[PSY 341] Final Exam Prior Question Review

________ is the rule and ________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned. A. Similarity; complementarity B. Similarity; proximity C. Complementarity; similarity D. Complementarity; proximity

A. Similarity; complementarity

Tina, a longtime Republican, is trying to decide how to vote in the upcoming mayoral election. She has researched the candidates and has discovered that the Republican candidate has many strengths but also many weaknesses. How will Tina likely react to the mixed evidence? A. Tina will become even more firmly entrenched in her attitude. B. Tina will become less firmly entrenched in her attitude. C. Tina will become confused and stop caring about the election altogether. D. Tina will become angry and avoid sources of mixed evidence in the future.

A. Tina will become even more firmly entrenched in her attitude.

Based on the research on audience characteristics, which of the following scenarios best illustrates how Tommy's mood is likely to impact his response to persuasive attempts? A. When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to pessimistic messages than to optimistic messages. B. When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to optimistic messages than to pessimistic messages. C. When Tommy feels sad, he is less likely to be persuaded. D. When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to be persuaded.

A. When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to pessimistic messages than to optimistic messages.

According to the evolutionary perspective, why are women more selective than men in their choice of mates? A. Women invest more in the offspring than males. B. Women tend to be more emotionally mature than males. C. Women compete more with other women for male attention (intrasex competition). D. Women tend to have more sexual partners than men.

A. Women invest more in the offspring than males.

The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to A. a more powerful person or group. B. a request. C. a personal belief. D. imagined pressure from others.

A. a more powerful person or group.

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants' attitudes, they A. ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement. B. record participants' response latency to a question about their attitudes. C. code the content of participants' spontaneous speech. D. obtain participants' descriptions of how they would behave in a particular situation.

A. ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, LaPiere (1934) toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think. A. attitudes on behavior is weaker B. norms on attitudes is stronger C. attitudes on behavior is stronger D. norms on attitudes is weaker

A. attitudes on behavior is weaker

An experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) looked at seminary students' willingness to help. In one condition, participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told they were late to give a speech, which was described as part of the study requirements. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to give the speech. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the other building. The experimenter observed the participants from both groups and counted the number of people who stopped to check on the person lying on the ground. It was found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the participants who were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the independent variable? A. being made to hurry from one building to another or not B. the person lying on the ground C. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground D. going from one building to another

A. being made to hurry from one building to another or not

Ruben, a marketing executive for Apple, wants to predict a person's iPod-related behavior from his or her attitude about iPods. To this end, Ruben will administer a survey asking people their attitudes about iPods. Two years later, he will ask these same people to report on their behavior related to iPods. According to research on attitude-behavior consistency, Ruben should measure people's attitudes and behavior at the same level of specificity. Which of the following pairs of questions best satisfies this criterion? A. "How positively do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last month?" B. "How do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last two years?" C. "How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?" D. "How negative do you feel about iPods?" and "How much have you talked about iPods in the last month?"

C. "How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"

Imagine you are a participant in the 1967 study by Leventhal and colleagues, in which participants either (a) watched a scary film about lung cancer, (b) read a pamphlet of suggestions for how to quit smoking, or (c) watched the scary film and also read the pamphlet. According to the results, you would be most likely to quit smoking if you were in condition A. (a). B. (b). C. (c). D. None of the conditions: the likelihood of quitting smoking did not differ across the three conditions.

C. (c).

Attitudes are made up of three components; which of the following best describes the relative weight or impact of each on an attitude? A. Cognition makes the largest contribution to an attitude B. Behavior makes the largest contribution to an attitude C. Affect makes the largest contribution to an attitude D. The three components equally contribute to an attitude

C. Affect makes the largest contribution to an attitude

According to Festinger's Social Comparison Theory, comparing myself to a similar other is the best way to achieve what type of information about the self? A. Accurate B. Verifying C. Improving D. Enhancing

A. Accurate

Although Quan believes that child safety is important, he often forgets to use a car seat when taking his toddler to day care. What does this best illustrate about the relationship between attitudes and behavior? A. Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior. B. Attitudes and behavior are sometimes balanced. C. Sometimes behavior is a good predictor of attitudes. D. Attitudes often prime behavior.

A. Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components needed for an experiment? A. Conduct an exact or conceptual replication B. Random Assignment of Participants to Condition C. Manipulate Independent Variable & Measure the Dependent Variable D. Control Extraneous Variables

A. Conduct an exact or conceptual replication

Who is most likely to be influenced by peripheral cues when processing a televised message from an antilittering campaign? A. Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate B. Sam, who is passionate about environmental issues C. Linda, whose best friend works for the antilittering campaign D. Josh, who is paying careful attention to the message

A. Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate

Which component of experimental research ensures that participants have an equal chance of being in each condition of an experiment? A. Random assignment B. Manipulating the independent variable C. Controlling extraneous variables D. Random selection

A. Random assignment

Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route? A. Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products. B. An attractive woman is shown eating a gourmet brand of chocolate. C. An upbeat song is played during a car ad. D. A famous actor claims he loves drinking a particular brand of soda.

A. Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products.

Which of the following is true of schemas? A. Schemas can be primed outside of conscious awareness. B. Preexisting expectations are unrelated to schema activation. C. Only stimuli that we are aware of can activate schemas. D. Schemas influence thoughts and memories but not behavior.

A. Schemas can be primed outside of conscious awareness.

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when A. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. B. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. C. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low. D. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high.

A. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low.

Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Trina is relying on ________ information to explain her brother's behavior. A. distinctiveness B. consistency C. consensus D. individuating

A. distinctiveness

The main difference between Sherif's (1936) conformity study and Asch's (1951) conformity study is that Asch's study A. examined situations in which one's own beliefs clearly conflict with those of the group. B. demonstrated the powerful effects of social influence. C. showed higher rates of conformity. D. measured participants' judgments of visual stimuli.

A. examined situations in which one's own beliefs clearly conflict with those of the group.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the phenomenon of social loafing? A. exerting minimal effort on a group project B. showing minimal concern over other people's desires or problems C. avoiding social interactions that require complex thought D. losing one's motivation to be liked by other people

A. exerting minimal effort on a group project

If a social psychology experiment were conducted that had very little relation to real-life experiences or situations, this experiment would be low in A. external validity. B. internal validity. C. reliability. D. statistical significance.

A. external validity.

Kevin is writing a description of himself on his online dating profile. According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, which of the following pieces of information should he mention to increase the odds that women will message him on the dating site? A. his high income B. his political affiliation C. his hobbies and interests D. his favorite animals

A. his high income

Consider the following saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts. A. increase B. decrease C. not affect D. increase confusion over

A. increase

The proverb, "The squeaky wheel gets the grease," reflects which type of self-construal? A. independent B. interdependent C. communal D. distinctiveness

A. independent

A hypothesis ________ , whereas a theory ________. A. is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research B. encompasses a body of related research; is tested by a specific study C. is tested scientifically; is not tested scientifically D. is not tested scientifically; is tested scientifically

A. is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research

After comparing their exam grade to a classmate's exam grade, Alex felt experiences a boost to their self-esteem. Based on this, we can assume that the classmate's grade was ____. A. lower than Alex's exam grade B. higher than Alex's exam grade C. We are unable to assume anything about the classmate's exam grade D. the same as Alex's exam grade

A. lower than Alex's exam grade

Research on gender and conformity shows that compared with women, men are A. more likely to conform in stereotypically female domains (e.g., child rearing). B. more likely to conform during face-to-face social interactions. C. less likely to conform when the judgment at hand is ambiguous. D. more likely to conform in stereotypically male domains (e.g., cars).

A. more likely to conform in stereotypically female domains (e.g., child rearing).

Parker has just been named Employee of the Month at the grocery store where she works and is delighted. Coincidentally, her younger brother, Marty, decides to ask her for $20 so he can take his girlfriend to the movies. Compared to any other day, Parker would be ________ likely to comply with his request today, because ________ compliance. A. more; positive mood increases B. less; negative mood increases C. just as; mood state has no influence on D. less; only reason-based requests increase

A. more; positive mood increases

According to self-verification theory, people with negative self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. In contrast, people with positive self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. A. negative; positive B. positive; negative C. inaccurate; accurate D. accurate; inaccurate

A. negative; positive

Both Sherif's autokinetic illusion study (1936) and Asch's line study (1951) demonstrated the effect of conformity on an individual's decision making; however, they each captured different aspects of conformity. The results of Sherif's study reflected ________ social influence whereas Asch's study reflected ________ social influence. A. normative; informative B. informational; group unanimity C. informational; normative D. group unanimity; normative

A. normative; informative

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values, as compared to getting no money to violate one's values, should A. not produce much dissonance. B. produce a lot of dissonance. C. lead to attitude change. D. prompt confusion over one's true attitude.

A. not produce much dissonance.

In an independent culture, a person's sense of self tends to be based largely on A. personal achievements. B. bringing credit to his or her family. C. political or religious values. D. group membership.

A. personal achievements.

Many members of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous. However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else thinks the initiation process is just fine. This scenario exemplifies A. pluralistic ignorance. B. group rationalization. C. counterfactual conformity. D. the framing effect.

A. pluralistic ignorance.

Right Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation are __________ associated with prejudice, such that as scores on each increase, prejudice _________. A. positively; increases B. negatively; increases C. negatively; decreases D. positively; decreases

A. positively; increases

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by A. prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs. B. possessing explicitly racist beliefs that encourage outgroup favoritism. C. competition between racial groups that results from scarce resources. D. discrimination against majority group members.

A. prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

Anya needs $500 to help pay for a trip to Europe. She calls her parents and asks if they will give her $5,000 for her trip, and they say no. She then asks if she can have just $500, and they say yes. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the ________ technique. A. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face) B. foot-in-the-door C. try and try again D. negative state relief

A. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face)

Research supporting self-verification theory has shown that people A. selectively attend to information that is consistent with their self-views. B. want to be seen as mysterious and, therefore, hide their true selves from others. C. maintain acceptance by conforming to others' expectations. D. verify the accuracy of their self-knowledge through introspection.

A. selectively attend to information that is consistent with their self-views.

When Josue thinks about how good he is at baseball, he recalls that time he hit three home runs in a row. When Josue thinks about how good his best friend Tom is at baseball, he remembers that Tom averaged just one home run per game throughout the season. Josue's thinking contributes to which of the following? A. self-enhancement B. self-discrepancy C. self-presentation D. self-affirmation

A. self-enhancement

Ji-Min thinks of herself as outgoing, a big sister, a runner, and intelligent. These are aspects of Ji-Min's A. self-schema. B. self-appraisal. C. social-self. D. self-esteem.

