PSY 340 Midterm 3

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual helps distinguish typical functioning from disordered functioning by using the phrase

"clinically significant disturbance"

The heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ tests is usually reported to be about ____, indicating a genetic contribution to intelligence.

.75

We know that habituation does NOT occur due to the motor neurons inability to maintain a high firing rate over time, because when the motor neuron is DIRECTLY stimulated after 8 gill pokes, its firing rate is approximately ______.

25

As many as ____ of Americans experience one or more anxiety disorders in their lifetime.

30%

Short-term memory can hold, on average, ____ pieces of unrelated data.

5 to 9

Because contemporary IQ test results are fit to a normal curve, how many people can we expect to find within one standard deviation of the mean?

68%

The heritability of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is estimated to be ____, indicating a substantial genetic contribution.

70%

Which of the following processes occurs during short-term sensitization in Aplysia?

A greater influx of calcium results in the release of larger-than-normal amounts of neurotransmitter by sensory neurons.

Evaluations of patients using ASL found that

ASL is processed primarily in the left hemisphere in spite of its spatial components.

If we say that the heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ scores is about .75, what does this mean?

About 75% of the variance observed in the population is due to genetics.

Which of the following are active during REM and waking?

Acetylcholine and glutamate

Alex is undergoing an EEG test in a laboratory. His brain activity shows mostly beta waves with occasional gamma band activity. What is Alex likely to be doing?

Alex is awake and focused on a difficult cognitive task.

The presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles points to a diagnosis of

Alzheimer's disease.

What state of awareness is Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta?

Beta: focused alert wakefulness Alpha: awake mind wandering Theta: light sleep Delta: deep sleep

Which of the following is likely to produce the largest impairments in memory?

Blocking both NMDA and dopamine receptors.

Which of the following circuits appears to support the extinction of threat conditioning specifically?

Circuits connecting the amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is an example of a nondeclarative memory?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is an example of associative learning?

Classical conditioning

Which of the following are among the possible benefits of lateralization to populations?

Coordinated responses to a predator

The muscles primarily responsible for facial expression are innervated by.

Cranial Nerve VII, the facial nerve.

The naturally occurring human version of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy is known as

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD).

Which of the following of Aitchison's criteria are least likely to occur in nonhuman animals?

Cultural transmission

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Diminished emotional expression

Risk for developing Alzheimer's disease is higher in individuals who carry the

E4 variant of the APOE gene.

In an effort to enhance memory in an animal model for Alzheimer's disease, Dr. Stark increases cholinergic activity in the hippocampus. What effects are likely to be observed?

Encoding is enhanced, but consolidation and retrieval are impaired.

One gene that is realiably associated with speech and language disorders is:

FOXP2

T/F American sign language (ASL) uses sight and movement instead of sound, so it is processed very differently than spoken language by the brain.

False

T/F Autonomic responses associated with positive emotions generally appear to be stronger than those associated with negative emotions.

False

T/F Clinical neuropsychologist is another name for neurologist.

False

T/F Genes implicated in bipolar disorder are more similar to those involved with major depressive disorder than with those involved with schizophrenia.

False

T/F Human beings do not have any fixed action patterns (instincts).

False

T/F Human beings spend nearly 75% of their waking hours in a relatively unfocused state known as mind-wandering.

False

T/F In the absence of natural light, human free-running circadian rhythms last less than 24 hours.

False

T/F Intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, shows very low heritability.

False

T/F It is possible to enhance use of your right hemisphere to improve creative performance.

False

T/F Only brain sites that produce pleasure can support self-stimulation of the brain.

False

T/F Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is only diagnosed in people with combat experience.

False

T/F Stress always has a negative effect on memory formation.

False

T/F The majority of adults over the age of 75 years have Alzheimer's disease.

False

T/F When crossing time zones, people adjust more readily when the new time zone requires going to bed and waking up earlier.

False

Which of the following reduce anxiety?

GABA agonists

The large vocabularies of children with Williams syndrome supports

Gardner's ideas of multiple types of intelligence.

