diathesis. B. proclivity. C. stress. D. antipathy.

A. diathesis. Some individuals like Vishnu have a genetic or biological vulnerability (a "diathesis") that causes them to be more likely to show a disease when immersed in a stressful, negative environment.

All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT: A. empathy B. surprise C. sadness D. anger

A. empathy Empathy is a complex emotion, which builds on and occurs developmentally later than complex emotions. Basic emotions are joy, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger, and fear, which appear early in development and are considered human universals.

Rae is a 75-year-old who just completed her third marathon of the year. She is able to repetitively engage in the tasks associated with running over a long period of time. Rae shows muscle A. endurance. B. strength. C. fortitude. D. power.

A. endurance. Rae shows muscle endurance, that is, she is able to repetitively engage in a task over a long period of time. Muscles related to longer-lasting activities can be highly effective for many years.

Andrea is Kim's mother. Andrea likes to listen to loud music, stay up late, and is always in motion. Kim prefers calm, quiet environments and likes to go to bed early. She hates her mom's loud music and wishes they could just stay home rather than constantly being on the go. Thomas and Chess would refer to this as poor A. goodness of fit. B. situation selection. C. environmental selectivity. D. parental matching.

A. goodness of fit. Different sorts of parents might fit better with some sorts of children. Thomas and Chess refer to this as goodness of fit. This idea suggests that the same environment that is not optimal for Kim may be perceived more favorably by a different child.

A researcher presents 4-month-old Juan with images of red triangles, over and over again. Juan becomes bored and does not look at the tenth red triangle. According to researchers, Juan is experiencing A. habituation. B. dishabituation. C. sensory fatigue. D. visual preferences.

A. habituation Habituation occurs when the infant seems completely bored by a stimulus that has been presented repeatedly.

Chandler is a newborn. What is most likely to make her smile? A. internal cues B. social stimulation C. interactive toys D. recognition of specific individuals

A. internal cues The stimuli that elicit the most smiles change with development. For the young infant, smiles are most often related to internal states, such as feeling full, warm, and comfortable.

Comparisons of adult and child chess experts has shown that their expertise for chess A. is limited to realistic chess scenarios. B. is attributable to their superior memory capacities. C. extends to a variety of memory tasks beyond chess. D. is limited to realistic chess scenarios, but only in children.

A. is limited to realistic chess scenarios. Researchers found that the superior performance of experts compared to novices was associated with the context in which they were tested—chess players tested better for chess-related memory that was a reasonable scenario for the game. These gains were not generally seen for random chess configurations or for other tasks.

In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event A. is required for objects to act on each other. B. is required for social beings to act on each other. C. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. D. would not be required to move an object.

A. is required for objects to act on each other. It is thought that infants do not expect one object will influence another without touching it.

In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event A. is required for objects to act on each other. B. is required for social beings to act on each other. C. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. D. would not be required to move an object.

A. is required for objects to act on each other. It is thought that infants do not expect one object will influence another without touching it.

Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of A. joint attention. B. social viewing. C. social referencing. D. visual triangulation.

A. joint attention this is an examples of joint attention, which refers to the infant and another person, in this case the dad, attending to the same object or event.

The theory that states motor development is dependent upon the increasing sophistication of the brain's motor skills is the A. maturational account. B. operant account. C. dynamic systems account. D. motivational account.

A. maturational account. The theory described places most of the impetus of development on the infant's developing brain (i.e., maturation).

Noah has autism. In viewing a face he is most likely to focus on the A. mouth. B. forehead. C. nose. D. eyes.

A. mouth. Most people refer to another person's eyes during conversation. Individuals with autism, like Noah, tend to focus primarily on the mouth, perhaps because it moves the most.

Javier and Tomas are former friends who had a falling out. Both boys now immensely dislike one another. This pattern is described in the text as A. mutual antipathies. B. peer aversions. C. relational animosity. D. dyadic hostility.

A. mutual antipathies. Their relationship is an example of a mutual antipathy in which two children intensely dislike each other.

Jackie, a young child, assumes that each object has only one label. This assumption is referred to as A. mutual exclusivity. B. joint exhaustivity. C. riddle of reference. D. whole-object bias.

A. mutual exclusivity. Mutual exclusivity refers to the assumption that each object in a language has only one label.

Attention can be described as including three components that ultimately work together. These are A. orienting, alerting, and executive functioning. B. inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory. C. orienting, shifting, and executive functioning. D. inhibitory control, shifting, and executive functioning.

A. orienting, alerting, and executive functioning. Attention includes orienting toward stimuli, alerting oneself to the cues in the environment that have predictive value, and acting on information through executive functioning.

What hormone is known to produce increased feelings of trust and affection toward others? A. oxytocin B. estrogen C. progesterone D. dopamine

A. oxytocin Oxytocin is a hormone found in higher concentrations in mother's saliva as a consequence of seeing her infants smile. As a result, oxytocin is know to produce increased feelings of trust and affection towards others.

Allison tried to decipher her partner's tone of voice to determine whether he was being literal or sarcastic. This shows concern with A. pragmatics. B. syntax. C. semantics. D. mutual exclusivity.

A. pragmatics. Pragmatics are concerned with how we use language to convey our intended meaning within a particular social context and how we figure out others' intended meaning. Allison is trying to determine if her partner is being literal or sarcastic, which is an issue of pragmatics.

The ______ perspective emphasizes the workings of the unconscious mind. A. psychoanalytic B. comparative C. behaviorist D. cognitive science

A. psychoanalytic Freud's psychoanalytic approach focused on the unconscious mind.

Pablo is teaching his son to ride a bike. At first he offers a great deal of support. As his son starts to master bike riding, he lessens the amount of support he provides. This is an example of what Vygotsky referred to as A. scaffolding. B. bootstrapping. C. compensation. D. guided support.

A. scaffolding. Pablo is scaffolding, providing a supportive environment for learning a new skill. His son is receiving guidance that enables him to take part in more-advanced tasks than he could perform on his own.

Alden's mother takes him to visit a new friend's home. Alden is excitedly playing with toys but upon hearing a loud noise grows scared and crawls back to his mother. Ethological theorists would say Alden is using his mother as a/an A. secure base. B. protective center. C. shielding presence. D. safe harbor.

A. secure base Alden's mother serves as a secure base form which he could explore and return to when he felt threatened.

Dr. Grover is interested in the meanings of individual words and how words combine to convey larger meanings. Dr. Grover is focused on A. semantics. B. pragmatics. C. phonology. D. syntax.

A. semantics. Semantics tells us the meaning of individual words and how words combine to convey larger meanings. Thus, Dr. Grover's focus on word meaning and combinations of words illustrates a focus on semantics.

Naina's family moves and she starts a new school. She at first responds to this change in a negative fashion. However, she typically adapts after being in new situations for some time, and this is the case with her new school. After a few weeks, she appears to be doing quite well. Naina would be classified by temperament researchers as being in the category of A. slow to warm. B. easy. C. difficult. D. adaptable.

A. slow to warm. Thomas and Chess proposed three categories: easy, difficult, and slow to warm. Naina would be considered slow to warm as she initially has a negative reaction and adapts slowly to her new school.

Baby Molly's brows are raised and prominently arched, her eyes are widened, and her mouth is gaping in an O shape. This facial expression would suggest that Molly is A. surprised. B. angry. C. disgusted. D. fearful.

A. surprised Facial coding systems have identified emotions based on infants' facial muscular movements and the positioning of their forehead, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth as they are experiencing particular emotions. Surprise is indicated by raised and arched brows, widened eyes, and a mouth in an O shape.

Ryan, a 6-month-old, is most likely to prefer which of the following tastes? A. sweet B. bitter C. sour D. salty

A. sweet Infants prefer sweet tastes

The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including A. the thyroid gland. B. the skeleton. C. the muscles. D. the nervous system.

