psy 346 chapter 8

Schizotypal personality disorder

- characterized by difficulties forming close relationships with others; odd thoughts and behavior like they can tell the future. They're not as disturbed as those ppl with schizophrenia.

Four specific types of dissociative disorders:

1)dissociative amnesia, 2)dissociative fugue, 3)dissociative identity disorder 4)depersonalization disorder

La belle indifférence

A French term descriptive of the lack of concern sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders toward their symptoms.

somatoform disorders

A class of psychological disorders in which people have physical complaints that cannot be explained medically, or attribute their physical problems to grave causes despite assurances to the contrary.

Dissociative disorders

A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness or self-identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) -->formerly multiple personality disorder or split personality

A disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities, which may alternate in controlling the person.

Histrionic personality disorder

overly dramatic and emotional behavior; wants to be center of attention; constant demands for praise and approval

bipolar disorder; formerly known as manic-depression

people with this disorder have mood swings from great elation to deep depression. The cycles seem to be unrelated to external events.

Social phobia / social anxiety disorder (anxiety disorder)

persistent fear of social interactions in which one might be scrutinized or judged negatively by others.

Waxy flexibility

person maintain posture into which they are placed.

DSM AXIS II

personality disorder (also used to code mental retardation)

Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia

ppl with the disorder over utilize dopamine; they have too much dopamine receptors

DSM AXIS IV

psychosocial and environmental problems

Faulty regulation of which neurotransmitters lead to high levels of anxiety in response to threats?

serotonin and noepinephrine

Research into depression has identified irregularities in the brain's use of the neurotransmitter...

serotonin, a brain chemical involved in regulating states of pleasure and processing

Freud's psychodynamic view: In the depressive phase of the disorder, the ______ dominates, producing exaggerated ideas of wrongdoing and associated feelings of guilt and worthlessness

superego

What are the most commonly linked traumatic events linked to PTSD?

vehicle accidents

DSM AXIS III

General medical conditions

Conversion disorder

A disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict. The person is not consciously faking. ex) During World War II, some bomber pilots developed night blindness. They could not carry out their nighttime missions, although no damage to the optic nerves was found.

Dissociative amnesia

A dissociative disorder marked by loss of personal memories or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. The loss of memory cannot be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication. In the most common example, the person cannot recall events for a number of hours after a stressful incident, as in warfare or in the case of an uninjured survivor of an accident

Acute stress disorder (ASD) (anxiety disorder)

A maladaptive reaction to a traumatic event occurring during the month following the event and characterized by feelings of intense anxiety and helplessness.

Major depression

A mood disorder in which the person may have a dampened mood, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, and lack of interest or pleasure. In extreme cases they may experience psychotic behaviors.

Paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia

Schizoid Personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by social detachment or isolation. They are characterized as "loners"; never really have strong emotions

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (anxiety disorder)

A prolonged maladaptive reaction to a traumatic event that is characterized by intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, and reliving of the event.

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (anxiety disorder)

A psychological disorder involving persistent feelings of worry accompanied by states of bodily tension and heightened arousal. People with GAD seem to worry about every little thing, not just one particular thing.

hypochondriasis

A psychological disorder characterized by the persistent belief that one has a serious medical disorder despite lack of medical findings. People with hypochondriasis do not "make up" their symptoms; rather, they experience nagging physical complaints that they attribute to dire causes.

Obsession (OCD-Anxiety disorder)

A recurring thought or image that seems beyond one's ability to control.

Schizophrenia

A severe and persistent psychological disorder characterized by a break with reality, disturbances in thinking, and disturbed behavior and emotional responses. It is characterized by a break with reality that may take the form of hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there), delusions (fixed, false beliefs), and bizarre, irrational behavior.

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent speech, disorganized or fragmentary delusions, and vivid hallucinations.

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions—commonly of persecution—and by vivid hallucinations

Compulsion (OCD-Anxiety disorder)

An apparently irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing.

Diathesis Stress Model

An inherited predisposition (diathesis) interacts w/ stress in giving rise to the development of a disorder.

fear

Anxiety experienced in specific situations or in response to particular objects (like insects or large animals) or situations

Types of personality disorders: Cluster C

Anxious or fearful. This cluster includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Types of personality disorders: Cluster B

Behavior that is overly dramatic, emotional, or erratic. This cluster consists of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.

Depersonalization disorder

Characterized by persistent or recurrent feelings that one is detached from one's own body, as if one is observing one's thought processes from the outside or walking about in a fog.

DSM AXIS I

Clinical syndromes/disorders ex: schizophrenia, mood disorders

acrophobia

Fear of high places.

Agoraphobia

Fear of open, crowded places. Ex) busy streets, department stores

Claustrophobia

Fear of tight, small places.

Types of personality disorders: Cluster A

Odd or eccentric behavior. This cluster includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.

What's the difference between ASD and PTSD?

PTSD can occur months or years after the traumatic event and may persist for years or even decades. In many cases, however, ASD leads to the development of more persistent PTSD.

Manic

Related to episodes of highly elated mood and excessive excitement. People in a manic state may have grand, delusional schemes and show rapid flight of ideas.

Psychotic

Relating to a break with reality, as manifested by delusional thinking or hallucinations.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences in the absence of external stimuli, such as "hearing voices" or seeing things that are not physically there.

TRUE OR FALSE less than a third of people with major depression seek professional treatment

TRUE

Dissociative Fugue

The person abruptly leaves his or her home or place of work and travels to another place, having lost all memory of his or her past life. Following recovery, the events that occurred During the fugue are not recalled.

Panic disorder (anxiety disorder)

The recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety. Physical symptoms include shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding of the heart and those similar to a heart attack. They also develop fears about experiences that have set off an attack, such as an airplane flight.

TRUE OR FALSE? people with dissociative disorders have learned to redirect their thinking away from troubling memories or disturbing impulses in order to avoid feelings of anxiety, guilt, and shame.

True

benzodiazepines

a class of drugs that reduce anxiety, appear to work by increasing the sensitivity of receptor sites to GABA.

Catatonic Schizophrenia

a type of schizophrenia characterized by striking impairment in motor activity. They sometimes experience Waxy flexibility and mutism

What drugs are given to people who are depresseD?

antidepressants: Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa They increase the availability of serotonin in the brain

Two major types of somatoform disorders are

conversion disorder and hypochondriasis

Antisocial personality disorder

disregard for the interests, needs and feelings of others as well as social customs and rules

Freud's psychodynamic view: In the manic phase of the disorder, the ______ dominates, producing the elation and self-confidence often seen in the manic phase.

ego

Borderline personality disorder

fail to develop stable self image & direction in life; they have stormy moods and relationship with others

mutism

failure to speak

Delusions

false but unshakable beliefs

DSM V

global assessment of functioning

Avoidant personality disorder

have strong fears of rejection; unlike schizoid personality disorder, they have strong interest in having relationships and are capable of developing feelings of warmth toward ppl.

Specific phobia (anxiety disorder)

is an excessive, irrational fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes or heights.

The use of hysteria stemmed from the ancient belief that..

it was a sort of female trouble that was caused by a wandering uterus.

adjustment disorder

maladaptive reactions to identified stressors, such as the breakup of a romantic relationship. Being unable to focus on work because of the end of a relationship could qualify as an adjustment disorder

Schizophrenia occurs more in ____ than ____

men; women

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

neurotransmitter that acts in the nervous system to calm down nervous system activity