Which of the following describes the contribution of genetics to anxiety disorders correctly?

Genetics predispose people to anxiety disorders in general, but not to a specific type.

What did it indicate when the sensory neuron firing rate remained constant over time during repeated stimuli but the motor neuron firing rate changed?

Habituation occurs at different levels in the nervous system. The motor neurons were experiencing habituation while the sensory neurons had already undergone habituation. The sensory neurons had stopped signaling the brain in response to the constant stimulus.

One of the most serious types of secondary encephalitis is caused by

Herpes simplex.

Major and minor neurocognitive disorders are distinguished on which of the following bases?

How much the disorder affects independent living

Which sleep-wake disorder results in shallow breathing or a very low rate of breathing?

Hypopnea

Which of the following has been linked to cognitive reserve?

Intelligence

Which of the following statements correctly describes patterns of jet lag?

Jet lag from traveling east is worse than jet lag from traveling west.

EEG phenomena that might reflect the brain's efforts to stay asleep include:

K-complexes and spindles.

Recovery of which of the following functions is typically more extensive?

Language

Which of the following is the most important zeitgeber for humans?

Light

Which of the following correctly describes the circadian fluctuations of melatonin and cortisol?

Melatonin levels are high at night; cortisol levels are high in the morning.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between psychopathy and criminal behavior?

Most criminals are not psychopaths, and not all psychopaths are criminals.

Which of the following are particularly well-suited to facilitate both associativity and cooperativity?

NMDA glutamate receptors

What disorder is a result of disruptions in the synthesis of orexins or their receptors?

Narcolepsy

In the DSM-5 description of OCD, ________________ are repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ________________ are repetitive behaviors.

Obsessions; compulsions

REM sleep behavior disorder might precede the development of

Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following degrees is a neuropsychologist likely to have?

Ph.D. or Psy.D.

Which type of cell is perfectly situated to influence the output of the cerebellum?

Purkinje cells

Most antidepressants increase levels of serotonin activity. How might this influence sleep patterns?

REM sleep will be suppressed.

The sleep in narcolepsy is composed of

REM sleep.

One candidate for the "migraine generator" is the

Raphe nuclei.

We can imagine that a witness recalling a traumatic experience in court is likely to experience significant stress. How is this likely to affect his or her recall of the traumatic events?

Retrieval will be impaired.

The highest amounts of genetic overlap are found between which of the following disorders?

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Which neurochemical has been strongly implicated in migraine headaches?

Serotonin

Which of the following seizures is more likely to be accompanied by an aura?

Simple partial seizure

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

Sleep-waking cycles

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of the timing of stress on memory?

Stress prior to and following learning impairs memory, but stress coinciding with learning enhances memory.

Which of the following is a likely advantage for lateralization?

Superior divided attention

What is one disadvantage of neuropsychological tests?

The condition for which the individual is being tested can affect his or her test performance.

Which of the following structures are likely to provide the neural basis for the central executive component of working memory?

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex

Which of the following describes changes that occur in the brains of people with schizophrenia during adolescence?

They experience excessive cortical thinning.

In which of the following aphasias is the ability to repeat spoken words retained the best?

Transcortical aphasia

T/F Alcohol use is strongly associated with human aggression.

True

T/F Humans can survive more than ten days of sleep deprivation.

True

T/F It is unclear whether reported rate increases in autism spectrum disorder reflect a genuine rise in the incidence of the disorder or a relaxation of diagnostic criteria or a combination of both factors.

True

T/F Less than one hour of exposure to artificial lighting, especially the new forms used by phone and tablet screens, can interfere with sleep by reducing circulating melatonin levels.

True

T/F Long-term memory is virtually unlimited in terms of capacity and duration.

True

T/F Many animals show "handedness."

True

T/F More than 25% of Americans over the age of 18 meet DSM criteria for a psychological disorder in any given year.

True

T/F Much of our knowledge about what happens at the synapse during learning comes from studies of the sea slug.

True

T/F One of the reasons that human beings are fairly resistant to the spongiform encephalopathies, like mad-cow disease, is that cannibalism was probably very common in our history.