A. the thyroid gland The blastocyst's innermost cell layer, the endoderm, develops into some of the glands including the thyroid gland.

When we walk, run, drive, and even fly, there is a particular type of perceptual-motor information we receive called A. visual flow. B. instrumentality. C. imprinting. D. passive information.

A. visual flow. We come to expect to see visual information at certain "speeds" as we move.

Juan is a deaf child born to hearing parents. His parents learn Juan is deaf when he is 6 months of age. When would health professionals think it would be most beneficial to introduce Juan to American Sign Language? A. 1½ years of age B. 6 months of age C. 5 years of age D. 1 year of age

B. 6 months of age It would be advantageous for Juan to be introduced to American Sign Language (ASL) as soon as possible. Exposing a deaf child, like Juan, to ASL at an earlier age will result in clear advantages at mastering some aspects of its structure. Many health professionals suggest it is most beneficial to start ASL instruction as soon as the child is identified as being deaf.

Which of the following is correct about a public health perspective on media violence and aggression? A. Any given child in the sample, when exposed to media violence, will show a measurable increase in behavior problems B. A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming. C. Media violence and aggression is a weaker association than major public health issues like condom use and sexually transmitted HIV D. densitization makes it less likely that violence will result from violent media exposure

B. A public health perspective asks whether, in a population as a whole, there will be more violent events as a result of violent programming. A public health approach asks how many adverse events would have been prevented through a change in policy or through preventing certain behaviors. This approach does not seek to predict the behavior of a single individual who is representative of the sample.

All of the following statements are true about cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) EXCEPT: A. CBT is now used to treat a wide range of disorders. B. CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy. C. CBT requires active engagement and effort on the part of the client. D. CBT tries to make the client aware of automatic thought patterns that are maladaptive.

B. CBT always involves medication as part of the therapy. CBT was first introduced as a way of treating depression. However, CBT is now used to treat a wide range of disorders including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. For some disorders it is more effective when combined with medication, but medication is not required for CBT to be effective.

Diana's mother tells her that she can have one cookie now, but if she waits an hour she can have two cookies. All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT: A. Diana will be better able to delay gratification if she verbally reminds herself of her long-term goal of getting two cookies. B. Diana will be better able to delay gratification if the cookies are visible because this will help her focus on her goal. C. Diana will be better able to delay gratification if she is able to use symbols to distance herself from temptation. D. Diana will be better able to delay gratification if she purposefully diverts her attention to other things besides the cookies.

B. Diana will be better able to delay gratification if the cookies are visible because this will help her focus on her goal. If the reward is in front of a child, it is more challenging to resist immediate gratification. Thus, Diana would be better able to delay gratification if the cookies were out of sight.

The Kelloggs raised Gua, a 7 ½-month-old chimpanzee, along with their own 10-month-old son Donald. They found all the following EXCEPT: A. Gua often outperformed Donald in other cognitive abilities. B. Donald could solve more complex spatial problems than Gua. C. When the study ended, after about 9 months, Donald was already outpacing Gua at acquiring language. D. Gua and the Kelloggs bonded and did communicate in some ways.

B. Donald could solve more complex spatial problems than Gua. Gua lagged behind Donald in the ability to speak. However, when compared on other cognitive abilities, Gua often outperformed Donald. For example, Gua could solve more complex spatial problems than Donald.

Huan is a 13-year-old girl growing up in China, and Madison is a 13-year-old girl growing up in the United States. Both girls have mothers who demonstrate what would be considered an authoritarian parenting style. What is the most likely outcome? A. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one concerned with training. B. Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. C. Both girls will interpret this parenting style as one that is overbearing and intrusive. D. Huan is more likely than Madison to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive.

B. Madison is more likely than Huan to interpret this parenting style as overbearing and intrusive. Many East Asian children, like Huan, interpret authoritarian parenting as concerned with training rather than overbearing or intrusive. Chinese parents are often driven more by a philosophy of training than one of domination and control.

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A. The low incidence of autism makes it challenging to study symptoms in the first month of life. B. Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age. C. Diagnoses of autism are often made in association with language delays. D. Autistic children may not connect well socially with their caregivers in infancy.

B. Most individuals with autism are diagnosed at or before 12 months of age. It is rare for individuals to be diagnosed with autism as early as 12 months of age. The first diagnoses typically are made no earlier than about 18 months of age, often in association with language delays.

Eight-month-old Nadine is participating in Gibson's visual cliff study. What would you predict about her performance? A. Nadine will only cross the visual cliff if her mother induces her across. B. Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so. C. Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is too young to crawl. D. Nadine will only cross the visual cliff to receive her favorite toy.

B. Nadine will not cross the visual cliff because she is hesitant to do so. Infants like Nadine will note the sudden drop-off and will be fearful of crossing the cliff despite encouragement to do so.

Glenn and Shawn are both European-American fathers. Glenn uses color-blind language when discussing individuals of different racial backgrounds with his children. Shawn also uses color-blind language but has many more non-European-American friends than Glenn. Which of the following is most likely? A. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate low racial bias. B. Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children. C. Both Glenn and Shawn's children will demonstrate high racial bias. D. Glenn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Shawn's children.

B. Shawn's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Glenn's children. Those children whose parents have more non-European-American friends like Shawn show less racial bias. Children are more influenced by their parents' actual relationships with people from other ethnic groups than by how they talk about them.

Nativists claim all of the following EXCEPT: A. Humans are endowed with a specific brain system specialized for acquiring ANY natural language. B. The brain system for acquiring language specifies details, such as particular grammatical rules. C. Since children could not possibly learn language only by listening to others talk, they must already have some knowledge of the language's structure. D. The brain system for acquiring language is flexible enough for the acquisition of particular constructions in specific languages.

B. The brain system for acquiring language specifies details, such as particular grammatical rules. Nativists claim that infants are born with a language acquisition device that enables them to recognize patterns common to all languages but that is flexible enough for the acquisition particular words and constructions in specific languages. Thus, Nativists do not claim that the system specifies details, such as particular grammatical rules.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of single session laboratory experiments testing the association of media violence and aggression/desensitization? A. They are correlational only and they do not allow for tests of causation. B. They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population. C. They do not allow for tests of gender differences in reactions to media violence. D. They do not allow for estimates of the magnitude of the effect.

B. They do not test for cumulative exposure over time in a large population. Experimental studies allow us to more directly infer causation, even as we lose some of the naturalistic realism of large scale observational studies that look for associations from cumulative exposure of media violence. Experimental studies allow us to more directly infer causation, even as we lose some of the naturalistic realism of large scale observational studies that look for associations from cumulative exposure of media violence.

Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. A. Type D: disorganized B. Type C: insecure/resistant C. Type B: secure D. Type A: insecure/avoidant

B. Type C: insecure resistant Newborns who cry more frequently and intensely are more likely to be later classified as type C (insecure/ resistant) infants. Infant temperament may contribute to attachment style.

Newborns as young as 2-3 weeks can A. already imitate words. B. already imitate mouth movements. C. not yet imitate as their vision is too poor. D. already imitate sentences.

B. already imitate mouth movements. Newborns can imitate a variety of faces.

Jake, a preschooler, is bothered by something in class. He tries to look away from the troubling sight but also purposely focus on something else to distract himself. This illustrates A. situation selection. B. attentional deployment. C. positivity bias. D. response modification.

B. attentional deployment. Jake is using attentional deployment to regulate his emotions. He is directing his thoughts in a way that makes the bothersome situation feel less emotionally charged. He is doing so by focusing on something more positive.

Max, a 10-month-old, sees his mother react in a fearful manner to a new toy. Max will likely A. be unable to detect his mother's fear. B. avoid the toy. C. grab the toy without fear. D. cautiously approach the toy.

B. avoid the toy. Infants can use visual and auditory signals from others to guide their own behavior. If the infant sees his mother react with fear to a new toy, then he will tend to avoid the new toy.