A. self-schema.

Different theories make different predictions about the source of a person's self-esteem. For example, sociometer theory argues that self-esteem depends on ________, whereas the contingencies of self-worth account argues that self-esteem depends on ________. A. social acceptances versus social rejection; success versus failure in important life domains B. success versus failure in important life domains; social acceptance versus social rejection C. being independent; maintaining social harmony D. maintaining social harmony; being independent

A. social acceptances versus social rejection; success versus failure in important life domains

Jim meets Eun Joo for coffee and asks, "Would you be my date for the Sigma Chi formal dance?" She smiles and says, "That is so nice of you, but I already have plans." Jim then thinks to himself, "I will never find a date for this dance." Given this information, you can conclude that Jim's response reflects a(n) ________ attribution. A. stable B. global C. external D. transient

A. stable

Kahneman and Tversky (1973) found that a majority of participants mistakenly believed there were more words in the English language that start with the letter r than words that have r in the third position. These results demonstrate the functioning of A. the availability heuristic. B. the regression fallacy. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. an illusory correlation.

A. the availability heuristic.

The just world hypothesis, believing that good things happen to good people, is used to explain which psychological phenomenon? A. the fundamental attribution error B. the covariation principle C. the augmentation principle D. the cultural priming effect

A. the fundamental attribution error

Sarah and William got into an argument. The next day, Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did. According to the actor-observer difference, Sarah should think, A. "I wonder what I did to make William so angry." B. "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty." C. "William must have had a bad day, but I am just plain nasty." D. "I wonder what William did to make me so angry."

B. "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty."

________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have. A. Explanatory B. Attribution C. Representative D. Situational

B. Attribution

When asked what I want to be when I grow up, I say that I want to be a professional cyclist but I really should be more realistic. What self, according to self-discrepancy theory, reflects wanting to be a cyclist? A. Actual Self B. Ideal Self C. Ought Self D. Goal Self

B. Ideal Self

A reader for American schoolchildren from the 1930s shows a little boy running, whereas a reader for Chinese children from the same time period shows a boy with his brother. What cultural difference does this highlight? A. Individualistic cultures place a higher value on self-esteem than collectivistic cultures. B. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships. C. Individualistic cultures emphasize active relationships, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize passive relationships. D. This example does not relate to any consistent cultural difference.

B. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships.

Which of the following message recipients does NOT display a characteristic that is known to impact the susceptibility to persuasion? A. Jackie, a woman high in need for cognition B. Lenny, a Latino man C. Paula, a 65-year-old woman D. Nick, a man who is very certain of most of his attitudes

B. Lenny, a Latino man

Jamal loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria does not feel strongly about strawberry ice cream. Which of them would have longer response latencies (i.e., would respond more slowly) to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream? A. Jamal would have a longer response latency than Maria. B. Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal. C. They would each have a similar response latency, because they each like ice cream. D. It would be impossible to measure the response latency for an attitude such as this.

B. Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.

In the United States, a large luxury sedan is marketed with the slogan, "Feel good about yourself. Drive a Lexmark." According to broad generalizations surrounding the individualist-collectivist distinction, why might this slogan be LESS successful in Japan? A. People in Japan already have extremely high levels of self-esteem. B. People in Japan tend not to base their self-worth on personal status. C. People in Japan are less materialistic than Americans. D. People in Japan prefer smaller, more intimate cars.

B. People in Japan tend not to base their self-worth on personal status

Which of the following examples best shows how expectations (i.e., schemas) can be self-fulfilling prophecies? A. Participants primed to think of the elderly actually walk slower down a hallway. B. Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually enable those children to perform better. C. People are more likely to apply the trait of dependence to a female character in a novel than to a male character. D. A schema that is frequently activated will be more likely to be applied to a new stimulus than one that is seldom activated.

B. Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually enable those children to perform better.

Which of the following statements about the IAT is NOT true? A. The IAT does not have good test-retest reliability B. The IAT is a strong predictor of an individual's behavior C. Scores may indicate awareness/knowledge of cultural stereotypes D. Whether a person is left-handed or right-handed does not impact their IAT score

B. The IAT is a strong predictor of an individual's behavior

According to the textbook, which of the following statements most accurately defines groups? A. Groups are easy to define since everyone has an intuitive understanding of what makes a group. B. The degree of "groupness" depends on the amount of interdependence between members. C. Groups form anytime people share a common space. D. A small interdependent tribe or band is a worse representation of a group than a nation.

B. The degree of "groupness" depends on the amount of interdependence between members.

________ is the tendency to believe you could have predicted an outcome accurately after it has already happened. A. The confirmation bias B. The hindsight bias C. External validity D. Internal validity

B. The hindsight bias

Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain? A. How often does Tina engage in binge drinking? B. Why did Larissa break up with Tom? C. What did Bob say in response to Jim's insult? D. Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance?

B. Why did Larissa break up with Tom?

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. The study results showed that A. neither $1 nor $20 could induce participants to tell other people that the experiment was interesting. B. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. C. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $20 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. D. participants in the $1 condition were less likely to follow the experimenter's instructions.

B. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.

Because schemas have been shown to influence ________, participants who are told to watch a video of a basketball game and count the number of times people in white shirts pass the ball might completely miss seeing a person in a black gorilla suit walk through the game. A. behaviors B. attention C. bottom-up processes D. priming

B. attention

Some residents in your town want to build a new elementary school, but others do not. You are leaning toward the pro-school camp. One day, you receive a flyer from the pro-school camp that warns you that the anti-school camp is going to hold a demonstration at a local park. The flyer briefly summarizes how the anti-school camp will attack the pro-school position. Further, the flyer asks you to think about how you can refute the attack before the demonstration occurs. The pro-school camp's strategy is an example of ________, and it should ________ your resistance to stronger, more detailed attacks if you end up attending the demonstration. A. attitude inoculation; decrease B. attitude inoculation; increase C. thought polarization; increase D. thought polarization; decrease

B. attitude inoculation; increase

For obvious reasons, department store managers strongly disapprove of shoplifters. However, some stores allow shoplifters to leave with merchandise! These stores do not want to create a scene that will disturb good patrons. This scenario illustrates the social psychological finding that A. attitudes are determined by reasoned action. B. behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes. C. prevailing norms of appropriate behavior are irrational. D. attitudes prompt attitude-consistent behaviors.

B. behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.

Janet has a minority opinion about dorm curfew and is afraid she will feel pressured to conform to the majority opinion at an upcoming dorm meeting. To resist conformity pressure, Janet should A. express strong negative emotions during the meeting. B. bring an ally to the meeting. C. bring cookies to the meeting. D. adopt an interdependent mind-set right before the meeting.

B. bring an ally to the meeting.

According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem, a person's self-evaluations A. are stable across situations and time. B. depend on success and failure in important life domains. C. are learned through principles of classical conditioning. D. are a direct result of parenting styles.

B. depend on success and failure in important life domains.

Barbara wants Jason, her new coworker, to like her. All of the following could increase the likelihood that Jason will like Barbara EXCEPT A. being physically attractive in Jason's eyes. B. disagreeing with Jason so that he will see she can think for herself. C. working in an office that is closer to Jason's. D. voicing similar opinions during casual conversations with Jason.

B. disagreeing with Jason so that he will see she can think for herself.

According to research on informational social influence, Anton is more likely to agree with the recommendations of others on the best tax-preparation company to use if he A. is in a bad mood. B. does not know much about tax preparation. C. wants to be liked. D. has internalized cultural norms.

B. does not know much about tax preparation.

Barbara just received a B on her test. She learns that one of her friends got an A on the same test, and another friend got a C. Later that night, Barbara tells her roommate that she did "really well" relative to other people in the class. According to social comparison theory, Barbara appears to have engaged in ________ comparison. A. upward B. downward C. promotional D. prevention

B. downward

The mind processes information in two different ways in a social situation. Automatic processing is often based on ________, whereas controlled processing is often based on ________. A. careful thought; emotional factors B. emotional factors; careful thought C. dispositional factors; situational factors D. situational factors; dispositional factors

B. emotional factors; careful thought

While boarding a plane, Doug feels fear after he notices a seated passenger looking agitated, sweating profusely, and holding a backpack. In this situation, Doug's A. emotional reaction is probably controlled by careful, systematic thought. B. emotional reaction probably occurs before careful, systematic thought takes over. C. careful, systematic thought is probably controlled by his emotional reaction. D. careful, systematic thought probably occurs before his emotional reaction takes over.

B. emotional reaction probably occurs before careful, systematic thought takes over.

What are two essential components of a self-fulfilling prophesy? A. expectations about what a person is like and remembering the person in ways consistent with the expectations B. expectations about what a person is like and behaving toward the person in ways consistent with the expectations C. expectations about what you are like and remembering other people in ways consistent with how you see yourself D. expectations about what you are like and behaving toward other people in ways consistent with how you treat yourself

B. expectations about what a person is like and behaving toward the person in ways consistent with the expectations

Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. A. door-in-the-face B. foot-in-the-door C. that's-not-all D. lowball

B. foot-in-the-door

According social identity theory, Jasson is more likely to stereotype others and express prejudice when A. he receives praise from outgroup members. B. his own self-esteem is threatened. C. he receives praise from ingroup members. D. he tries hard not to use stereotypes to judge others.

B. his own self-esteem is threatened.

Janet means well when she tells her daughter, "Please don't ever date a boy with a tattoo. People with tattoos are dangerous. A girl down the street dated a boy with a huge tattoo and he beat her up." If Janet knows other people with tattoos who are not dangerous but she holds these beliefs strongly and tells this particular story anyway, she may be engaging in A. secondhand extremism. B. ideological distortion. C. the embellishment fallacy. D. heuristic processing.

B. ideological distortion.

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report. A. Likert scales B. implicit measures C. questionnaires D. surveys

B. implicit measures

Random assignment is a crucial component of experiment design. Failing to use random assignment when placing participants into groups would have the strongest effect on the ________ of an experiment. A. external validity B. internal validity C. measurement validity D. statistical significance

B. internal validity

A study shows that people who watch the local evening news believe the world is more dangerous than people who do not watch the evening news. On the basis of this study, a newspaper reporter concludes that watching the evening news causes people to believe the world is more dangerous than it actually is. This is a flawed conclusion because A. the reporter has a bias caused by working for the newspaper. B. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship. C. it fails to compare evening news viewers with newspaper readers. D. one study does not provide enough evidence to make this type of conclusion.