True

T/F People with Parkinson's disease lose the ability to smile spontaneously while retaining the ability to smile on command.

True

T/F Pig tapeworm larvae can enter the brain, producing seizures.

True

T/F Psychopaths have difficulty describing their physical state during a task that normally elicits an emotional response.

True

T/F Removing an entire cerebral cortex in children with Rasmussen's syndrome, which causes severe seizures, has remarkably mild effects on cognition and behavior.

True

T/F Semantic memory, or memory for facts and language, is widely distributed in the cerebral cortex.

True

T/F Short-term bursts of stress can have beneficial effects on many biological systems, including the immune system.

True

T/F Wii gaming systems have been adapted to augment traditional rehabilitation therapies.

True

In which of the following aphasias is speech production fluent but comprehension is very poor?

Wernicke's aphasia

Which of the following functions appear to decline somewhat in healthy older adults?

Working memory, formation of new episodic memories, and reaction time

Zolpidem (Ambien) acts as

a GABA agonist.

A seizure that begins in the temporal lobes and is associated with alterations of consciousness is known as

a complex partial seizure.

The Halstead-Reitan battery is ____.

a comprehensive neuropsychological battery of tests

After eating fried Twinkies for the first time at the local county fair, Sam becomes quite ill. The next time he sees fried Twinkies, he finds them disgusting. According to Pavlov, fried Twinkies are now acting as _________________ for Sam's feelings of disgust.

a conditionined stimulus

In the case of an individual experiencing a concussion,

a neurologist would address physical challenges and the neuropsychologist would provide a rehabilitation plan.

Panic disorder is diagnosed whenever

a person has regular panic attacks and worries about having more.

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by ____.

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

In the dual stream model of language:

a ventral pathway supports conversion of sound to meaning.

Virtual reality

activates the same brain areas as a real interaction with the environment.

The basal forebrain is

active during waking, but inactive during REM and NREM sleep.

Caffeine keeps us awake by blocking receptors for ____.

adenosine

The Daylight Saving change that occurs in spring is a phase __________, analogous to jet lag produced by traveling __________________.

advance; from west to east

Vitamin deficiencies leading to amnesic confabulatory neurocognitive disorder can result from abuse of

alcohol.

Individuals who can speak and understand spoken words are are unable to read will be diagnosed with

alexia.

Relaxed, unfocused waking is associated with EEG recordings of

alpha waves.

Classically conditioned threat in rats is most specifically dependent on action in the

amygdala.

Classical conditioning research in Lymnaea identified

an excitatory pathway using dopamine and an inhibitory pathway using octopamine.

Cases in which ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood are associated with

an increased rate of cortical thinning during adolescence.

Bailey and Chen (1983) found the largest number of terminals in

animals that had undergone sensitization training.

People with large short-term memory capacities show more activation in the

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

Operant conditioning in Aplysia can be mimicked by

applying dopamine to buccal ganglion neurons.

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by the

arcuate fasciculus.

The raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus:

are active during waking, less active during NREM sleep, and inactive during REM sleep.

Individuals who score between two and three standard deviations below the mean of standardized IQ tests

are considered to have a mild intellectual disability and can learn academics up through the sixth grade level.

Compared to the United States, worldwide rates of mental disorders

are higher due to poverty, war, and other environmental factors.

Rates of schizophrenia

are higher in urban than in rural environments.

Students pulling "all-nighters" in preparation for an important exam

are likely to perform poorly, because memories are consolidated effectively during sleep.

Compared to adults exposed to trauma, children exposed to trauma

are much more vulnerable to PTSD.

Flashbacks

are negatively correlated with spontaneous activity in the thalamus.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is of particular interest to psychologists, because is often occurs more frequently in families that also have members diagnosed with

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is associated with

atypical dopamine function.

Psychological disorders that are characterized by atypical lateralization include

autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.

The most dangerous type of meningitis results from infection by

bacteria.

The idea of cognitive research originated in observations that

behavioral outcomes and the amount of brain damage do not always correlate.