Dr. Griffin believes language acquisition seems to consist of learning the appropriate verbal "responses" in a variety of circumstances. What approach to language learning does Dr. Griffin endorse? A. nativist approach B. behaviorist approach C. statistical learning approach D. connectionist approach

B. behaviorist approach Behaviorist approaches to language acquisition suggest that language is learned through reinforcement and associations. Thus, Dr. Griffin appears to support the behaviorist approach to language acquisition.

Joceyln has wavy hair. She has received one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair. There is a blending of both of these traits resulting in her wavy hair. This is an example of A. heterozygosity. B. codominance. C. polygenic inheritance. D. joint alleles.

B. codominance Jocelyn is heterozygous and both alleles are expressed simultaneously, which is referred to as codominance

The study of how different people value traditions or traits would be consistent with the ___ perspective A. psychoanalytic B. cross-cultural C. neuroscience D. behaviorist

B. cross-cultural The cross-cultural perspective emphasizes investigating the differences between peoples and cultures.

Miles tastes a cookie prepared by a friend. He thinks it tastes terrible, but smiles and says it is yummy. This illustrates use of A. response guidelines. B. display rules. C. attentional deployment. D. situation cues.

B. display rules. Miles's parents may have socialized him not to show disgust when trying someone's cooking. This is a display rule influencing the kinds of emotional expressions a particular group considers appropriate.

The work by the Gibsons and also by Bernstein led to an integrated account of motor development that was based on complex interactions between the brain, the environment, and action called A. instrumental theory. B. dynamic systems theory. C. maturational theory. D. imprinting theory.

B. dynamic systems theory Their research was important in understanding the dynamic, active way in which infants develop perceptual-motor abilities.

Alicia goes on a trip to France with her high school. When she gets to France, she tries to order a drink in English without realizing the sales clerk only speaks French. This illustrates A. referential communication. B. egocentrism. C. overextension. D. linguistic relativity.

B. egocentrism. Egocentrism refers to being unable to take another's perspective. Here Alicia fails to consider the perspective of the sales clerk.

Dr. Love is interested in the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms. Dr. Love is a/an A. learning theorist. B. ethological theorist. C. cognitive developmental theorist. D. psychoanalytic theorist.

B. ethological theorist Ethological theorists approach the bond between offspring and parents from an evolutionary and comparative perspective. They focus on the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms and groups of organisms

Irene thinks of her past accomplishments and what she believes she can attain in the future. This illustrates her __________ self. A. conceptual B. extended C. ideal D. temporal

B. extended The extended self is the sense of one's self progressing along an autobiographical timeline. Thus, Irene is considering her extended self.

As an infant Tanya was considered to have a high energy level, display positive affect, and was uninhibited. As an adult Tanya is likely to be high on A. agreeableness. B. extroversion. C. conscientiousness. D. openness to experience.

B. extroversion. Initial aspects of temperament likely interact with each other and contribute to the development of later personality traits. Later extroversion is associated with early high activity levels, positive affect, and low inhibition.

To examine whether young children can consider thoughts of others, investigators began studying A. propositional thought. B. false beliefs. C. contrary predictions. D. the A-not-B error.

B. false beliefs Investigators examined false beliefs, or where the children believed another individual may look for an item that was moved when the observer was not present.

Which of these emotions is the last to develop? A. anger B. fear C. sadness D. contentment

B. fear Very young infants may start out with the emotions of contentment and distress. Sadness and disgust may emerge around 3 months, anger at around 4 months, and fear at around 6 months.

Eight-month-old January looks for her doll where her mother has hidden it from her. Her mother hides it again in the same place, and January finds it again. When her mother hides it a third time in the same place, and then moves it, January will first look A. in the new place her mother moved it to. B. in the same place as the other two times. C. where there is a beacon to guide her spatial representation. D. where there is a landmark to guide her spatial representation.

B. in the same place as the other two times. January is highly likely to commit the A-not-B error and look in the original hiding place even though she saw her mother move the doll.

Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing A. insecure/resistant attachment. B. insecure/avoidant attachment. C. secure attachment. D. disorganized attachment.

B. insecure/ avoidant attachment Avoidant infants do not appear upset when the caregiver leaves. Avoidant infants tend to avoid or ignore the caregiver when he or she returns.

Reliability and validity are different because reliability is the extent to which a score on a test A. represents that phenomena. B. is consistent. C. is actually measuring what the test is supposed to. D. is ecological.

B. is consistent. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on a test (e.g., if you gave an IQ test and got one score, a reliable test would give a very similar IQ score for that person if you re-administered it 1 week later).

Jamie has decided that she learns best by making flash cards to study. She has engaged in A. an illusion of knowing. B. metacognition. C. procedural fluency. D. dual representation.

B. metacognition. Jamie "thought about thinking" or thought about what strategies help her learn the best.

It has been difficult for researchers to study the use of number in infants. One important reason has been that researchers frequently have to rely on A. a parent's verbal report of the infant's choices. B. methodologies using habituation/dishabituation. C. an infant's verbal report of numerical differences. D. methodologies using blocks/cars passing behind screens.

B. methodologies using habituation/dishabituation. Researchers often rely on paradigms based on habituation/dishabituation to study the use of number because they cannot ask the child.

In Held and Hein's experiment with kittens, those kittens who had _________ experience had poorer perceptual-motor skills. A. active or passive B. passive C. active D. active and passive

B. passive Kittens who were yoked to other active kittens, but who didn't experience the world themselves, had more perceptual-motor problems.

The reflex that involves the extension of the leg following a tap on the knee is the A. rooting reflex. B. patellar reflex. C. Moro reflex. D. stepping reflex.

B. patellar reflex The patellar reflex involves a tap on the knee being followed by a kick out of that leg.

Nadia resembles her mother physically. She is tall with dark hair and blue eyes. These directly observable characteristics are called A. genotype. B. phenotype. C. autosomy. D. zygosity.

B. phenotype Phenotype refers to the ways genetic information is expressed in an organism. Nadia has inherited these characteristics from her mother.

The use of a variety of techniques like EEG and imaging to learn more about the brain, its growth, and its areas of specialization is associated with all of the following approaches EXCEPT the _____ approach. A. evolutionary B. psychoanalytic C. neuroscience D. cognitive science

B. psychoanalytic Neuroscientists and cognitive scientists are both interested in the neurobiological changes associated with development and study evolutionary adaptiveness of brain structures or functions.

Maxwell believes that his mother always wants to change him. When his mother is disappointed in him, she refuses to look at him. Maxwell's mother is high on A. behavioral control. B. psychological control. C. manipulative control. D. affective control.

B. psychological control. Maxwell's mother is high on psychological control, which involves attempts to regulate a child's behavior by manipulating his feelings.

Naina participates in the Strange Situation with her mother. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Naina stops crying and rushes to hug her mother. Naina would most likely be classified as demonstrating a/an A. insecure/avoidant attachment. B. secure attachment. C. insecure/resistant attachment. D. disorganized attachment.

B. secure attachment Secure infants show clear distress when their caregivers leave the room but are very happy when their caregivers return. Secure infants appear confident in the mother when she is present.

Avery, a toddler, is scared by a new toy. She scurries away from it. This illustrates A. negativity bias. B. situation modification. C. display rules. D. response modification.

B. situation modification. Situation modification refers to changing the situation to which one is exposed. Toddlers can modify a situation themselves by moving away from something they find unpleasant. In this scenario, Avery is moving away from the toy.

The study by Johnson et al. (1998) found that infants treat furry objects that interact with them as A. nonsocial agents. B. social agents. C. objects to be feared. D. inanimate objects.

B. social agents Infants treated furry objects as social agents (not just moving objects), including looking where the object turned to "look."

Dr. Holden believes that children learn to model their parents' behaviors. He thinks abused children go on to re-create in their own families the abuse they have observed and experienced. His beliefs are consistent with A. ethological theory. B. social learning theory. C. behavioral genetics theory. D. environmental theory.

