Psy 387 Exam 2 (Ch 5, 7, 8, 9)
Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.
False
An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex
False
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Increased firing by GABA neurons
Which statement is TRUE with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?
It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.
People with REM behavior disorder ____.
Move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams
The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.
Receptive field
Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Astigmatism refers to the ___
asymmetric curvature of eyes
Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
contraction; inhibition of contraction
A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____.
does not cross the blood-brain barrier
When does sleep walking occur?
during both stage 3 and 4 sleep
In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth
thalamus; cortex
The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.
the liver
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
three kinds of cones
What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?
whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
Which statement characterizes the fovea?
It has the greatest perception of detail
Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?
It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____
Narcolepsy
To what does "shape constancy" refer?
We can recognize objects even at different orientations.
Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.
primary visual cortex
The large intestine absorbs water and minerals
True
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.
eat less
Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____
recognizing faces
A saccade is initiated by impulses from the ____.
Cerebellum
If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____
Cerebellum
Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm.
False
Melatonin is released by the SCN.
False
Orexin inhibits appetite
False
Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision
False
The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.
False
____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus.
Feature detectors
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____
Optic chiasm
Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?
Part of the brain is still asleep.
The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.
Receptive field
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?
They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food.
A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.
True
A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environmen
True
Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.
True
Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.
True
Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.
True
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity.
True
The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size
True
The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.
True
Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels.
True
A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program
True
The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus
True
Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.
V1
Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.
Vegetative
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____
Ventral Stream
Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity
Zeitgebers
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
caudate nucleus and putamen
People who are lactose intolerant can consume a little milk, and larger amounts of ____, which are easier to digest
cheese and yogurt
Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson's disease in cases that involve ____.
early onset of the disease
What does "endogenous" mean?
generated from within
Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with ____
ghrelin
During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____
glucose use decreases
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
hypnagogic hallucinations
When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
in preparation for movements
Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep ____.
includes a larger percentage of REM sleep
The premotor cortex ____
is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion
lateral hypothalamus
Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
narcolepsy
In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____
norepinephrine
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.
occur during NREM sleep
What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
osmotic
The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____.
osmotic pressure
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?
paraventricular
The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____.
prefrontal cortex
A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.
recognize visual objects
Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.
red; green
The prefrontal cortex ____.
responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.
reticular formation
In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex ____
sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals
sleep
Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.
stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus
REM sleep has been shown to ____.
strengthen the formation of new motor skills
What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?
twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____.
vasopressin
