PSY 347: Psychopharmacology Ch. 18 Quiz

a. the prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Dopamine plays a modulatory role in anxiety by apparently inhibiting _______ and thus increasing activation of the _______. a. the prefrontal cortex; amygdala b. the amygdala; prefrontal cortex c. the hypothalamus; sympathetic nervous system d. VTA; prefrontal cortex

anxiolytics

Drugs that relieve anxiety by reducing neuronal excitability

d. All of the above

Drugs that relieve anxiety include a. anxiolytics. b. sedatives. c. CNS depressants. d. All of the above

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Extreme fear of being evaluated or criticized by others; sufferers tend to avoid most interpersonal situations or, if unavoidable, suffer extreme anxiety, which may take the form of a panic attack.

a. 5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake

In a double-blind crossover experiment comparing the ability of two antidepressants to reduce OCD symptoms, a drug that blocks _______ was more effective at reducing symptoms than the antidepressant that blocks _______. a. 5-HT reuptake; NE reuptake b. NE reuptake; 5-HT reuptake c. 5-HT1A receptors; NE reuptake d. DA reuptake; NE reuptake

b. BNST

In addition to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the _______ appears to play an important role in initiating sustained emotional responses of anxiety when danger signals are unclear. a. hippocampus b. BNST c. lateral nucleus of the amygdala d. prefrontal cortex

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Individuals show signs of constant worry and continuously predict, anticipate, or imagine dreadful events.

prefrontal cortex (PFC);anterior cingulate cortex

The ______________________ and the ___________________________ exert inhibitory control over the primitive responses of subcortical regions, which allows us to cope with modern situations.

a. sedative; respiratory-depressant

Tolerance develops to the _______ effects of barbiturates, but not to the _______ effects. a. sedative; respiratory-depressant b. muscle relaxant; mood c. respiratory-depressant; hypnotic d. reinforcing; sedative

b. Prefrontal cortex

What area of the brain exerts inhibitory control over the lower brain systems involved in the emotions of fear and anxiety? a. Parietal cortex b. Prefrontal cortex c. Limbic system d. Temporal cortex

d. Amygdala

What area of the brain generates the physiological and behavioral components of the emotions of anxiety and fear? a. Hypothalamus b. VTA c. Locus coeruleus d. Amygdala

Yohimbine

can produces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder or PTSD.

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

cause sedation and reduced anxiety by binding to modulatory sites on the GABA receptor complex.

anxiety

characterized by a strong urge to escape, and elicits a strong activation of the autonomic nervous system to mobilize the energy for "fight or flight"

Neuroactive steroids such as pregnenolone

provide an additional modulatory role in anxiety by binding to a separate site on GABAA receptors and increasing the duration of GABA-induced Cl- channel opening.

the amygdala

receives highly processed sensory and cognitive information about the environment from the sensory thalamus, sensory and association cortices, and hippocampal formation

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

released from the hypothalamus in response to stress.

central nucleus of the amygdala; BNST

the _________________________ plays a role in response to sudden, aversive events, whereas the __________________ initiates an emotional response when stimuli are less precise predictors of potential danger; produces a state of sustained preparedness for an unclear danger and prolonged anticipation of unpleasantness

Norepinephrine (NE)

the neurotransmitter released at the target visceral organs during sympathetic activation.

GABA

the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that has a major role in modulating anxiety

sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Activation of the ______________________________________ produces increased heart rate, sweating, and other signs of "fight-or-flight" response.

c. benzodiazepines.

Acute anxiety can be most effectively treated with a. tricyclic antidepressants. b. cognitive behavior therapy. c. benzodiazepines. d. barbiturates.

d. deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

All of the following are therapeutic uses of the benzodiazepines except a. presurgical anesthesia involving relaxation and decreased awareness. b. treatment of insomnia. c. muscle relaxation. d. deep anesthesia involving loss of consciousness.

a. inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals.

All of the following are true regarding the role of norepinephrine in anxiety except a. inhibition of the locus coeruleus can elicit alerting and fear responses in animals. b. abnormal sympathetic nervous system activation is a common feature of anxiety disorders. c. excess norepinephrine activity can contribute to the formation of trauma memories in PTSD. d. some anxiety-reducing drugs work by inhibiting norepinephrine pathways.

b. typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine.

Anxiolytic drugs do not a. produce relaxation along with drowsiness and poor motor coordination. b. typically cause their effects on the CNS by increasing the transmitter dopamine. c. include alcohol which has a very unsafe therapeutic index. d. reduce seizures.

b. it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor.