B. social learning theory. Dr. Holden's view is consistent with social learning theory. This view suggests that children learn to be parents by observing their own parents. If their own parents were abusive, individuals may imitate them when they become parents themselves.

John, a toddler, says "Juice cup" instead of saying "I would like more juice in my cup." This is an example of A. underextension. B. telegraphic speech. C. referential communication. D. poverty of the stimulus.

B. telegraphic speech. Children may use telegraphic speech, where they only use the words needed to communicate the gist of what they mean. Here, John is able to include the two key words that indicate his meaning: "juice" and "cup."

Danielle knows that Adrienne did better than Berta on their exam and that Berta did better than Carrie. Therefore, she can conclude that Adrienne did better than Carrie through her use of A. order relations inferences. B. transitive reasoning. C. class-inclusion inferences. D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

B. transitive reasoning. Transitive reasoning involves reasoning about known relationships of stimuli to infer a relationship between the stimuli that were not initially directly related to each other. For example if A (Adrienne) did better than B (Berta), and B (Berta) did better than C (Carrie), then A (Adrienne) must have done better than C (Carrie).

The empiricist and nativist perspectives differ because empiricists believe that A. there are certain biological structures that are specialized for learning. B. we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information. C. there are modules which predispose one to have an advantage in learning. D. we begin life with certain biases toward learning certain types of information.

B. we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information. Empiricists do not believe there is any inborn bias toward acquiring a particular type of knowledge or learning.

Researchers studied the facial expressions produced by mothers who were either abusive or nonabusive. They found that A. when they were angry, nonabusive mothers showed facial expressions that were less typical of anger than abusive mothers did. B. when they were angry, abusive mothers showed facial expressions that were less typical of anger than nonabusive mothers did. C. abusive and nonabusive mothers did not differ on facial expressions. D. nonabusive mothers were less likely to show expression with their eyebrows.

B. when they were angry, abusive mothers showed facial expressions that were less typical of anger than nonabusive mothers did. Researchers looked at the findings of facial expressions produced by mothers who were abusive or nonabusive. The abusive mothers showed facial expressions that were less typical of anger than did nonabusive mothers. The children of abusive mothers showed corresponding deficits in their ability to process their mother's angry expression.

Working memory is different from long-term memory because A. long-term memory quickly stores robust memories for later processing. B. working memory is limited to about seven items at a time. C. long-term memory is primarily organized around sensory experiences. D. working memory has a vast capacity to store information.

B. working memory is limited to about seven items at a time. Working memory is limited to 7 + 2 items while long-term memory is a vast repository of information.

Prior to age 60, there is a decline on all the following measures EXCEPT: A. speed of processing B. world knowledge C. long-term memory D. working memory

B. world knowledge Performance declines with increasing age for speed of processing, working memory, and long-term memory. Performance is preserved and even increases with age for world knowledge.

____________ is a binocular cue that relies on the way the two eyes move—becoming increasingly cross-eyed in order to focus on closer and closer objects. A. Binocular parallax B. Interposition C. Convergence D. Motion parallax

C. Convergence Convergence is a binocular cue and is similar to binocular parallax. However, rather than using disparity between the two eyes' retinal images, convergence relies on the way the two eyes move.

The reflex that involves a pronounced startle response in the infant is the A. patellar reflex. B. rooting reflex. C. Moro reflex. D. stepping reflex.

C. Moro reflex Moro reflex involves gently and cautiously making the infant feel a loss of physical support. This loss is followed by a characteristic startle response that includes the infant swinging the arms wide and closing them back.

Veronica is 3, Neetha is 5, and Sondra is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that nurses can only be women, even if they have seen male nurses? A. Sondra B. All three girls are equally likely to do so. C. Neetha D. Veronica

C. Neetha Neetha is in the rigid stage of gender stereotyping. Thus, she would be most insistent. Veronica is still learning gender stereotypes, and Sondra is in a more flexible period of gender stereotyping.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Newborns are not sensitive to social stimuli. B. Newborns show extreme distress if the parent leaves. C. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds. D. Newborns show clear preferences for being around particular people.

C. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds Infants first show specific bonds at around 6 to 7 months.

All of the following statements about the sociocultural views of the development of knowledge are true EXCEPT: A. Sociocultural views suggest that a child's cultural context and social interactions often mediate her interactions with the world. B. Sociocultural views of the growth of knowledge are not in opposition to other theories of cognitive development. C. Sociocultural views see the child as an individual learning about the world independently. D. Differences arising from cultural practices affect early biological thought in a variety of ways.

C. Sociocultural views see the child as an individual learning about the world independently. Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development emphasized the ways in which a child's immersion in the larger culture supports cognitive development. Social interactions between parents and their children, as well as between other mentors and children, help children get over some cognitive development hurdles more easily. Thus, learning is NOT viewed as an independent process.

A young rhesus monkey is put in a cage with a choice between a wire-frame "mother" and a mother covered in furry terry cloth. Which is most likely to occur? A. The monkey will ignore both "mothers" as they are not real. B. The monkey will show no preference and cling to both the wire-frame and terry-cloth mothers. C. The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother." D. The monkey will prefer the wire-frame "mother."

C. The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother" Harlow's studies showed monkeys formed strong bonds to the cloth "mother" suggesting the importance of contact and comfort.

Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating A. resistant attachment. B. disinhibited attachment. C. ambivalent attachment. D. anxious attachment.

C. ambivalent attachment Romanian orphans like Natalia sometimes show disinhibited attachments, meaning they do not modulate their emotions well in social interactions, sometimes being overly friendly with strangers and other times being inappropriately unfriendly.

Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase? A. reciprocal relationships B. clear-cut attachment phase C. attachment-in-the-making phase D. preattachment phase

C. attachment-in-the-making phase Paula is in the attachment-in-the-making phase, which begins at around 6 weeks of age and is signaled by using smiles and cries to focus on specific.

Van is a 15-year-old girl who is self-reliant and seems to have good self-control. She does well in school and often takes initiative. These characteristics are often associated with which of the following parenting styles? A. permissive B. authoritarian C. authoritative D. involved

C. authoritative Van's parents were likely authoritative parents. Authoritative parenting is associated with positive child outcomes including success in school, self-reliance, self-control, and willingness to explore. Girls of authoritative parents tend to be independent and socially responsible.

Infantile amnesia is the inability to recall memories A. following a traumatic event in childhood. B. from any time before the fifth year of life. C. before one is 2 or 3 years old. D. prior to a traumatic event in childhood.

C. before one is 2 or 3 years old. Infantile amnesia is the inability for most people to recall memories that occurred prior to approximately 2½ years of age.

A student who is interested in reinforcement, punishment, and shaping is taking the _____ perspective. A. neuroscience B. evolutionary C. behaviorist D. comparative

C. behaviorist Reinforcement, punishment, and shaping behavior are all predominantly associated with the behaviorist approach.

One reason infants are suspected of having a biological "module" for understanding causation is that infants A. notice emerging temporal contingencies. B. notice emerging spatial contingencies. C. can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. D. have a very different understanding of physical causality compared to adults.

C. can understand physical causality under similar conditions as adults. Infants as young as 7 months old have been found to see physical causality under very similar perceptual conditions as adults.

Dr. Campbell is interested in how infants represent, store, and use information. She likely identifies with the _________ perspective. A. psychoanalytic B. behaviorist C. cognitive science D. evolutionary

C. cognitive science Cognitive scientists are particularly interested in the storage and processing of information.

Accumulating evidence suggests that the earlier the patient receives the cochlear implant, the more normal will be her ability to distinguish different speech sounds. Some neural circuits may show permanent declines in auditory and speech-processing abilities if implants are not present before four years of age. This is an example of a(n) A. acute period. B. plastic period. C. critical period. D. decisive period.