In research by Matsumoto and his colleagues on Olympic athletes,

blind and sighted athletes produced identical expressions in response to winning or losing.

Stress might contribute to depression by

boosting the release of cortisol.

Comparisons of medication and behavioral methods for treating OCD show that

both methods produce similar benefits.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is most common in

boys, African-Americans, and Native Americans.

According to the DSM-5, bipolar disorder

can be diagnosed in individuals experiencing mania without depression.

Kuru among the Fore of New Guinea finally died out after

cannibalism was outlawed.

Medications that act as ____________________ have been approved for use with patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

cholinergic agonists

During NREM sleep,

cholinergic levels are low, which might enhance consolidation of memory.

Long-term depression (LTD) results when

climbing and parallel fibers are stimulated at the same time.

Neuropsychologists have doctoral degrees in ____ psychology.

clinical

Mental disorders, unlike medical conditions, are diagnosed on the basis of

clinical observation only.

Neuropsychology is considered to be a specialty within ____.

clinical psychology

People with schizophrenia act in ways that are similar to people who use

cocaine and methamphetamine.

Contemporary approaches to the explanation and treatment of mental disorders

combines biological and experiential factors.

Somatic marker theory expands previous theories of emotion by.

connecting emotion to decision-making.

Flashbulb memories ____.

contain vivid detail

Intelligence as measured by standardized tests is correlated with

cortical thickness in the prefrontal and temporal association areas of the brain.

The dexamethasone suppression test highlights abnormalities in __________________ function.

cortisol

The site of a blow to the head in a closed head injury is known as the

coup.

Activity in the default mode network (DMN) is associated with

daydreaming and thinking about the self.

Dreaming during REM sleep activates circuits that are similar to those associated with

daydreaming.

When Aplysia is habituated, it shows what kind of response to a repeated stimulus?

decreased

Aging is associated with

decreases in NREM sleep and in sleep spindles.

At the onset of puberty, many youth act like "owls" primarily due to:

decreases in melatonin.

Abnormal saccades in people with schizophrenia and their relatives might indicate

deficits in goal-related executive functions.

According to DSM-t autism spectrum disorder is characterized by

deficits in social communication and restricted patterns of behavior.

The most commonly diagnosed conditions in the United States are

depression and anxiety.

Moods and emotions

differ in that moods last longer than emotions.

Military blast injuries are more likely than civilian cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to feature

disruption of the blood-brain barrier.

In the United States, neuropsychology is carried out by ____.

doctoral level clinical psychologists with specialized training

The HIV virus

does not invade neurons.

Blocking both NMDA and ____ receptors produces larger impairments in memory than blocking the NMDA receptors alone.

dopamine

Medications traditionally used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are ____.

dopamine agonists

Responses to antipsychotics and phencyclidine suggest that schizophrenia is related to disturbances in

dopamine and glutamate.

Electroconvulsive therapy appears to affect responsiveness to ____.

dopamine and norepinephrine

Stuttering is improved by the use of

dopamine antagonists.

The onset of puberty is often associated with

dramatic drops in melatonin, leading to more owl behavior.

Dreaming occurs

during both REM and NREM sleep, although vivid dreaming occurs during REM only.

Sleep talking usually occurs

during light stages of NREM sleep.

Sleep walking occurs

during stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is active:

during the day for both diurnal and nocturnal species.

The ability to adapt following neurological damage is predicted strongly by

educational attainment.

Psychopaths are more likely than other antisocial individuals to

engage in instrumental aggression.

People with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than the general population to have relatives who are

engineers and scientists.

High cholinergic activity

enhances encoding but impairs consolidation and retrieval.

Nicotine produces mental alertness, probably by

enhancing the activity of cholinergic systems.

Many people drink alcohol at parties to reduce social anxiety. Alcohol probably reduces anxiety by

enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA at the synapse.

Compared with healthy controls, people with major depressive disorder

enter REM sleep earlier in the night.

Recalling what you ate for breakfast is an example of ____ memory

episodic

People with untreated major depressive disorder

experience larger proportions of REM sleep each night.

