PSY 350 Ch 6

shame

a feeling of being personally humiliated

reactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt

relational aggression

a hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships

proactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal

externalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively

internalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression

bullying

a situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

sympathy

a state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help

learned helplessness

a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying

John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels:

bad for tom, without feeling his intense distress

bully-victims

exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized

Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened:

have internalizing tendencies

Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:

high self-esteem

"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called:

induction

Children who are excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed may have _____ tendencies.

internalizing

gender-segregated play

play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex - typical of childhood

fantasy play

play that involves making up and acting out a scenario; also called pretend play

rough-and-tumble play

play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.

popular

What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment?

10-20 percent

initiative versus guilt

Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks

industry versus inferiority

Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work

gender schema theory

Explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex.

Rhashan, a three-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.

Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

aggression

any hostile or destructive act

Children who bully others, get bullied, and then bully others again are:

bully-victims

Internalizing and externalizing problems:

cause social difficulties around the world

Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?

children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers

Girls' play often involves:

cooperating and collaborating in small groups.

This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.

cyberbullying

self-esteem

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

i just failed my statistics exam because my professor is a horrible teacher

externalizing

Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:

externalizing tendencies

collaborative pretend play

fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out the scenes

empathy

feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing

guilt

feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior

tyrell disregards his academic failures and blames others for his problems. Tyrell's teachers should:

gently provide accurate feedback about his failures

Boys' play is defined by:

high-energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups.

According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of:

initiative versus guilt

John is seven years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hid behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Children with internalizing tendencies are more likely to develop:

learned helplessness

_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out amongst their classmates in a negative way.

rejected

____ is the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

self-awareness

Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.

shame; guilt

prosocial behavior

sharing, helping, and caring actions

cyberbullying

systematic harassment conducted through electronic media

self-awareness

the ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state

emotion regulation

the capacity to manage one's emotional state

induction

the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person

hostile attributional bias

the tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign

which statement about friends is false?

they rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures

Collaborative pretend play involves _____, and develops around age _____.

two children fantasizing together; 4

who is the typical bullying target

unpopular children

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.

younger; external