C. critical period. This is an example of a critical period, for which certain kinds of perceptual experiences must happen during a particular time frame for the perceptual ability to mature normally.

The ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if changes occurred. A. experimental B. independent C. dependent D. observational

C. dependent Dependent variable is the variable that experimenters measure to see if it responded to changes in the independent variable.

Learning theorists viewed all of the following as strong potential influences on the quality of attachment EXCEPT: A. feeding schedules B. age of weaning C. drives of oral gratification D. form of feeding (bottle vs. breast)

C. drives of oral gratification Freud believed that breastfeeding provided oral gratification and that this led to attachment. Learning theorists focused on how infants formed bonds to positively reinforcing stimuli.

If an infant notes where an object is in space by where it is in relation to her body, she has engaged in A. temporal representation. B. allocentric representation. C. egocentric representation. D. geometric representation.

C. egocentric representation. Egocentric representation refers to an infant's spatial representation of objects relative to her own body.

Marcy is downstairs and her brother is upstairs. Marcy calls up to her brother and asks if he likes the painting she just completed without realizing he is unable to see what she has painted. This illustrates A. centration. B. vitalism. C. egocentrism. D. compensation.

C. egocentrism. Piaget believed young children are egocentric, which means that they are unable to take more than one perspective on a scene. Piaget assumed egocentrism is a very general cognitive deficit. In this example, Marcy is unaware that her brother is unable to see her painting from his location upstairs.

Doreen is thrilled that she won a race. She attempts to suppress her joy because she learned her best friend did not finish the race and is very upset. Doreen is engaged in A. response modification. B. emotional contagion. C. emotional regulation. D. positivity bias modulation.

C. emotional regulation. Emotion regulation refers to the process through which we influence the emotions we experience, when and how we experience them, and how we reveal our emotions to others. Here Doreen is trying to control her expression of emotion to her friend.

Memory depends on three broad processes: A. encoding, storage, and source monitoring. B. storage, retrieval, and source monitoring. C. encoding, storage, and retrieval. D. encoding, retrieval, and source monitoring.

C. encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory depends on encoding information, storing it, and then retrieving it later for use.

Peer-raised macaques show neurological differences from those macaques raised by adults; they have less developed neural networks using the neurotransmitter serotonin. This is an example of a/an A. constitutive effect. B. repressible effect. C. epigenetic effect. D. inducible effect.

C. epigenetic effect. This is an example of an epigenetic effect. Epigenetic regulation is one way that environmental influences can affect the activity of genes. This kind of gene regulation occurs when the chemicals surrounding a particular cell type affect which of the cells' genes are active or inactive.

Memory for conscious, verbal information, and memory for more automatic, unconscious information are respectively termed ______ and ______ memory. A. implicit and explicit B. working and sensory C. explicit and implicit D. echoic and iconic

C. explicit and implicit Explicit memory is related to consciously processed information while implicit memory is typically processed outside of awareness.

Joanna is in her second trimester of pregnancy. At this point, her developing child is referred to as a/an A. embryo. B. blastocyst. C. fetus. D. neonate.

C. fetus From the ninth week until birth, the growing human organism is referred to as the fetus.

Hannah has extremely positive views of herself on all dimensions. Hannah is likely in A. middle school. B. Late elementary school. C. preschool. D. early elementary school.

C. preschool. Hannah is likely in preschool. Children have extremely positive images of the self on all dimensions during the preschool years. Self-esteem tends to drop with increasing age.

Dr. Joy believes that feeling anger can get you to channel your resources in a different direction as well as warn others not to get in the way. Dr. Joy's beliefs are in line with the ______ approach to emotion. A. complex B. structuralist C. functionalist D. basic

C. functionalist The functionalist approach to emotion stresses the function of emotional responses such as anger. Each emotion is thought to serve clear function, both for our own internal regulation and for regulating and managing social situations.

A third grade teacher gives her class of 30 students the same list of 25 words. Each student is asked to come up with a sentence from the words. Each student's sentence is unique. This illustrates the concept of A. universal constraints. B. phonology. C. generativity. D. mutual exclusivity.

C. generativity. Generativity refers to being able to use a relatively small number of basic linguistic components and rules to create a boundless variety of unique expressions. In this example, the students will be able to combine the words in a number of ways to come up with many unique sentences.

Phineas Gage was a railroad worker who experienced massive damage to his frontal lobes in an accident. This injury most notably seemed to affect A. his speech production. B. his speech comprehension. C. his control over his impulses. D. his mathematical abilities.

C. his control over his impulses. The damage to Gage's frontal cortical regions caused profound changes in his ability to control his impulses.

According to Freud, the ________ appears first in development and represents basic desires and drives. A. superego B. ego C. id D. schadenfreude

C. id According to Freud, the id is the first part of the mind to develop. Freud believed that younger children are unable to be truly moral because they are governed solely by the id, which responds only to impulses and lacks any moderation or controls that make it possible to delay gratification.

After receiving a duck egg, it hatches. The duckling now follows you everywhere you go. The duckling is demonstrating A. insecure attachment. B. operant conditioning. C. imprinting. D. classical conditioning.

C. imprinting Imprinting is the early bonding process that is commonly seen in birds.

Amanda does quite poorly on her essay for English class. She thinks that she should have worked harder. Further, she thinks she can do quite well on her next paper if she gives herself enough time to complete the assignment. Amanda would be a/an A. fixed-trait theorist. B. situational theorist. C. incremental theorist. D. fundamental theorist.

C. incremental theorist. Amanda is an incremental theorist because she sees her traits as changeable with enough work. If she was a fixed-traits theorist, she would think of her traits as unchangeable.

Having an awareness of one's own memory processes is called A. source monitoring. B. encoding. C. metamemory. D. metalinguistics.

C. metamemory. Metamemory is the term used to describe having a conscious awareness of one's own memory processes and functioning.

Dr. Eccles believes that infants are born with a language acquisition device that enables them to recognize patterns common to all language. What approach to language does Dr. Eccles endorse? A. statistical learning approach B. behaviorist approach C. nativist approach D. connectionist approach

C. nativist approach Nativist approaches emphasize the idea that humans are endowed with a specific brain system specialized for acquiring any natural language. Thus, Dr. Eccles appears to support the nativist approach to language acquisition.

Mary enters her developmental psychology class believing that infants are born with many specialized abilities to perceive their world. Which theorists would Mary agree with? A. environmentalists B. naturalists C. nativists D. empiricists

C. nativists Nativists believe that there is a large degree of specialization for perceptual abilities in the newborn's brain from the start.

The idea that rigid or hard objects cannot pass through other similar objects is termed A. object permanence. B. object concept. C. object solidity. D. object continuity.

C. object solidity Object solidity is the idea that solid objects cannot pass through each other.

Which trait shows relative stability across the lifespan? A. emotional stability B. conscientiousness C. openness to experience D. agreeableness

C. openness to experience There are rises on the dimensions of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Openness to experience, on the other hand, shows relative stability.

When Manuel thinks about objects' permanence and solidity, he is able to use all of the following principles to guide his thought except A. inertia. B. gravity. C. orientation. D. continuity.

C. orientation. "Physics" is not one of Spelke's five principles about how infants think about the physical world.

Simon had shown intrinsic interest in drawing. He participated in a study and was asked to draw to receive a reward. After drawing to earn the reward, he seemed to discount his earlier, intrinsic motivation for drawing. This phenomenon is known as the A. fundamental attribution effect. B. incentivizing effect. C. overjustification effect. D. expected reward effect.

C. overjustification effect. Attributing his behavior to that extrinsic factor (the reward) made Simon discount his earlier, intrinsic motivation. This phenomenon is referred to as the overjustification effect.

Rat and hat are words that differ in their initial sounds. The "r" and "h" represent different A. holophrases. B. lexicons. C. phonemes. D. universal constraints.