B. it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship.

Over the weekend, your new friend Mary complained about all of the pressure the teachers put on students to do well in school. On Monday, you're shocked to see Mary looking at her notes during the exam in math class. You think, "Is Mary dishonest or was that pressure just too strong?" It occurs to you that no one else seemed to be cheating during the exam despite the same teacher pressure. Moreover, didn't Luis mention that Mary cheated on her boyfriend last year? On Thursday you notice Mary looking at José's answers during English class. By Friday, you're pretty sure what to think. According to the covariation principle, in this situation distinctiveness is ________ and you should make an ________ attribution for Mary's behavior. A. low; external B. low; internal C. high; external D. high; internal

B. low; internal

According to ________, people have a tendency to like things when they are exposed to them more often. A. functional distance B. mere exposure effect C. exchange theory D. classical conditioning

B. mere exposure effect

Evolutionary psychology predicts that women (relative to men) ought to be ________ selective in their choice of mates because their levels of parental investment (relative to men's) are ________. A. less; high B. more; high C. less; low D. more; low

B. more; high

Zajonc and colleagues (1969) found that the mere presence of others tends to facilitate performance ________, but to hinder performance ________. A. on novel tasks; on well-learned tasks B. on well-learned tasks; on novel tasks C. among women; among men D. among men; among women

B. on well-learned tasks; on novel tasks

Callie, a college student, believes that all male professors think alike, act alike, and look alike. Callie is demonstrating the ________ effect. A. paired distinctiveness B. outgroup homogeneity C. group generalization D. subtyping

B. outgroup homogeneity

Because of the availability heuristic, people can be more likely to A. underestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters. B. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters. C. overestimate the frequency of common illnesses that can become fatal, such as diabetes or asthma. D. underestimate the frequency of dramatic accidents that lead to death.

B. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters.

Consider the following quote from William Whyte in The Organization Man: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with, such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ________ can influence relationships. A. similarity B. proximity C. attractiveness D. physicality

B. proximity

Base-rate information includes information about the A. degree of resemblance between members of a category and a base prototype. B. relative frequency of members of different categories in a population. C. rate of basing estimates on similarity between a member and the population. D. relative frequency of utilizing the representative heuristic in a population.

B. relative frequency of members of different categories in a population.

Imagine that you have to convince an audience to adopt your opinion on health care reform, but the specific arguments that your team has selected for your presentation are weak. According to research on attitude change, what should you do to increase your chances of being persuasive despite your weak arguments? A. make eye contact with as many audience members as possible B. state your arguments with confidence C. ensure that people are paying close attention to what you are saying D. emphasize how health care reform is highly relevant to everyone in the audience

B. state your arguments with confidence

Suppose you are asked to design an antismoking pamphlet. You decide to put a frightening photograph of a lung-cancer victim on the cover. According to the 1967 study by Leventhal and colleagues, your message will be more likely to be effective if you also provide A. examples of famous people who died of cancer. B. suggestions for how to quit smoking. C. illness and mortality statistics. D. testimonials about how easy it is to quit smoking.

B. suggestions for how to quit smoking.

Following his initial experiment, Milgram conducted several additional experiments to examine factors that might increase or decrease obedience to authority. In one of these experiments, Milgram showed that participants were less likely to obey the experimenter's orders if A. they thought the learner would perform better without getting shocked. B. the experimenter's requests to continue were issued over a telephone. C. they thought the experimenter was responsible for the learner's welfare. D. they were put into a sad mood.

B. the experimenter's requests to continue were issued over a telephone.

Recall that Zajonc and colleagues (1969) placed cockroaches in either a complex maze or a simple maze. They created three other conditions as well. Any given cockroach was induced to navigate the maze (a) entirely alone; (b) in the presence of an "audience" of cockroaches; or (c) simultaneously with another cockroach (but without an audience). The audience condition (b) permitted Zajonc to demonstrate whether A. audiences pay attention to competitors. B. the mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance. C. complex tasks are performed less well than simple tasks. D. competitive situations are preferred over solitary situations.

B. the mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder performance.

Hideous crimes against humanity include the Holocaust in Nazi Germany, the "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia, and the tribal massacres in Rwanda. According to the textbook, there are two different ways of explaining such crimes. One of these explanations, the normalist thesis, holds that A. only highly sadistic, desperate, or ethnocentric people harm others. B. under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others. C. evolutionary pressures favored traits that involved a greater willingness to harm others. D. the media (television, movies, video games) have made violence commonplace.

B. under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others.

Dave's roommates call him a "moocher," a "parasite," and a "leech." These names suggest that Dave A. is an exceptionalist. B. violates the norm of reciprocity. C. lacks negative state relief. D. is reactive.

B. violates the norm of reciprocity.

Samantha wants to persuade her roommate Larissa to allow her to get a dog. Samantha's arguments for wanting the dog are not very strong, but they are uplifting. According to research on mood and persuasion, when should Samantha approach Larissa if she wants the best chance of persuading her roommate? A. when Larissa has just finished a long day at work B. when Larissa is listening to beautiful music C. when Larissa is in a bad mood D. when Samantha is feeling unsure about getting a dog

B. when Larissa is listening to beautiful music

When is the better-than-average effect most likely to occur? A. when people use objective, concrete measures of performance to assess their abilities B. when people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways C. when men are rating their performance compared to women D. when people are rating themselves on negative traits

B. when people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways

When is the better-than-average effect most likely to occur? A. when people use objective, concrete measures of performance to assess their abilities B. when people assess their abilities on subjective or ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways C. when men are rating their performance compared to women D. when people are rating themselves on negative traits

B. when people assess their abilities on subjective or ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways

When experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have? A. Participants are separated by gender, with males in one group and females in another group. B. Participants are separated by race, with white participants in one group and black participants in another. C. Groups are created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups. D. Groups are created by allowing participants to choose with whom they would rather work.

C. Groups are created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.

Which of the following is a fundamental difference between individualist and collectivist cultures? A. Independent cultures tend to value group status and success, whereas collectivist cultures do not. B. Independent cultures have few social norms, whereas collectivist cultures have many. C. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding. D. Independent cultures tend to emphasize hierarchical relationships with others, whereas collectivist cultures do not.

C. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding.

If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean? A. There is a low probability of obtaining these results by chance alone. B. The independent variable had a strong effect on the dependent variable. C. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions. D. There is a strong correlation between some measurement and what that measurement is supposed to predict.

C. It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions.

Which model predicts when implicit attitudes will predict behavior and when explicit attitudes will predict behavior? A. Tripartite Model of Attitudes B. Multiple Act Criterion C. MODE Model D. Attitude & Behavior Specificity

C. MODE Model

Technological advances such as long-range missiles mean that countries can inflict harm on each other from great distances. Research conducted by ________ suggests that these advances make it considerably ________ likely that people will be willing to inflict harm. A. Asch; more B. Asch; less C. Milgram; more D. Milgram; less

C. Milgram; more

Which of the following statements about social psychology is the most accurate? A. Social psychologists rely primarily on correlational research. B. Social psychologists argue that genetics do not exert causal effects on social behavior. C. Social psychologists examine the influence of situations on behaviors. D. Social psychologists stress individual differences in behavior.

C. Social psychologists examine the influence of situations on behaviors.

________ exemplifies a message characteristic, whereas ________ exemplifies a source characteristic. A. The credibility of a communicator; the attractiveness of a communicator B. A logical argument; the content of a speech C. The content of a speech; the credibility of a communicator D. The attractiveness of a communicator; a logical argument

C. The content of a speech; the credibility of a communicator

In a series of experiments, Harlow (1958) raised baby rhesus monkeys in isolation from other rhesus monkeys but with access to two "mother surrogates," one made of cloth and the other made of wire and able to provide milk. Which of the following statements best describes the results of these experiments? A. The monkeys spent more time with the wire mothers because of the food that they offered. B. The monkeys who preferred the wire mothers were introverted and dismissive of their monkey peers in adolescence. C. The monkeys suffered from isolation, preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, and were highly fearful of their monkey peers in adolescence. D. Regardless of whether their surrogates were made of cloth or wire, all the monkeys developed normally, interacting with other monkeys once reaching adolescence, just as if they had been raised with rhesus monkeys from birth.

C. The monkeys suffered from isolation, preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, and were highly fearful of their monkey peers in adolescence.

Research on cognitive dissonance teaches a broad and important lesson about how to influence someone else's attitudes. Specifically, if you want people to ________ the broader value or message behind what you got them to do, then you should use the ________ amount of incentive or coercion necessary to induce compliance. A. reject; smallest B. ignore; largest C. accept; smallest D. accept; largest

C. accept; smallest

Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when A. there is discord among the affective and cognitive components of the attitude. B. attitudes are measured with Likert scales. C. attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity. D. introspecting about an attitude that is hard to pin down.

C. attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity.

Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the ________ heuristic. A. representativeness B. recollection C. availability D. anchoring

C. availability

Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior? A. acting more cooperative when you are in a good mood (as opposed to a bad mood) B. preferring to drive with the car radio on (as opposed to off) C. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone) D. getting into more arguments when the temperature is above 80 degrees (as opposed to under 80 degrees)

C. cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)

Jason is getting ready to give the first lecture of his teaching career. As he steps up to the podium and looks out at the lecture hall, he is struck by the fear that he will appear incompetent in front of his students. Jason is experiencing A. social facilitation. B. deindividuation. C. evaluation apprehension. D. groupthink.

C. evaluation apprehension.

Recall that Festinger and his colleagues (1950) conducted research at a university housing project called Westgate West. Among other things, they examined friendship formation among apartment residents. The results showed that the residents living near the stairwells formed twice as many friendships with upstairs neighbors as those living in the middle apartments, which were further from the stairs. These results illustrate the impact of ________ on friendship formation. A. physical distance B. similarity C. functional distance D. sociometric distance

C. functional distance

Vivica finds Dion physically attractive. Judging from his appearance, she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest. Vivica is displaying the A. complementarity hypothesis. B. mere exposure effect. C. halo effect. D. counterbalancing principle.

C. halo effect.

Luisa generally feels good about who she is. However, she just received a low grade on her chemistry midterm, so she is currently feeling badly about herself. Luisa has________ and ________. A. a positive actual self; a negative ought self B. a negative actual self; a negative ought self C. high trait self-esteem; low state self-esteem D. high state self-esteem; low trait self-esteem

C. high trait self-esteem; low state self-esteem

The problem with self-selection in research is that A. people are often unaware which condition they should choose to be in. B. people often overestimate their own contributions to the research. C. it makes causal interpretations difficult. D. it violates ethical guidelines.

C. it makes causal interpretations difficult.

Jamie is the sort of person who likes to think, puzzle, ponder, and consider multiple perspectives. Compared with people who do not like these activities, Jamie is A. more likely to be influenced by the tangential aspects of a persuasive communication. B. equally likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. C. less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. D. less likely to be influenced by the quality of the arguments used in a persuasive communication.

C. less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication.

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with confirmation bias? A. we give more weight to our existing beliefs B. interferes with our ability to be objective C. makes it easier to change beliefs D. increases our confidence in our existing beliefs

C. makes it easier to change beliefs

Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of an engineer. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as an engineer. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember A. an equal amount of engineer-consistent and professor-consistent information. B. little information about the woman due to her gender. C. more engineer-consistent information than professor-consistent information. D. more professor-consistent utterances than engineer-consistent utterances.

