PSY 330 - Chapter 13

Social psychologists use the term __________ to refer to unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong.

"discrimination"

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is MOST related to the so-called

"outgroup homogeneity bias."

The term __________ is used to refer to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group.

"prejudice"

Social psychologists use the term __________ to describe the feeling of fear that people sometimes have that they will confirm a certain stereotype.

"stereotype threat"

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "stereotyping"?

Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

According to the textbook, are the tendencies to engage in object categorization and social categorization (regardless of content) tendencies that seem to be innately programmed in people, or tendencies that seem to be culturally learned?

Both seem to be innately programmed.

Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices?

Implicit attitudes are more predictive.

What does the textbook suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes-do they seem to contain a kernel of truth?

Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories BEST accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups?

Realistic conflict theory

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation?

Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience.

__________ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable-for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars.

Stigmas

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.

Which of the following provides evidence of stereotype threat?

Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.

If discrimination is a behavior, then a stereotype is __________ and a prejudice is __________.

a cognition, an affect

As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is BEST thought of as

a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization.

Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on

a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.

Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups?

aversive racism

Mark is a Southern gentleman. He always stands up when a woman enters the room and offers her his chair. He is quick to get the doors for his female companions, and he always pays when they go out. Mark is probably high on

benevolent sexism.

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that

can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others.

In Muzafer Sherif's research with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp in Robber's Cave, it was found that __________ tended to increase prejudice, while __________ tended to reduce it.

competition, superordinate goals

Research suggests that stereotyping __________ allow people to save mental energy __________ enable them to process information more quickly.

does, and does

Whereas the self-fulfilling prophecy states that people often end up doing exactly what they expect they will do, or fear that they will do, the self-defeating prophecy states that people often end up __________ what they expect they will do, or fear that they will do.

doing the exact opposite of

Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as

expectations or hypotheses.

Implicit prejudiced attitudes are

fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ________________________ applied to group conflict.

frustration-aggression theory

Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general,

gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women.

Countries that value competition have ________ levels of conflict and __________ levels of economic success.

higher, higher

Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup)

immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined.

Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in __________

ingroup favoritism

Compared to others, obese people tend to be rated as __________.

less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent).

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that

obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women.

People who belong to a different category from yourself are

outgroup members.

The so-called "minimal group effect" MOST directly suggests that

people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that

people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members.

Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that

people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem.

It would be MOST accurate to say that aversive racism captures the idea that

people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves.

When you meet a new person, stereotypes typically serve to

provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.

The idea that people blame their problems and misfortunes on outgroups, and hold negative attitudes toward outgroups accordingly, is known as __________.

scapegoat theory

In a well-known study using archival data, researchers Hovland and Sears found that-in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930-there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. This study has typically been interpreted as supporting

scapegoat theory.

When people try to hide, or control, their implicit prejudices, it takes a toll on their ability to __________ when it comes to other tasks.

self-regulate

If something is said to be "salient," then it

stands out and is noticeable or memorable.

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. It would be MOST accurate to say that Randi's belief is an example of

stereotyping.

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as

stigma by association.

According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes-even in the face of refuting evidence-is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create __________.

subtypes

Suppose that Paul is gay, but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people: He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of

subtyping.

White people who are prejudiced against blacks, but externally motivated to respond without prejudice, tend to behave in unprejudiced ways when trying to look good or say the right thing in the presence of others. Right after being released from such pressure, they

tend to respond with a backlash and actually express more prejudice than usual.

Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is BEST explained by the concept of

the confirmation bias.

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as

the contact hypothesis.

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as

the discontinuity effect.

Jussim and Harber's (2005) research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and in the classroom found that

the effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate.

Suppose that Ms. J. is a third-grade teacher. In her classroom, she requires that students study together in small, multiethnic workgroups, in which each group member is responsible for collecting and communicating to fellow group members a different type of information. It appears that Ms. J. is using the cooperative learning technique known as __________.

the jigsaw classroom

Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as

the outgroup homogeneity bias.

In a well-known study conducted by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968), schoolteachers were told that certain of their students-who were in fact chosen by the researchers at random-were "intellectual bloomers" and had tremendous academic potential. When these students were tested at the end of the year, it was found that their IQ scores had indeed significantly increased (presumably as a result of the special attention and treatment they had received from their teachers). This research MOST clearly demonstrates

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research suggests that, in general, prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people differ from one another in terms of

their conscious responses to other groups.

As discussed in the textbook, people are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on

what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup.

As described in the textbook, college students sometimes stereotype female professors as less competent than male professors. However, this stereotype only seems to surface

when students are evaluated negatively by a female professor.