PSY 4301 Exam 3

____ are formal customs that signify an individual's departure from childhood and his or her entrance into adolescence.

Puberty rituals

What IQ scholar has asserted that people in non-Western cultures may have quite different ideas about what constitutes intelligence than people in Western cultures?

Robert Sternberg

Who developed the triangular theory of love?

Robert Sternberg

____ describes a steady decrease in the average age of menarche in Western countries over the past 150 years.

Secular trend

____ is the approach that involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture, whereas _____ involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture.

Separation; biculturalism

During young adulthood, the thymus gradually reduces its production of ____.

T cells

Which of the following individuals is likely to spend the least amount of time exercising?

Tammy, who is of low SES and female

At age 40, which of the following groups has the lowest rate of individuals who have never been married?

White Americans

You have been interested in kanji, Japanese logograph symbols, for many years. In fact, you know about 500 of them, which is extraordinarily advanced. Your friends frequently ask you what the symbols mean because they are interested in getting tattoos of them. You are surprised at how many times they ask you about the same symbol. Why is it that you can learn more kanji symbols fairly easily, but your friends barely learn a few symbols?

You have considerable knowledge, which assists you in learning more.

You finished college last year and have not been able to find a job yet. As a result, you moved back home with your parents. At first, you were worried that the transition back would cause considerable conflict, but it has not. Although you know that this is only a temporary situation, what is one of the most likely reasons that it is going well?

Your parents recognize that you are an adult and are treating you that way.

You overheard your little sister and her best friend, who are both 8 years old, discussing what they thought about puberty and when they thought those changes would begin for them. Your sister is thin and her friend is considerably heavier. What is likely to occur in terms of the beginning of puberty for them?

Your sister's friend, having more body fat, is likely to begin puberty earlier.

For young adults in rural traditional cultures, becoming ____ is a highly important event in terms of their status in their community.

a parent

What is required for emerging adulthood to exist?

a relatively high median age of entering marriage and parenthood

What type of delinquent individuals show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood, and few of them engage in any criminal activity after their mid-twenties?

adolescence-limited delinquents

As a part of his general education curriculum, Bryce reluctantly enrolled in Fundamentals of Music and Art Appreciation. After the first few weeks of class, Bryce began to notice and appreciate artistic beauty everywhere he went. He also began to experiment with his own artistic projects and related them to his personal areas of interest. In line with Pascarella and Terenzini's findings, it is clear that the college experience has increased Bryce's ____.

aesthetic and intellectual values

According to scholars, when are people capable of producing creative work?

after expertise has been established

Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience ____ in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood.

an increase

More recent research suggests that people in many cultures use reasoning that could be called formal operational thought, provided that they ____.

are using materials and tasks familiar to them and relevant to their daily lives

Human growth hormone production declines in young adulthood and beyond, the result of which includes the skin becoming looser, muscle mass declining, and wrinkles appearing around the eyes, forehead and neck. What is something that people with light skin can do to slow the progress of wrinkles?

avoid direct sunlight on their faces

The amount of energy the body uses when at rest is referred to as _____.

basal metabolic rate

A ____ is when an individual has one part of their identity rooted in their local culture while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture.

bicultural identity

Consuming five or more drinks in a row for men, and four in a row for women, is known as ____.

binge drinking

In the United States and Europe, fatal automobile crashes, unintended pregnancies, criminal activity, and physical fights are all outcomes related to ____.

binge drinking

In Eastern and Middle Eastern cultures, what trait was rated as highly important in a marriage partner?

chastity

According to Donald Super, during what stage do adults continue to gain expertise and seek advancement into higher-status positions as expertise grows?

consolidation

Your grandparents have been married for 50 years. They go everywhere together. You have caught them kissing when they thought they were alone and they hold hands quite a bit in public. They rarely make a move without asking the other his or her opinion. You hope to have that type of relationship some day. According to Sternberg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing?

consummate love

Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison were all great American inventors. It is clear that these individuals were highly ____.