C. more engineer-consistent information than professor-consistent information.

Hank attends a focus group where he and five other men are asked to rate three lawn mowers. Hank knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mower A is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the men say that lawn mower B is the best. If Hank ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of the group, he has probably succumbed to A. the autokinetic effect. B. informational social influence. C. normative social influence. D. the chameleon effect.

C. normative social influence.

Stacie listens to a radio commercial for toothpaste. She finds the soothing voice of the announcer appealing, so she buys the toothpaste he advocates. She was persuaded via the ________ route. A. central B. distinct C. peripheral D. indirect

C. peripheral

Bo has repeatedly tried to find a job. After each unsuccessful attempt, he concludes that there is just something about him that will always get in the way of success in his life. Bo is displaying a ________ explanatory style. A. self-defensive B. maladaptive C. pessimistic D. self-protecting

C. pessimistic

Sam told a culturally insensitive joke to their friends and no one laughed. Not making their friends laugh serves as ________, and Sam is unlikely to tell this joke again. A. reinforcement B. an unconditioned stimulus C. punishment D. a conditioned stimulus

C. punishment

You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by "going vegan." You should not give the report of this survey much credence because A. Cosmopolitan readers are disinterested in participating in surveys. B. readers were not properly assigned to control and experimental conditions. C. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not. D. Cosmopolitan readers are overly eager to participate in surveys.

C. readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.

The strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that A. when we lose a friendship, we do not seek out new friendships. B. only humans form long-lasting relationships. C. relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being. D. relationship styles vary among cultures.

C. relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being.

Leon finds himself attracted to women whose physical appearances suggest that they are very healthy. Evolutionary theorists would argue that, whether he realizes it or not, Leon is attending to the ________ of the women he encounters. A. biological readiness B. complementarity C. reproductive fitness D. kinship selectivity

C. reproductive fitness

Social psychology can be defined as the ________ study of the ________ of individuals in social situations. A. rational; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors B. rational; science C. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors D. behavioral; thoughts and feelings

C. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Researchers have found that people are less likely to display defensive biases (such as taking credit for a success and denying credit for a failure) if they previously engaged in which of the following? A. self-regulation B. self-verification C. self-affirmation D. self-presentation

C. self-affirmation

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the factors that encourage social loafing among groups instead of social facilitation effects? A. the ability to evaluate what members are contributing to a task B. evaluation apprehension among all group members C. the belief that one's effort is not mandatory for the group's success and that individual contributions cannot be assessed D. when no member of the group is an expert, with the result that the effort and effectiveness of each member are reduced.

C. the belief that one's effort is not mandatory for the group's success and that individual contributions cannot be assessed

In his attempts to persuade Roger to get a fraternity tattoo on his arm, Dan assembles 100 tattooed fraternity members. Dan probably wasted a lot of effort in doing so, because A. the effect of group size on conformity is relevant only for women. B. group size matters for informational social influence, but not normative social influence. C. the effect of group size on conformity levels off when group size reaches about three to four people. D. group size does not affect conformity levels.

C. the effect of group size on conformity levels off when group size reaches about three to four people.

The sleeper effect occurs in situations in which messages from ________ sources shift attitudes ________. A. unreliable; immediately B. reliable; immediately C. unreliable; after a delay D. reliable; after a delay

C. unreliable; after a delay

The subset or part of our self-knowledge that is active or used at a given time is called the: A. self-concept. B. collective self-concept. C. working self-concept. D. distinctive self-concept.

C. working self-concept.

Recall that Carl Hovland and his colleagues broke down persuasive messages into three components. Which of the following questions emphasizes the component called source characteristics? A. Are people more likely to take a trip to Florida if they are in college? B. Are people more likely to buy a car if they know how its engine works? C. Are people more likely to buy a cleaning product if they are in a good mood? D. Are people more likely to buy a brand of aspirin that is recommended by the American Medical Association?

D. Are people more likely to buy a brand of aspirin that is recommended by the American Medical Association?

Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment. According to the covariation principle, which question would you ask to assess the consistency covariation dimension? A. Do her roommates also hate the apartment? B. Did Rhonda like her previous apartment? C. Would Rhonda prefer to own her own home rather than rent? D. Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?

D. Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective? A. People share many practices and institutions with animals, especially higher primates. B. Behavioral propensities are subject to selection pressures. C. Physical characteristics are subject to selection pressures. D. People will inevitably do what they are biologically predisposed to do.

D. People will inevitably do what they are biologically predisposed to do.

Which of the following is the best example of a correlational research study? A. Researchers assigned participants to do either a stressful task or an easy task and then measured their blood pressure. B. Researchers compared the blood pressure of participants that were trained to reduce stress by meditating and participants that were trained to reduce stress by drawing. C. Researchers measured the stress levels in participants that were given a blood pressure drug and participants that were given a placebo drug. D. Researchers measured the association between participants' blood pressures and their degrees of chronic stress.

D. Researchers measured the association between participants' blood pressures and their degrees of chronic stress.

Which of the following reflects a theory rather than a hypothesis? A. Homicides in response to insult are more common in the American South than in the North. B. Aggressive responses to threats to the home and family are endorsed at higher rates in the American South than in the North. C. Southern men show larger increases in testosterone after an insult than Northern men. D. The American South is more of a culture of honor than the North.