Multiple sclerosis has been associated with

exposure to some viruses, including the Epstein-Barr mononucleosis virus.

The right-lateralized network identified using fMRI includes regions responding to

external stimuli and executive function.

Medications used for autism spectrum disorder

fail to improve core behavior problems.

Criminal psychopaths seem especially impaired in identifying _________________ in a person's voice.

fear

Which term refers to an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by specific environmental stimuli?

fixed action pattern

Which of the following is a symptom of mania?

flight of ideas.

Following brain damage, language deficits in multilingual speakers are influenced by

fluency and age at which the language was learned.

An animal that is frequently preyed upon by other species and sleeps in the open is most likely to sleep

for only a few hours a day.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only disorder in the DSM-5

for which a definite cause has been identified.

Trace conditioning requires the ____ to hold the conditioned stimulus information during the stimulus-free interval

forebrain

Bridging the time gap between the CS and UCS in trace conditioning requires the participation of

forebrain structures.

Antonio Damasio has suggested that the __________________ lobe might contain "convergence zones," where separate aspects of a semantic memory is assembled into a whole.

frontal

The ____ approach to rehabilitation for neurocognitive disorders focuses on relearning practical tasks, such as driving a car.

functional

Gliomas are tumors that develop in ____.

glial cells

All language functions are lost in patients with

global aphasia.

The end result of activity in the HPA axis is the release of

glucocorticoids, which cross the blood-brain barrier.

Possibly half of the neurons in the entire brain are

granule cells in the cerebellum.

Paul Broca's patient "Tan"

had good speech comprehension but poor speech production.

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins

had more similar amounts of gray matter in the frontal lobe and language areas.

Bipolar disorder is less common in countries that

have a higher intake of seafood.

In cases of anterograde amnesia, patients

have difficulties forming new declarative memories, but do not have difficulties forming new procedural memories.

Commercial gaming systems

have proven useful for both cognitive and physical rehabilitation.

Although evidence of genetic influence in OCD is strong, the disorder is also associated with

head trauma.

Melatonin levels are:

highest at night in both diurnal and nocturnal animals.

According to Yerkes and Dodson, arousal

improves performance on simple, but not complex tasks.

Humans differ from nonhuman primates

in having stronger connections between Broca's and Wernicke's areas or the equivalents.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by

inattentiveness, impulsivity/hyperactivity or their combination.

When Aplysia is sensitized, it shows what kind of response to a repeated stimulus?

increased

In cases of OCD, imaging shows

increased activity in the basal ganglia.

Relative to people with other types of anxiety disorder, people with OCD have ____.

increased gray matter in the basal ganglia

Neurocysticercosis results from

infection with the pork tapeworm.

The most common sleep-wake disorder is:

insomnia.

Child maltreatment appears to

interact with genetic predispositions to produce criminal behavior, but does not appear to influence emotional "flattening."

Having two copies of the short version of the serotonin transporter gene

interacts with stress to raise a person's risk for major depressive disorder.

Disabling the _____________________________ in rabbits prevents learning of a conditioned eyeblink.

interpositus nucleus

Major depressive disorder

is diagnosed more frequently in women than in men.

Glutamate activity

is more important to encoding and consolidation than in retrieval.

Low oxygen levels in the brain are known as

ischemia.

Which of the following functions is most likely processed by the left hemisphere in most people?

language

The classic study by Michael Gazzaniga asking split brain patients to speak the word they had seen previously provided strong evidence that

language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere.

Sensory memory can hold a ____.

large amount of information for a short time

Unlike schizophrenia, people with bipolar disorder have

larger than normal intracranial volume.

During threat conditioning, sensory information about the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) converges on the

lateral nucleus of the amygdala.

Environmental factors implicated in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include

lead contamination.

Which of the following correctly describes the lateralization of emotion?

left hemisphere activity is correlated with positive emotion, while right hemisphere activity is correlated with negative emotion.

The most typical treatment for bipolar disorder is

lithium salts.

