PSY 309 Chapter 1

1. The author of your text evidently believes that ____. A. change is a good thing B. behavior is best accounted for by nature C. adaptation occurs slowly D. learning is a way of adapting to change

D

11. The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning ____. A. is faster B. is more enduring C. is less enduring D. does not affect all members of a species

A

14. The person who demonstrated that the marching of tropical army ants is not intelligent behavior is ____. A. Schneirla B. Schneider C. Schneidman D. Schneirman

A

15. The list of alleged human fixed action patterns ____. A. has gotten shorter in recent years B. has gotten longer in recent years C. has remained about the same over the years D. is longer for pre-industrialized peoples than for those living in industrialized nations

A

23. Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from ____. A. industrial pollution B. drought C. loss of habitat D. long term changes in the hydraulic cycle

A

24. Most mutations ____. A. are not helpful to survival B. contribute to survival in important ways C. cause monsterism D. occur in one-celled organisms

A

28. The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a A. MAP B. reflex C. general behavior trait D. learned behavior

A

30. Learning is A. a change in behavior. B. an improvement in performance. C. the acquisition of new behavior. D. a cognitive change that may be reflected in changes in behavior.

A

32. An ____ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid. A. aversive B. adversive C. adhesive D. adenoid

A

36. Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ____. A. Old Dogs, Old Tricks B. The Once and Future King C. Murder Most Fowl D. History Recalled

A

4. Chapter 1 includes a box called The Face of Change. One point the essay makes is that ____. A. many changes in our lives are imperceptible B. change means progress C. faces are recognizable even though they change D. learning means changing

A

41. Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of ____. A. learning B. disease C. maturation D. fatigue

A

42. Your text defines behavior as anything an organism does that can be ____. A. measured B. tested C. inferred D. accounted for

A

43. A thumbtack stuck in a bulletin board several feet away is less likely to affect your behavior than a thumbtack placed on the chair on which you are sitting. Even though both examples involve a thumbtack, the second is more likely to qualify as a ____. A. stimulus B. contiguous relation C. contingency D. response

A

5. The role of natural selection in the beaks of finches was the subject of research by ____. A. Peter and Rosemary Grant B. Harry and Margaret Harlow C. Lee Cronk D. Richard Dawkins

A

6. The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ____. A. a reflex B. a fixed action pattern C. a general behavior trait D. the result of learning

A

12. The experiments of Harlow and Harlow demonstrated that how monkeys are reared ____. A. has little effect on their behavior later in life B. can have a profound effect on their behavior later in life C. has no effect on adult sexual activity D. can improve their mental health

B

16. One person who raised doubts about the incest taboo is ____. A. Grant B. Freud C. Wilson D. McDougall

B

18. The brown-headed cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ____. A. reflex B. modal action pattern C. general behavior trait D. learned behavior

B

19. Natural selection is often ____. A. ahead of the times B. behind the times C. up with the times D. under the times

B

2. Variation and natural selection are the foundations of ____. A. genetics B. evolution C. learning D. adaptation

B

20. Learning is an evolved ____. A. selectivity B. modifiability C. biology D. karma

B

21. According to David Buss, the work of Gregor Mendel ____. A. required mathematical skills Darwin lacked B. had little or no influence on Darwin's thinking C. is irrelevant to evolution D. was done 40 years after Darwin's death

B

39. Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that ____. A. children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored lower on IQ tests B. children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests C. the amount of parental talk was unrelated to later IQ scores D. the influence of parental language depended on parental income.

B

10. Modal action patterns are induced by events called ____. A. genes B. stimuli C. releasers D. reflexes

C

17. In her study of baboons, Shirley Strum found that the most successful males were ____. A. offspring of dominant females B. bigger than other males C. less aggressive than other males D. the youngest

C

26. A reflex is ____. A. any very simple behavior B. a simple response to a simple event C. a relationship between an event and a simple response D. a purely physiological phenomenon

C

27. There is evidence that the rate of ____ in fetuses is correlated with intellectual development after birth. A. mutagenesis B. sensitization C. habituation D. FAPs

C

3. Darwin's theory of evolution has been around for about ____. A. 50 years B. 75 years C. 150 years D. 200 years

C

31. Experience refers to ____. A. mental states B. our surroundings C. events that affect behavior D. things we live through

C

35. In the fox-breeding experiment, researchers selectively mated foxes that displayed ____ behavior. A. aggressive B. intelligent C. dog-like D. habituated

C

37. ____ poked fun at the human tendency to see itself as the crowning achievement of evolution. A. Charles Darwin B. Gregor Mendel C. Bertrand Russell D. Alexander Pope

C

8. The tendency of some animals to hoard food is probably an example of ____. A. a reflex B. a fixed action pattern C. a general behavior trait D. learned behavior

C

9. The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to ____. A. Buckminster Fuller B. Virgil C. Lucretius D. Einstein

C

13. The phenomenon that is nearly the opposite of habituation is ____. A. dehabituation B. inhabituation C. stabilization D. sensitization

D

22. Behavior is anything an animal or person does that can be ____. A. seen B. described C. attributed to physical events D. measured

D

25. Keltner and Anderson suggest that ____ may protect us from injury by appeasing others we have offended. A. crying B. sighing C. yawning D. blushing

D

29. The color ____ is a releaser for aggression in the male stickleback. A. green B. blue C. yellow D. red

D

38. Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He also found that ____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. A. 87% B. 73% C. 65% D. 45%

D

40. ____ refers to modal action patterns as complex reflexes. A. Gregor Mendel B. Charles Darwin C. Zing Yang Kuo D. Howard Rachlin

D

7. Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ____. A. a reflex B. a fixed action pattern C. a general behavior trait D. learned behavior

D

44. Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment. True False

F

46. All reflexes contribute to survival. True False

F

47. Darwin believed that there were no human instincts. True False

F

48. Research on the sexual orientation of sisters of lesbian women demonstrated that homosexuality is an inherited characteristic. True False

F

51. The evolution of most species is now complete. True False

F

53. As far as the study of learning is concerned, experience refers primarily to events that take place inside the person. True False

F

54. Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior. True False

F

55. Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors. True False

F

57. The word stimulus always refers to events in an organisms surroundings. True False

F

58. Darwin founded his theory of evolution on the work of Gregor Mendel. True False

F

45. Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns. True False

T

49. A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow. True False

T

50. Natural selection helps the species to adapt to change, not the individual. True False

T

52. Probably the reason the world seems relatively stable is that we don't live long enough to see many drastic changes. True False

T

56. It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology. True False

T