D. The American South is more of a culture of honor than the North.

Dr. Lee runs a study to test whether people with low self-esteem prefer to spend time with someone who evaluates them more negatively rather than someone who evaluates them more positively. Dr. Lee hopes that this study will contribute to the broader research on self-verification, which argues that people have a strong desire for others to see them in ways consistent with how they see themselves. Dr. Lee's study tests ________ , whereas the total research on self-verification tests ________. A. internal validity; reliability B. reliability; internal validity C. a theory; a hypothesis D. a hypothesis; a theory

D. a hypothesis; a theory

All the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT A. the desire to entertain. B. ideological distortions. C. distortion in the media. D. base-rate information.

D. base-rate information.

In her debate class, Mischa was assigned to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Mischa had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that, after class, the other students will A. not form a judgment without asking Mischa about her true attitude. B. be evenly divided on whether Mischa is pro-life or pro-choice. C. be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-choice. D. be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life.

D. be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life.

While sitting in a restaurant with a friend, John looks across the street and sees a black man and a white man fighting. Research suggests that if John is white, he is likely to assume that the A. white man made a racist remark. B. black man made a racist remark. C. white man was behaving aggressively. D. black man was behaving aggressively.

D. black man was behaving aggressively

Luciana has been working hard to earn a promotion at work. Her wife, Victoria, has been actively supporting Luciana's efforts at work by cooking dinner and paying the bills before Luciana comes home from work. Victoria's efforts to support Luciana represent evidence that they have a(n) ________ relationship. A. secure B. exchange C. avoidant D. communal

D. communal

Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim's self-concept, he is just not good at his job. Correspondingly, he is starting to feel bad about himself. According to ________ , Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at. A. self-verification theory B. sociometer hypothesis of self-esteem C. principle of self-handicapping D. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem

D. contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem

A social psychologist finds a relationship between socioeconomic status and relationship satisfaction in married couples. This study most likely describes which type of research method? A. observational B. archival C. experimental D. correlational

D. correlational

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in A. relationships with parents but not with friends. B. humans but not animals. C. individualistic cultures but not collectivist cultures. D. cultures around the world.

D. cultures around the world.

Consider the following quote from the writings of Joseph Stalin: "The death of a single Russian soldier is a tragedy. The death of a million soldiers is a statistic." This quote illustrates the idea behind the ________ effect. A. vivid image B. abstract statistic C. "Baby Jessica" D. identifiable victim

D. identifiable victim

Kari is practicing lines for a school play. Under what conditions will the presence of others detract from her ability to learn the lines? A. if the other people are blindfolded B. if Kari finds the task easy C. if Kari knows the lines well D. if Kari finds the task difficult

D. if Kari finds the task difficult

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to A. ignore how much a person resembles a prototypical group member. B. use information that is causally relevant. C. rely too heavily on base-rate frequency information. D. ignore base-rate information.

D. ignore base-rate information.

The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect of these two heuristics can create a(n) A. unmemorable association. B. co-occurrence fallacy. C. statistical association. D. illusory correlation.

D. illusory correlation.

Unlike trait self-esteem, state self-esteem can be influenced by A. stable, long-term feelings about the self B. complex weather patterns. C. ambient light levels. D. momentary changes in mood or self-evaluations.

D. momentary changes in mood or self-evaluations.

John is a mathematics graduate student, whereas Lisa is a local celebrity. Although both John and Lisa are likely to have some increased ability to elicit conformity from others, Lisa is more likely to influence conformity through A. informational social influence. B. internalization. C. reciprocal concessions. D. normative social influence.

D. normative social influence.

Which of the following is NOT directly associated with schema activation? A. activating the same schema often B. recent activation of a schema C. expectations D. novel information

D. novel information

According to Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. According to the theory, this process is most likely to occur when A. the people around them are judgmental and unkind. B. people have a clear and detailed self-concept. C. the people around them have superior traits and abilities. D. people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves.

D. people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves.

Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged") face out of any number of individual faces. When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces, A. men tend to prefer composite faces, but women tend to prefer individual faces. B. men tend to prefer individual faces, but women tend to prefer composite faces. C. regardless of sex, people tend to prefer individual faces. D. regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

D. regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

The set of processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of their goals is called A. self-discrepancy. B. self-enhancement. C. self-verification. D. self-regulation.

D. self-regulation.

Sara's best friend just told her that she does not want to hang out any more. Sara's self-esteem plummets. She then calls three other good friends to see if they want to get dinner together. They say yes and Sara feels better about herself. Sara's feelings and behaviors reflect which psychological theory? A. self-evaluation maintenance model B. self-verification theory C. self-discrepancy theory D. sociometer hypothesis

D. sociometer hypothesis

Which of the following is a "pro" of using explicit measures to assess attitudes? A. more difficult for participants to control their responses B. more difficult to administer to participants C. the meaning of the results may be unclear at times D. they make it easy to collect data

D. they make it easy to collect data

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology? A. understanding how people in different cultures think, feel, and behave B. understanding how people control each other's behaviors C. evaluating the accuracy of folk theories about how situations influence behavior D. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives

D. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives

In the original Milgram experiment (1965), the experimenter asked participants to shock someone else whenever that person made a mistake on a learning task. The results of this experiment showed that people A. learned better when they were punished. B. did not experience distress when other people were in pain. C. were unwilling to advance science if it meant hurting someone else. D. were willing to inflict pain on strangers.

D. were willing to inflict pain on strangers.

One function of the self is to help us adjust our behavior in order to pursue our goals. TrueFalse

True

One function of the self is to help us adjust out behavior in order to pursue our goals. TrueFalse

True

According to self-verification theory, people with negative self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. In contrast, people with positive self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. A. negative; positive B. positive; negative C. inaccurate; accurate D. accurate; inaccurate

negative; positive