Schizophrenia is associated with

lower activity in the frontal lobes.

Childhood aggression, early psychopathic traits, and later violence in males is associated with

lower amygdala volume.

Imaging studies show that during a task requiring adjustment to changing rules, people with OCD and their family members demonstrated

lower than normal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex.

Families with many members with anxiety disorders are also likely to have members with

major depressive disorder.

It is easy to mistake HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) for

major depressive disorder.

Although Karl Lashley's conclusions were incorrect in many respects, he made an important contribution to our understanding of memory by concluding that

memories are distributed across the cortex.

Compared to rates in developed countries of other illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease,

mental disorders account for more disability.

Which type of treatment, developed originally for treating borderline personality disorder, has shown promise in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder?

mentalization-based treatment

Antipsychotic medications prescribed for ADHD

might be counterproductive due to their acting as dopamine antagonists.

Among the growing number of cases of autism spectrum disorder diagnosed after the age of seven years, the vast majority are ____, suggesting that many result from increased awareness and access to special education services.

mild

Compared with sensitization, habituation usually occurs in response to

milder stimuli

In individuals with autism spectrum disorder, differences consistent with detail-focused processing are found in

minicolumn structure.

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is

more common in men than in women.

In long-term potentiation (LTP), applying a series of electrical pulses to a pathway results in

more efficient synapses.

Autism spectrum disorder occurs

more frequently in males than in females.

Bipolar disorder is diagnosed

more frequently in women than in men.

Musicians with perfect pitch show

more pronounced asymmetry in the planum temporale than non-musicians.

PTSD affects

more women than men.

Using chemotherapy for brain tumors is complicated by the fact that

most chemotherapy agents do not cross the blood brain barrier.

Neuropsychologists often work in collaboration with ____.

neurologists

Changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli characterize

nonassociative learning.

The idea that REM sleep has an important function in the adult human brain is supported by

observations of REM rebound.

Encephalitis, seizures, and streptococcal infections can raise a child's risk for developing

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Naming animals was associated with activity in the ______________ lobe, whereas naming tools was associated with activity in the _______________ lobe.

occipital; frontal

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system damages

oligodendrocytes.

When an organism makes a connection between a behavior and its consequences, ____ has occurred.

operant conditioning

Neurocysticercosis results from infection with ____.

pork tapeworm

In nonhuman animals, language is believed to be

possible in a wide range of species, including primates, birds, dolphins and whales, and dogs.

A disorder characterized by intrusive flashbacks and hyperarousal is known as

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Spearman's concept of g

predicts educational attainment and health.

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the:

prefrontal cortex

Source amnesia results from damage to the ____.

prefrontal cortex

Networks including the _________________________ have been implicated in ADHD.

prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia

Lateralization of language and visuospatial skills in humans is influenced the most by:

prenatal androgen exposure.

Sleep debt is tracked by the:

preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA).

During classical conditioning in Aplysia,

presynaptic facilitation leads to larger postsynaptic potentials in the motor neuron.

Information about how to ride a bike is stored in ____ memory.

procedural

To successfully drive a car with a manual transmission, Caitlin must access her:

procedural memory.

Neurocognitive disorders can take many forms, but all

produce a decline in functioning in one or more cognitive domains.

Lithium salts might produce benefits for patients with bipolar disorder by

promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

The drug ____, which blocks the effects of glucocorticoids in the brain, might prevent the formation of traumatic memories when administered immediately following a traumatic event.

propranolol

PTSD might be prevented by administration of

propranolol.

Which type of neuroplasticity involves the development of new neurons and the growth of axons, dendrites, and new synapses and occurs within days to weeks of injury?

reactive

Medications that serve as cholinergic antagonists typically

reduce learning and memory.

Short-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia probably results from:

reduced EPSPs in relevant interneurons and motor neurons.

Ritualistic behavior in people with OCD might be related to

reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex.

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with major depressive disorder show

reduced left frontal lobe activity and increased right frontal lobe activity.

Short-term habituation in Aplysia involves

reduced release of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.