creative

It is difficult to measure creativity objectively because ____.

creative answers are ones that no one else has thought of before

What is another name for electronic bullying?

cyberbullying

According to Schlegel and Barry (1991), how frequently do most adolescents in traditional cultures have contact with their grandparents?

daily

According to the Monitoring the Future data, historically, how has general substance use (past month) for 12 th graders in the U.S. changed over time?

declined from late '70s, rose through the '90s, and has since declined

Based on the Monitoring the Future data, historically, how has general substance use (past month) for 12 th graders in the U.S. changed over time?

declined from late '70s, rose through the '90s, and has since declined

What term is used to describe a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms?

depressed mood

Regular exercise in young adulthood reduces the risk of a variety of illnesses and diseases in middle adulthood, including ____.

diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancer

Traditional puberty rituals for males do not focus on a particular biological event comparable to menarche for females, but require a young man to ____.

display courage, strength, and endurance

When adolescents first enter formal operations, they may have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. Piaget would have argued that this results in a distinctive kind of adolescent ____.

egocentrism

When do many of the most important steps in identity development take place?

emerging adulthood

You and your boyfriend are seniors in college, but have been together since you were sophomores in high school. At this point, you have grown apart and the passion and intimacy have long been gone. According to Sternberg, what type of love are you experiencing?

empty love

Thomas has just finished the Boston Marathon and is feeling great. His blood pressure is high, his respirations are rapid, and he is extremely sweaty, but he feels elated to be alive. He's experiencing a "runner's high." Which of the following is primarily responsible for this pleasurable feeling?

endorphins

What reduces the risk of a variety of illnesses and diseases in middle adulthood including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancers?

exercising

Your 17-year-old niece is very careful not to get involved with any types of substances and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. Her brother, who is 8 years older than she is, had a serious substance abuse problem during his high school years. What type of self is your niece concerned about?

feared self

In the United States, which of the following is the most cited criterion as a marker of adulthood?

financial independence

Children who use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to solve Piaget's pendulum problem and can provide a rationale for their solution are closer to the ____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operations

The maturity of what brain area promotes the kind of focused attention and goal-directed behavior that leads to expertise?

frontal cortex

What is the most obvious indicator that aging begins in young adulthood?

graying hair

In regards to emerging adulthood, in both Europe and the United States unemployment has been found to be associated with ____.

higher risk for depression

Your 15-year-old cousin exaggerates his performance in nearly every story that he tells. He claims to be a better athlete than he is, a better musician than he is, and much more popular than he actually is. To what type of self is he referring?

ideal self

Erik Erikson's term ____ is what James Marcia has termed ____.

identity crisis; exploration

Which of the following personal characteristics is highly prized in collective cultures?

interdependence

Ernest Pascarella and Patrick Terenzini found that as individuals spent more time in college, the goal of college became ____.

less vocational and more self-enhancing

Which of the following is one recommendation to promote positive sleep hygiene?

limit caffeine intake

What is the most serious form of depression?

major depressive disorder

What do traditional cultures value as the key transition to adulthood because they prize the collectivistic value of interdependence more highly than the individualistic value of independence?

marriage

Which of the following is a leading cause of death for emerging adults?

motor vehicle injuries

Which of the following are three criteria for unemployment?

not in school, not working, and looking for a job

Considerable increase in synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins during a process neuroscientists call ____.

overproduction

What aspect of love fades fairly quickly in most relationships as partners become used to each other and the stresses and conflicts of daily life accumulate?

passion

Which of the following are factors related to marital satisfaction?

realistic expectations, shared interests, shared roles and responsibilities, and shared power

Kulika is a Cambodian American in his early 30s. For the last five years he has provided for and taken care of his mother, who was unemployed due to an economic recession. Being recently married, he is ready to begin his new life as a husband and father. It is quite clear that he is torn between his old life, which involved his mother, and his new life, which involves his wife. From Jennifer Tanner's (2006) stance on emerging adulthood, which of the following best describes Kulika's situation?

