PSY 3100 Ch4
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? a prisoner advocate a criminal justice professor the prison warden a prisoner
a prisoner advocate
Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants
a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as an IACUC. an AIRB. an AWA. an IRB.
an IACUC.
Ethical decision making is as easy as a yes-no decision. based only on what is good for society. based on a balance of priorities. determined by legal experts.
based on a balance of priorities.
An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed. an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees. a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns. a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in people with mental disabilities.
an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.
A study suggesting a link between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of data falsification/fabrication. using deception. failing the Principle of Justice. legal protection of lab animals.
data falsification/fabrication.
The ethical principles that govern psychological research and the code of conduct for how to protect human and nonhuman participants in research are published by the Institutional Review Board. Nuremberg Code. Belmont Report. American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association.
What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment? debrief the participants afterward give a formal apology have the participants sign a waiver of liability explain how the data collected will be analyzed
debrief the participants afterward
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception? whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception
whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards. 3; 10 3; 8 3; 5 5; 10
5; 10
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? 2 4 6 8
8
Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.
A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.
From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? Neither group of participants can provide informed consent. Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants. Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.
Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study? He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.
He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.
In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)? IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.
IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.
All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities. IRBs are mandated by federal law. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. IRBs must have at least five members.
IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.
Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? It prevents researchers from being sued. It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies. It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.
It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.
Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)? It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants. It unduly influences people into participating. It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study. It is not unethical to do this.
It unduly influences people into participating.
Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? It violates an APA standard. It violates a Belmont principle. It is akin to lying. It makes psychology researchers look bad.
It violates an APA standard.
Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. It was replaced by the APA guidelines.
It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.
Which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.
Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.
Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? Participants were harmed. Participants were not treated respectfully. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.
Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.
In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? They are impossible to discover. They impede scientific progress. They are federal crimes. Data are easy to acquire.
They impede scientific progress.
Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean? Researchers must conduct research with other researchers. Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants. Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.
Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.
Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies? Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.
Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.
What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study? The financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the researcher. The researchers did not debrief the participants. The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain. The number of people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected.
The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.
Which statement would an animal researcher most likely agree with? Animals should have the same rights as humans. Animals should be used only in observational research. Ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans. The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.
The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.
Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response? There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now. He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study. Public opinion about that type of research has changed. New findings have made such research less beneficial.
There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.
Which of the following is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? They feel pressure to publish findings. They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification. They believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants. A journal might require it for higher impact.
They feel pressure to publish findings.
You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? a statement of benefits a statement of risks a description of the study's hypotheses a list of procedures
a description of the study's hypotheses
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions? Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study? What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?
What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts that his graduate student will conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? data fabrication data falsification plagiarism intellectual property destruction
data fabrication
According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? women members of minority religious groups people with developmental disabilities refugees
people with developmental disabilities
The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? principle of beneficence principle of integrity principle of respect for persons principle of justice
principle of beneficence
In Milgram's (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study? physical harm psychological distress scientific fraud lack of confidentiality
psychological distress
The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? syphilis HIV tuberculosis smallpox
syphilis
Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements? because APA guidelines require debriefing in all studies regardless of deception to ensure that his participants had an educational research experience to prevent participants from having negative experiences during the study to decrease the likelihood of data falsification
to ensure that his participants had an educational research experience
What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk to assess scientific fraud to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically
to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study.
According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.
Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research. Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study).
Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.
What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.
Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? Dr. Kushner needs to invite only participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner needs to tell the participants only that there was deception. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.
Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.
Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent? an observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings an anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries a confidential study examining income level and voting behavior an anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library
a confidential study examining income level and voting behavior
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? deception through omission deception through commission deception through permission deception through exception
deception through commission
When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do? tell the participant the hypotheses of the study tell the participants about any deception in the study explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study explain how scientific fraud will be avoided
explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study
Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing? asking participants to summarize the data they provided as one strategy for checking their understanding of the study hypotheses having participants review and sign an informed consent form an explicit warning about any potential risks fully informing participants about all aspects of the study
fully informing participants about all aspects of the study
When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women) if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation) it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied
if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)
Which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals? ensuring anonymity obtaining informed consent obtaining IRB approval minimizing harm
minimizing harm
Dr. Rodriguez is interested in studying the impact of exercise on synaptic connections in the hippocampus of rats. However, before the study begins, construction work to renovate another lab on the floor above Dr. Rodriguez's lab begins. Dr. Rodriquez notices that his rats appear distressed by the construction noises, so he negotiates to have his laboratory temporarily moved to another building. What guideline for animal care in research is Dr. Rodriguez following? reduction replacement refinement relevance
refinement
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? refinement reduction replacement recycling
replacement
In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher time investment of the study versus complexity of the study importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained
risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? people with a history of insomnia employees from a local daycare center students from a community college patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice
students from a community college
The principle of justice calls for a balance between ________ and ________ . costs to the participant; benefits to the participant needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB) the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it
the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it
The following situations can influence ethical decision making EXCEPT bad experiences of other researchers. the possibility of additional grant funding. changing social norms. scientific discoveries.
the possibility of additional grant funding.
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of respect for persons the principle of justice the principle of beneficence the principle of integrity
the principle of beneficence
In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? the principle of consent and honesty the principle of reliability and validity the principle of honor and accountability/commitment the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? the principle of integrity the principle of respect for persons the principle of beneficence the principle of justice
the principle of justice
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of justice the principle of respect for persons the principle of beneficence the principle of integrity
the principle of justice
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? the principle of beneficence the principle of justice the principle of integrity the principle of respect for persons
the principle of respect for persons
The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? the principle of beneficence the principle of justice the principle of integrity the principle of respect for persons
the principle of respect for persons