The administration of glucocorticoids

reduces recall of a memory and disrupts reconsolidation.

Veterans with combat-related PTSD show

reductions in benzodiazepine activity.

Which term is used for an inevitable, involuntary response to a stimulus?

reflex

Tardive dyskinesia

results from use of both typical and newer types of antipsychotics.

It is possible to predict a species' sleep habits quite accurately on the basis of ____.

risk of predation and access to shelter

The DSM-5 describes bipolar disorder as a "bridge" between

schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.

Researchers have explored the possibility that use of ______________________ during pregnancy might impact the likelihood of giving birth to a child with autism spectrum disorder.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Basic knowledge of facts and language is contained in ____ memory.

semantic

When a stimulus leads to a heightened response to subsequent stimuli, ____ has occurred.

sensitization

Research by Bailey and Chen (1983) found that

sensitization increases the number of terminals on sensory neurons, whereas habituation reduces the number of terminals.

Susceptibility genes for major depressive disorder are involved with

serotonin reuptake and circadian rhythms.

Unlike non-ASL users, ASL users

show different patterns of brain activity to ASL than to other types of movement.

Skilled readers with dyslexia

show increased activation in Broca's area compared to readers without dyslexia.

Engaging in extreme sports is like to produce

slight increases in NREM sleep on subsequent nights.

Compared to young adults, middle aged and older adults experience

smaller proportions of time spent in Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep.

Artificial panic attacks can be produced in people diagnosed with panic disorder by administering

sodium lactate.

Compared to babies born at term, premature infants:

spend a greater percentage of their sleep time in REM sleep.

Human children exposed to language typically learn language without any training. This is an example of Aitchison's ________________________ criterion.

spontaneous usage

The body's internal master clock is the ____.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association definition of mental disorders refers to them as ____.

syndromes

Distortions in _____________________ are associated with anxiety disorders.

the HPA axis

The idea that yelling might make you more angry is most consistent with

the James-Lange theory of emotion.

While speaking, individuals who stutter show abnormal levels of activity in

the basal ganglia.

Brain volume differences between typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder might occur in

the cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Meta-analyses on rehabilitation methods have shown that

the cognitive approach produced better short-term improvement.

Switching between languages increases activity in:

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Brain structures implicated in PTSD include

the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex.

Albert Einstein's brain appears markedly different from typical brains in

the hippocampus and inferior parietal lobe.

Among the approximately 10% of the human population who are left-handed,

the majority show the same lateralization pattern as right-handers.

During human brain development,

the right hemisphere initially develops faster than the left hemisphere.

In human volunteers, age-related shrinking of the cerebellum is associated with

the speed of acquisition of conditioned blinking.

The case of Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.) demostrated the importance of

the temporal lobe in the formation of declarative memories.

Studies comparing occupational success have shown that

there are no correlations between hemisphere dominance and occupational choice.

Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex is most reliably produced by

touching the siphon.

Ancient mutations in FOXP2 might have made human language possible by

transferring vocal control to the cortical level from the subcortical level.

Gifted individuals have IQ scores that are at least ________________ standard deviation(s) above the mean.

two

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern might be related to:

typical reductions in serotonin occurring in the fall and winter.

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the dog's salivation in response to the presentation of food serves as the:

unconditioned response (UCR)

Compared to typically developing infants, infants eventually diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder might have

unusually high levels of neurotrophins.

Risk factors for stroke include

use of cocaine or amphetamines.

Users of multiple languages

use some of the same brain areas for all languages, but overlap is not 100 percent.

Reaction time assessments are most effectively administered

using computerized testing.

Contemporary intelligence tests

utilize a statistically normal curve.

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern might be associated with

variations in genes producing melanopsin.

Across the United States, rates for ADHD

vary dramatically.

From wakefulness to N-REM sleep, to REM sleep to sleep, how active are the raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus?

very active to somewhat active to silent

Healthy older adults might experience memory deficits due to

white matter deterioration and reduced sleep quality.

The Kennard Principle maintains that

younger brains reorganize more than older brains following damage.