C. phonemes Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that create differences in meaning. Here the "r" and "h" phonemes differentiate between the words "rat" and "hat."

Chickens that display the dominant frizzle gene have atypical feathers, greater metabolic rates, and improved digestive capacity. That one gene affects many traits is an example of A. homeobox genes. B. polygenic genes. C. pleiotropic genes. D. heterozygous genes.

C. pleiotropic genes The frizzle gene is pleiotropic, meaning that one gene affects many traits.

The earliest stage of development is actually the A. preschool period. B. perinatal period. C. prenatal period. D. infancy period.

C. prenatal period A significant amount of development actually occurs before a human is even born.

One of the most basic and common memory strategies is A. cueing. B. source monitoring. C. rehearsal. D. elaboration.

C. rehearsal. One of the most basic memory strategies is repeating information over and over, or rehearsal.

Two researchers are assessing temperamental traits using the same coding system. They check to make sure their ratings are similar to one another. In psychometric terms, these researchers are considering the ________ of the assessment. A. stability B. generalizability C. reliability D. validity

C. reliability These researchers are assessing reliability; they are looking at agreement across raters. Reliability refers to consistency of measurement across raters and time.

When Zoe is upset, she finds it helpful to relax her muscles and take deep breaths. This illustrates A. attentional deployment. B. situation modification. C. response modification. D. positivity bias.

C. response modification. Response modification involves managing an emotional reaction by directly influencing the physiological response itself. Here Zoe is trying to influence her physiological reaction by relaxing her muscles and breathing.

Darian, a young child, is playing with a ball of Play-Doh ®. Her brother smashes it into a pancake, and Darian gets mad and says she wanted to play with a ball, not a flat piece of Play-Doh®. This illustrates that Darian lacks the logical operator of A. identity. B. seriation. C. reversibility. D. egocentrism.

C. reversibility. The operator of reversibility involves noting that a change can be reversed or "run backward" to return things to their initial condition. Here, Darian does not realize she can undo the change her brother made.

Sol, a 9-month-old, is extremely distraught when his mother leaves the house. He cannot be consoled by his babysitter. This illustrates A. attachment distress. B. irritable temperament. C. separation anxiety. D. stranger fear.

C. separation anxiety Sol is demonstrating a separation anxiety, which typically emerges at about 8 months. He demonstrates distress when his mother leaves and wants her to return

Pedro's mother stops interacting with him and freezes her face for several seconds. Infant Pedro will most likely A. fail to respond to her when she starts interacting with him again B. not notice his mother's behavior has changed. C. show distress and start to disengage socially. D. start to disengage socially without showing distress.

C. show distress and start to disengage socially In the still-face paradigm, infants like Pedro will become distressed at the lack of responses and reciprocity in interacting with their mothers. Pedro is expecting his mother to attend to him in rhythmic patterns of give-and-take that characterize social interactions.

Michael believes that Jessica bumped into him in the park because she stumbled on a rock. This is an example of what psychologists refer to as a/an _____________ attribution. A. dispositional B. extrinsic C. situational D. intrinsic

C. situational Michael is making a situational attribution. That is, he is attributing Jessica's behavior to aspects of a situation (e.g., the rock in the park).

Kim has noticed that she is a much better runner than her peers. She recognizes that she can run around the track faster than her classmates and that the coach is always praising her form while correcting her classmates' form. Thus, Kim believes she has strong athletic ability. This illustrates A. overjustification effect. B. self-efficacy. C. social comparison. D. kinesthetic self-concept.

C. social comparison. Kim is engaged in social comparison. She is evaluating her athletic ability by comparing herself to others.

Suniya is a young female who shows a preference for playing with gender-atypical toys. This pattern may be associated with exposure to higher levels of prenatal A. oxytocin. B. estrogen. C. testosterone. D. cortisol.

C. testosterone. Higher levels of prenatal testosterone in girls are associated with greater frequencies of child behaviors favored by boys, such as playing with more gender-atypical toys.

Amanda's dog is very bold. It is not afraid to walk up to dogs that are twice its size. How would you describe the dog's temperament? A. easy B. difficult C. uninhibited D. inhibited

C. uninhibited Uninhibited animals show more exploratory behavior in new settings. Thus, Amanda's bold dog is uninhibited.

Malcolm has Down syndrome. Which of the following traits/conditions would Malcolm be unlikely to exhibit? A. high risk for certain heart defects B. cognitive delays C. webbed skin at the neck D. distinctive facial features

C. webbed skin at the neck Webbed skin at the neck is associated with Turner syndrome and not Down syndrome. Cognitive delays, distinctive facial features, and increased risk for heart defects are all associated with Down syndrome.

Validity is the degree to which A. a study is consistent. B. two observers agree on their data. C. what you measure is what you intend to measure. D. what you score now is close to what you scored before.

C. what you measure is what you intend to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which what you measure by using a test is what you intend to measure.

Gordon has experienced damage to a region in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and as a result his syntactic abilities are damaged while his semantic skills remain more intact. Gordon has experienced damage to A. Itard's area. B. William's area. C. Wernicke's area. D. Broca's area.

D. Broca's area. Damage to Broca's area is associated with damaged syntactic abilities while semantic skills remain more intact. Gordon's condition suggests damage to Broca's area.

All of the following statements about video games are true EXCEPT: A. The effects of video games can be more positive than the effects of television. B. The content of video games is critical to whether they have a positive or negative effect. C. The effects of video games can be more negative than the effects of television. D. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games.

D. Children, on average, spend significantly more time watching television than playing video games. Playing video games now rivals the time children spend watching television. Video game play is extremely prevalent among American youth.

________ theory argues that as families get larger, their overall intellectual climate drops. A. Ecological systems B. Divergence C. Resource D. Confluence

D. Confluence Confluence theory suggests that as families get bigger, their average overall intellectual climate decreases.

Matt is the youngest child in his family, Sam is the middle child, and David is the oldest child. Studies of birth order suggest A. There will be no differences as a function of birth order. B. Sam will likely have the highest intelligence score. C. Matt will likely have the highest intelligence score. D. David will likely have the highest intelligence score.

D. David will likely have the highest intelligence score. Firstborns, like David, often have the highest intelligence, and intelligence tends to drop the later a child's position is in the birth order.

Tracy is the oldest child in her family. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. What is the most likely outcome? A. Tracy will only have more influence on her brother's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence. B. Tracy will have less influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. C. Tracy will only have more influence on her sister's gender role qualities as compared to her parents' influence. D. Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents.

D. Tracy will have more influence on both of her younger siblings' gender role qualities than do her parents. Older siblings, like Tracy, influence younger siblings' gender role qualities more than parents do. This would be the case for both her younger sister and brother.

Hebrew requires speakers to specify the gender of others extensively whereas Finnish has very sparse gender markings. There are two young infants: Enav is a native Hebrew speaker and Brigitte is a native Finnish speaker. Which outcome is most likely? A. Both Enav and Brigitte will be at a disadvantage in learning their own genders compared to children learning English, which is between Hebrew and Finnish in its gender markings. B. Brigitte will be able to learn her own gender earlier than Enav. C. Learning one's gender is a domain specific ability independent of language, and Enav and Brigitte will learn about their own gender at the same time. D. Enav will be able to learn her own gender earlier than Brigitte.

D. Enav will be able to learn her own gender earlier than Brigitte. Enav will likely learn her own gender earlier than does Brigitte. When a language (e.g., Hebrew) requires speakers to specify the gender of others extensively, its young speakers seem to learn their own gender earlier than children learning languages such as Finnish, which has very sparse gender markings.

Francis is a mother in a family characterized as high socioeconomic status, and Jane is a mother in a working-class family. What is the most likely outcome? A. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use permissive parenting. B. The women are not likely to differ in their parenting styles. C. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritarian parenting. D. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting.