recentering

What is the term that is used to describe the downward trend in the age of menarche?

secular trend

Which of the following are three components of the Media Practice Model?

selection, interaction, and application

Pascarella and Terenzini found that in the course of the college years, a student's ____.

self-concept and psychological well-being improves

According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status is the most common among African American adolescents?

separation

What is a male's first ejaculation referred to as?

spermarche

What country has the highest divorce rate in the world?

the United States

Which of the following best describes selective attention?

the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience a slight increase in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood. Which of the following is a physiological factor that boosts self-esteem?

the ending of puberty

Moving from adolescence, most individuals experience a slight increase in self-esteem as they enter into emerging adulthood. Which of the following is a social factor that boosts self-esteem?

the ending of secondary school

In the West, sexual activity in young adulthood is considered to be important in promoting ____.

the intimacy of the couple's relationship as well as their mutual enjoyment and pleasure

A dowry is best described as ____.

the transfer of money or property from the bride's family to the groom and his family upon marriage

For Piaget, cognitive advances at each stage were reflected not just in the answers children devised for problems, but in ____.

their explanations for how they came to the solution

Young people are less likely than older drivers to wear seat belts. In a serious automobile accident, occupants not wearing seat belts are ____.

twice as likely to be killed

Which of the following best describes the classification of medicinal substance use?

using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness

In what stage of life does sexual activity peak in nearly all cultures?

young adulthood

According to the text, the college or university experience for many Japanese students can be best described as ____.

"four years of university-sanctioned leisure to think and explore"

Countless research studies have examined the correlation between the number of hours an adolescent works and problems they may experience. It is clear that when a teenager works beyond ____ hours a week, problems arise, and beyond ____ hours a week the problems become considerably worse.

10; 20

In developed countries, menarche generally occurs at age ____, whereas in developing countries it generally occurs at age ____.

12.5; 15

By the mid-teens, testosterone production in males is how many times greater than it was before puberty?

20

At which of the following time periods of life is one likely to see a peak in grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake, and bone density?

20s

According to the Monitoring the Future data, what percentage of American high school seniors reported binge drinking in the past month?

26%

In a study of college students at six sites around the country, what percentage of young women reported viewing Internet pornography?

31%

According to the text, about ____ of American emerging adults "return to the nest" to live at least once after they leave.

40%

Females are born with all of the ova that they will ever have. According to the text, how many eggs does the average female have at puberty?

40,000

About ____ of men of European descent experience substantial hair loss by age 40.

50%

How many categories does researcher John Holland use to describe personality categories that one should consider when matching a person with a prospective occupation?

6

On average, for many college and university students in America, it takes ____ to earn a "four-year" degree.

6 years

When Kohlberg began his research on moral judgment, who did he study?

72 boys aged 10, 13, and 16 years old

Schlegel and Barry (1991) found that what percentage of adolescent boys and girls had frequent responsibility for caring for younger siblings in traditional cultures?

80%

____ of college students report occasional sleep problems and ____ report frequent severe sleep disturbances such as insomnia and insufficient sleep.

A majority; a minority

At age 40, which of the following groups has the highest rate of individuals who have never been married?

African Americans

____ is a pattern of sleeping far longer on weekends and holidays than on school or work days, which leads to poor academic and job performance.

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Which of the following areas of the world has the highest divorce rate?

Eastern Europe

Which of the following regions of the world has the longest and most leisurely experience for emerging adulthood?

Europe

What is the main reason that it takes most students longer than four years to complete an undergraduate degree?

Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree.

Which of the following countries does not use a comprehensive approach to secondary school education?

Germany

Your family values education, but your younger brother is a very poor student and has always been a poor student. His global self-esteem is quite high. How can this be?

He probably does not really value the importance of education.

When asked, "Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?" the majority of emerging adults respond: ____.

In some ways

What happens to self-esteem for most people during emerging adulthood?

It rises.

____ is released by fat cells to signal that the body has had enough to eat, and also influences basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Leptin

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.