BuSpar or buspirone has all of the following effects except a. it is more effective at reducing the cognitive aspects of worry than the physical components of anxiety. b. it is a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. c. it does not cause sedation or confusion. d. it is unlikely to be abused as it may cause dysphoria.

c. 5-HT1A

BuSpar's therapeutic effects are related to its actions on _______ receptors. a. GABAA b. 5-HT2A c. 5-HT1A d. both GABAA and GABAB

10-30

It has been estimated that __________% of Americans will suffer from a significant anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.

a. The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal.

Which of the following about panic disorder is false? a. The individual experiences intense parasympathetic arousal. b. The individual feels like they are going to die or lose control. c. The unpredictable nature of the attacks creates a feeling of anticipatory anxiety. d. The worry of having attacks in unsafe places often leads to the development of agoraphobia.

d. They are rarely so severe that they affect the quality of a person's life.

Which of the following about phobias is false? a. They involve fears that the person recognizes as extreme or irrational. b. They are in part determined by culture; for example the Chinese often fear the cold and loss of body heat. c. They are effectively treated by having the person relax while presenting the feared stimulus in gradually increasing intensities. d. They are rarely so severe that they affect the quality of a person's life.

a. It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Which of the following about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is false? a. It has been diagnosed in very few soldiers returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. b. It occurs in people who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks. c. It is characterized by nightmares and flashbacks in which people relive the traumatic event. d. It is associated with increased physiological and psychological reactivity to events that are related to the trauma.

a. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are the most likely to be abused.

Which of the following about the barbiturates is true? a. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are the most likely to be abused. b. Short/intermediate-acting barbiturates are most likely to be prescribed for insomnia. c. Long-acting barbiturates are typically used for anesthesia. d. Amytal and Seconal are both long-acting barbiturates.

c. Acute anxiety

Which of the following is not a clinical anxiety disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association? a. Panic attacks b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Acute anxiety d. Phobias

d. It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.

Which of the following is not a reason BuSpar has limitations as a clinically effective drug? a. It takes too long to work; hence it cannot be used for situational anxiety. b. It shows no cross-tolerance with other sedative-hypnotics and hence cannot be used to substitute for these drugs during withdrawal. c. It is not useful as a treatment for insomnia. d. It produces a severe withdrawal syndrome.

c. They are more effective at reducing anxiety.

Which of the following is not a reason that the benzodiazepines are preferred over barbiturates? a. They do not produce much sedation. b. They have a low incidence of tolerance. c. They are more effective at reducing anxiety. d. There is a less severe withdrawal syndrome.

Depression

_____________________ may develop with continued anxiety and anxiety-related difficulties; the link between anxiety and depression is well documented.

B-carbolines

a class of inverse agonists that produce the opposite actions of the BDZ drugs, namely, increased anxiety, arousal, and seizures

the locus coeruleus (LC)

a major cluster of noradrenergic cell bodies in the dorsal pons that send axons rostrally to several brain areas to increase vigilance and attention to physiologically relevant stimuli

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

a small neuropeptide that controls the neuroendocrine (HPA axis), autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress; responsible for inducing the anterior pituitary to release the stress hormone andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood, which in turn increases the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Fear

an emotional response to clear and current danger

Clonidine

an α2-autoreceptor agonist that has antianxiety effects.

Anxiety

apprehension about future events or misfortune and our ability to deal with them.

benzodiazepines

enhance the inhibitory function of GABA

the prefrontal cortex

exerts inhibitory control over the more primitive responses of the subcortical regions

the medial prefrontal cortex

important for fear extinction

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

important in formation of emotional memories; memories of past trauma or stress contribute to disorders such as PTSD.

Barbiturates

increase the affinity of the GABAA receptor for GABA, and they can open the Cl- channel without GABA.

Panic attacks

individual experiences all the effects of a fear reaction without a threatening stimulus, accompanied by strong arousal of the sympathetic ANS.

Panic Disorder

individual experiences both panic (individual attacks) and anticipatory anxiety over the possibility of having an attack in a place that is not safe.

Glucocorticoids

induce physiological changes that provide the means to adapt to environmental challenges.

the "extended" amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)

initiates the behavioral responses in anxiety

conditioned emotional response (CER)

involves making an association between an environmental stimulus and an aversive stimulus (i.e. the sound of a tone preceding the onset of an electrical shock)

the hippocampus

may have a role in some anxiety disorders because reciprocal connections with the amygdala modulate emotional responses.

the central nucleus of the amygdala

orchestrates that components of fear: ANS activation, enhanced reflexes, increased vigilance, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and other responses

flumazenil

prevents the effects of benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding, but has no effect on the GABA receptor