D. Francis will be more likely than Jane to use authoritative parenting. Parents of higher socioeconomic status, like Francis, use authoritative parenting styles more often than do parents of working-class families, like Jane.

All of the following statements are true of Head Start EXCEPT: A. Some studies suggest a link between participation in Head Start and higher levels of school readiness. B. Head Start teaches parenting skills to lower-income, disadvantaged parents. C. An Early Head Start program focuses on children between birth and 3 years. D. Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents.

D. Head Start seems to be more effective for European-American parents compared with African-American parents. The effectiveness of Head Start does seem to differ depending in part on the parents' race. However, these interventions tend to have a large effect with African-American parents. These interventions often show no effect with European-American parents.

Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely? A. The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. B. Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. C. The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development. D. Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development.

D. Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development. Children who grew up in Romanian orphanages under conditions of severe social deprivation showed social impairment as they had difficulties forming normal social relationships. In addition, social deprivation can lead to a general disengagement from the world that may impair cognitive development.

Rousseau believed that children are pure in heart and mind and would always behave in morally appropriate ways if not for the corrupting influences of society. This view is more in line with ______ theoretical approaches. A. Functionalist B. Empiricist C. Cross-cultural D. Nativist

D. Nativist The views favoring an inherent moral nature did not ignore society's effects, but see them as interacting with preexisting moral natures, just like nativists would argue. Meanwhile, if children are amoral, that is closer to a blank-slate empiricist view.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuronal migration? A. Some migration occurs in adult human brains. B. Most migration happens before birth or around the time of birth. C. Nerve cells appear to migrate by following the paths laid down by certain radial glial cells that serve as guides. D. New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain.

D. New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain. New nerve cells develop near the center of the brain and then move through older nerve cells to the outermost layers of the growing neural network, where they will ultimately become parts of various brain structures.

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A. Preschoolers show genuine instances of sharing and have some sense of reciprocity. B. Cross-sex interactions become increasingly important during the period of adolescence. C. Infants' interactions are simple and may include the experience of joint arousal. D. Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods.

D. Peer influence is especially critical in early childhood as compared to other periods. Peer interactions come to predominate over interactions with parents and teachers in adolescence. Peer influence is especially important during this developmental period.

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory? A. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in middle adulthood. B. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginnings around age 60. C. Prospective memory often declines rapidly beginning in adolescence. D. Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age.

D. Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age. Prospective memory is often preserved into very old age. This may be because there is a robust ability for a person to monitor her cognitive performance with metacognitive and executive skills that continue to function well with age.

All of the following statements are true about changes in the family EXCEPT: A. The age of marriage has risen dramatically since the 1960s, which in part is related to a return from a drop in the age of marriage that occurred after World War II. B. Over the past four decades, the mean age of mothers at the time of the birth of their first child has greatly increased in North America, Europe, and Japan. C. There has been a substantial increase in the number of single-parent homes in the United States. D. Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States.

D. Teen pregnancy and birth rates have steadily increased for the last four decades in the United States. Teen pregnancy and birth rates have been steadily declining for the last four decades.

Suzanne is an adult with a genetic disorder. She speaks quickly, using idiomatic phrases and an apparently sophisticated vocabulary, but her speech is usually devoid of meaningful content. Suzanne probably has A. Broca's syndrome. B. autism. C. aphasia. D. Williams syndrome.

D. Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is a genetic disorder. Children with Williams syndrome may lag behind other children in the earliest stages of language acquisition; but, by age 3, their expressive language skills seem relatively intact. Adults with Williams syndrome like Suzanne tend to speak quickly with an advanced vocabulary without conveying much meaningful content.

Kathy refers to all large, four-legged farm animals as cows. She comes to realize a horse is different than a cow, and changes her cognitive structures to fit what she has learned. This illustrates A. compensation. B. assimilation. C. reversibility. D. accommodation.

D. accommodation. As Kathy gains knowledge, her cognitive structures modify themselves somewhat to fit what she has learned about the environment. This process is referred to as accommodation.

Janice has named her bike "Joey." Janice tells her mother that she needs to take Joey to the park or he will be sad. This is an illustration of A. egocentrism. B. vitalism. C. compensation. D. animism.

D. animism. Animism is the tendency to imbue inanimate objects with psychological motivations such as desires and beliefs. Janice is attributing psychological motivations to her bike, an inanimate object.

Difficulties with theory of mind tasks are associated with which condition? A. social anxiety B. schizophrenia C. depression D. autism

D. autism Individuals with autism have difficulties with theory of mind tasks. Some researchers suggest that autism provides evidence for a theory of mind module that may be defective.

Gia engages in echolaic speech (echolalia). This may be an indication that Gia has A. psychopathy. B. schizophrenia. C. depression. D. autism.

D. autism. FEEDBACK: Children with autism, like Gia, may engage in echolaic speech in which they repeat back the words and phrases of others in a verbatim fashion.

Dr. Zap has made sure his study is ecologically valid. This means his study has A. used multiple dependent variables to be sure of his findings. B. used a longitudinal design to follow children across time. C. strong controls in place to ensure scientific standards. D. been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world.

D. been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world. Ecological validity is the degree to which the results of a study apply to normal circumstances in the real world.

During gestation, which of the following developmental structures is highly sensitive to teratogen disruption for the greatest amount of time? A. eyes B. arms C. teeth D. central nervous system

D. central nervous system The central nervous system, is developing throughout the embryonic period and fetal period is highly sensitive to teratogens such as alcohol.

Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? A. duplicated chromosomes B. segregation into single chromosomes C. DNA replication D. crossing-over

D. crossing-over Mitosis is the process in which cell division occurs and the chromosomes from both parents are copied and appear in all new cells. Crossing-over occurs in meiosis, a special kind of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells.

A cross-section study examines changes in A. one group at one point in time. B. one group for an extended period of time. C. different groups for an extended period of time. D. different groups at one point in time.

D. different groups at one point in time. Cross-sectional studies examine several groups at one instance in time.

The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: A. confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming B. confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming C. confirmed for only educational programming D. disconfirmed

D. disconfirmed

Our ________ self is our sense of where we are as we move through the world using our perceptual and motor systems. A. private B. conceptual C. extended D. ecological

D. ecological The ecological self refers to a sense of where we are as we move through the world. It includes perceptual and motor awareness.

Elica is working in a day care center. She finds that the infants show distress at hearing other newborns cry. This is an example of A. social referencing. B. distress inducement. C. situation selection. D. emotional contagion.

D. emotional contagion. Emotional contagion occurs when someone around us feels a particular emotion and we subsequently seem to "pick it up" and feel the same way ourselves. By 6 months, infants seem to pick up on emotional states of others and also display those emotions. Here infants are noting other infants' distress.

John is in his 60s and runs 5 miles every morning. In older adults, like John, exercise has the largest effect on performance on A. spatial tasks. B. speed tasks. C. controlled tasks. D. executive tasks.

D. executive tasks. In older adults, like John, exercise is strongly associated with higher scores on a variety of cognitive tasks, with the strongest effects occurring on executive tasks.

Abel asks for a treat by saying "cookie," and his mother answers with, "what do you say?" He responds by saying, "peez." Abel's appraisal and response have demonstrated A. implicit cognition. B. allocentric representation. C. egocentric representation. D. explicit cognition.

D. explicit cognition Abel is responding with an awareness that he needs to be polite; implicit cognition would be a response outside of his awareness.

Which part of the brain experiences dramatic changes during late childhood and the teenage years? A. temporal lobe B. occipital lobe C. parietal lobe D. frontal lobe

D. frontal lobe Some of the most remarkable changes in the teenage brain take place in the frontal lobes, the brain region associated with planning, problem solving, and the regulation of thoughts and emotions. The frontal lobes undergo significant pruning of synaptic connections during adolescence.

Phoebe is excessively worried about a wide range of situations from germs to speaking in front of her class. She likely has A. universal anxiety disorder. B. phobia disorder. C. multipolar anxiety disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

D. generalized anxiety disorder. Phoebe likely has generalized anxiety disorder which involves excessive levels of worry about a wide range of situations.

Jared bumps into Dan in the hallway. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Dan gets really mad and quickly assumes Jared did this on purpose. This illustrates A. relational processing deficit. B. social attribution bias. C. hostile information processing deficit. D. hostile attribution bias.

D. hostile attribution bias. Dan quickly interpreted an ambiguous action as hostile, which illustrates hostile attribution bias.

The ______ variable is the one manipulated by an experimenter. A. cross-cultural B. experimental C. dependent D. independent

D. independent The independent variable is manipulated by an investigator in an experiment.

Sue is trying to open a cabinet while carrying several things. Her young 18 month old daughter, Millie, sees that her mother needs help in order to open the cabinet. Millie tries to help her mother even though there are no obvious benefits to her. This illustrates __________ helping, an early form of altruism. A. empathetic B. constructivist C. social intuitional D. instrumental

D. instrumental This is an example of instrumental helping. Millie perceives her mother as being unable to achieve a goal. She acts altruistically to help her mother even when there are no obvious benefits that she will get for helping.

In general, physical punishment is associated with all the following EXCEPT: A. more immediate compliance B. poorer mental health C. less internalization of morals D. less antisocial behavior

D. less antisocial behavior Gershoff found that physical punishment is associated with greater levels of antisocial behavior.

Research suggests that autism has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT: A. infections prenatally B. high levels of fetal testosterone C. infections in early in infancy D. maternal disengagement and lack of warmth

D. maternal disengagement and lack of warmth Although there was an early environmental theory of autism, often referred to as the "refrigerator mom" scenario, a socialization theory for autism has since been discredited. There is not research support for a link between maternal disengagement and lack of warmth.

Sophie strongly believes that certain behaviors are right and wrong but is often unable to explain why. This illustrates A. moral dilemmas. B. moral confounding. C. moral intuition. D. moral dumbfounding.

D. moral dumbfounding. Sophie's situation illustrates moral dumbfounding. This term refers to the finding that for some moral situations, people have strong convictions about what is right and wrong but are unable to explain why. There is an apparent disconnect between having strong "gut feelings" about what is right and being able to justify those feelings with higher-order reasoning.

Maxine demonstrates the ability to describe an event in a coherent, organized way that conveys its key themes. This suggests Maxine has __________ skills. A. referential B. indirect language C. richness of stimuli D. narrative

D. narrative Young children need to learn to create a clear narrative. Maxine demonstrates narrative skills or the ability to describe an event in a coherent, organized way that conveys its key themes.

Samuel was diagnosed with conduct disorder. His teacher gives him a sticker whenever she sees that he is engaged in appropriate behavior. Behavioral therapists refer to this as the ______________ technique. A. modeling B. punishment C. psychodynamic D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning The teacher is using an operant conditioning technique. She is trying to shape Samuel's behavior using rewards.

Alden told his father that he "goed" to the park after school. This is an example of A. underregularization. B. underextension. C. recasting. D. overregularization.

D. overregularization. Alden said "goed" to the park, which is an illustration of overregularization. He took the regular form "go" and added "ed". This shows that he knows the use of the regular past tense form but has applied it to an irregular verb.

Newborns are more attentive to monkey sounds than to synthetic sounds created to resemble speech. Three-month-olds, however, do not demonstrate this preference and only prefer human speech sounds over the synthetic sounds. This is an example of A. auditory focusing. B. sensory tapering. C. concentrated plasticity. D. perceptual narrowing.

D. perceptual narrowing Through perceptual narrowing, infants increase their processing ability and precision in a narrow category, but often at the expense of processing outside that category. Here, infants are becoming especially attentive to human speech.

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and low control? A. authoritative B. lenient C. accommodating D. permissive

D. permissive Permissive parents are high in warmth and low in control. They make few demands of their children.

The institutional review board is tasked with reviewing A. child-rearing practices to be sure children are treated well. B. research studies to be sure they keep to their budgets. C. the milestones of child development in longitudinal studies. D. research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.

D. research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk.

A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT A. see how a trait emerged through natural selection. B. wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. C. use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. D. see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement.

D. see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement. Evolutionary psychologists are interested in the emergence of traits over several generations through the process of natural selection and use many approaches to study this.

Roxanna has a spelling test next week. She believes that she can successfully complete her spelling test. These beliefs demonstrate high A. self-esteem. B. self-determination. C. self-comparison. D. self-efficacy.

D. self-efficacy. Roxanna is demonstrating high self-efficacy, which refers to her beliefs about how capable she is of achieving her goals.

A teacher randomly assigns half of the students in her first-grade class to the purple team and the other half to the orange team. She can expect biases to emerge A. if she makes this division and uses group labels in the classroom. B. only if she creates groups with older children as her students are too young to show biases. C. only if she creates these groups and treats the groups differently. D. simply based on this group assignment.

D. simply based on this group assignment. Even young children demonstrate bias as a function of simply being randomly assigned to a group.

Phoebe is talking to her infant daughter using child-directed speech. Her speech is likely to be A. wordier than it would normally be. B. quiet. C. low in pitch. D. slow in pace.

D. slow in pace. Parents often communicate with their children using child-directed speech. This speech tends to be slower than regular speech.Child-Directed Speech

A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across A. cultures. B. stages of development. C. the lifespan. D. species.

D. species. The comparative approach emphasizes looking at the differences and similarities that occur across species

Minerva is in her 40s and is only concerned with her own selfish needs. She does not make any contributions to the community. According to Erikson, she demonstrates A. despair B. isolation C. inferiority D. stagnation

D. stagnation Minerva is in stagnation. She is only concerned with her own needs and is not actively trying to make contributions to the next generation.

Jenelle is 80 years old. She walks a mile every day to volunteer at the local library where she does a wide variety of tasks. This illustrates A. compensation. B. positive feedback loops. C. operationalization. D. successful aging.

D. successful aging. Jenelle is demonstrating successful aging, which is the term used to refer to individuals thriving until very late in life.

When television was introduced to a rural area of Fiji, researchers noticed an increase in: A. aggressive behaviors B. substance use C. school test scores D. symptoms of eating disorders

D. symptoms of eating disorders

A longitudinal study examines changes in A. the same individuals at one point in time. B. different groups across a long period of time. C. the same groups at one point in time. D. the same individuals across a long period of time.

D. the same individuals across a long period of time. Longitudinal studies follow the same group of individuals (or the same groups of individuals) repeatedly over a long time.

Rose has a black cat at home named Smokey. She only uses the word "cat" to refer to black cats that look like Smokey. She does not apply this label to cats that look quite different from Smokey. This illustrates A. overextension. B. mutual exclusivity. C. poverty of extension. D. underextension.

D. underextension. Underextension refers to when a child incorrectly applies a word to an improperly small subset of its application. Here Rose is demonstrating underextension in that she is using the word "cat" too narrowly.

Schools tend to have three broad effects on children's thought including serving as A. vehicles for values, socializing agents, and centers of technology B. socializing agents, cultural institutions, and centers of technology. C. socializing agents, cultural institutions, and IQ advancement D. vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions

D. vehicles for values, socializing agents, and cultural institutions Schools generally focus on values, socialization, and culture (note that a common problem for many schools is actually gaining access to needed technology and that IQ is a relatively stable construct from school age on).

If a child participated in all of a study's conditions, then that experimenter is probably using a/an ______ design. A. ecological B. between-subjects C. test-retest D. within-subjects

D. within-subjects A within-subjects design allows an experimenter to compare a participant's responses to each experimental condition, instead of having to compare separate groups who were only in certain conditions.

True or False: Gender identity and gender roles represent distinct constructs that are correlated but can be dissociated.

TRUE