Psy 4325 Exam 2 Review

9.8 Lowered alertness, usually good feeling, release of inhibitions, and impaired judgement is most commonly experienced at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of:

.05

12.6 About what percent of U.S. adults reported using heroin in the past year based on 2012 data?

.2%

9.5 About 50% of all alcohol in the U.S. is consumed by about ____ of the drinkers.

10%

9.2 Most wines contain:

12%

10.1 Although tobacco was one of the first gifts presented to Columbus in 1492, commercial importation of tobacco into Europe in large quantities began around __________.

1600

9.9 Acute alcohol-related problems cause more than _______ deaths annually in the U.S.

20,000

10.6 The Centers for Disease Control now estimates that secondhand smoke is responsible for about:

40K deaths per year

9.1 A 90-proof whiskey is:

45%

10.5 About ____ of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

80%

10.7 Nicotine mimics _________ by acting at several nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic receptor site.

Acetylcholine

13.3 Who first synthesized LSD?

Albert Hofmann

9.7 Which statement best describes alcohol's mechanism of action?

Alcohol enhances GABA

Mechanism of Action - Alcohol

Alcohol enhances inhibition of GABA at the receptor. GABA-A receptor is activated at low doses of alcohol. The inhibitory effects are widespread throughout neurons of the brain. Excitatory transmitter glutamate is blocked with higher doses. Varied effects on dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

12.2 Historically, opium was used as a medicine in which of the following countries?

All of the Above Egypt China Greece

10.4 Which of the following have been marketed as a "safer cigarette"?

All of the above Filter cigarettes Light cigarettes Electronic cigarettes

14.8 Cannabis is useful in the treatment of:

All of the above Glaucoma Reduction of nausea in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy appetite in AIDS patients

14.6 Which of the following are reported subjective effects of cannabis from experienced users?

All of the above increased euphoria mellowness hunger

10.8 Experimental results suggests that extent to which nicotine acts to arouse and activate a smoker vs. calming the smoker is influenced by:

All of the above smoker's history Context/Situation Genetic factors

11.8 Which of the following is not a side effect of excessive caffeine use?

All of these are potential side effects of excessive caffeine use Heart arrhythmia gastrointestinal disturbances insomnia

Mechanism of Action - Depressants

Benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines enhance inhibitory effects of GABA when binding to its receptors. Barbituates on the other hand, affects another binding site. GHB has a similar structure to GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter.

9.4 The 18th amendment to the constitution:

Both A and C outlawed the sale of alcohol helped increase the profits of organized crime

14.5 THC and other cannabinoids are known to bind to:

Both CB1 and CB2 receptors

Mechanism of Action - Caffeine

Caffeine and other Xanthines such as Theophylline and Theobromine block adenosine. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator that is responsible for the release of other neurotransmitters. It normally produces sedation in behavior, but caffeine blocks receptors for this inhibitory effect.

10.9 Which of the following is NOT a form of nicotine replacement therapy?

Chantix

11.2 The first report of tea that seemed reliable comes from

China

12.1 The "Opium Wars" were waged between what two countries?

China and Britain

11.3 The first soft drink that later contained caffeine originally included what other stimulant?

Cocaine

Mechanism of Action - Cocaine

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin. It prolongs the affects of many neurotransmitters at the same time. On the other hand, amphetamines increase the activity of monoanime transmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by stimulating release. Amphetamines do not inhibit reuptake.

12.5 After the Harrison Act, the number of white middle-aged people using opioids orally:

Decline

14.1 The most active chemical in cannabis is:

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

8.10 Electroconvulsive Therapy is primarily used to treat:

Depression

12.7 Which of the following is an example of an endogenous opioid?

Endorphins

13.10 Which neurotransmitter is most relevant for the effects of Amanita muscaria on the brain?

GABA

14.2 Concentrated resin from the Cannabis plant is called:

Hashish

12.9 The Siegel experiments involving heroin suggest:

Heroin withdrawal is less severe than previously thought

Mechanism of Action - Hallucinogens

LSD stimulates serotonin 2A receptors and is absorbed through gastrointestinal tract. LSD molecules resemble the chemical structure of serotonin. LSD and other hallucinogens like mescaline and psilocybin act by stimulating serotonin-2A subtype of receptors. Mescaline and other catechol hallucinogens have a structure resembling catecholamine neurotransmitters, but they act indirectly on the serotonin 2A receptor. PCP alters many neurotransmitter systems, but does not appear to act directly on any of them. The sigma receptor is selective for PCP, ketamine, and other similar drugs. Muscimol can act as an agonist at GABA receptors.

8.9 Lithium was primarily used to treat:

Mania

14.9 Which best summarizes American's current views of cannabis use?

Many states have made medicinal cannabis legal and many laws are being written to further relax or eliminate legal cannabis use

13.6 The primary psychoactive agent in peyote is:

Mescaline

Mechanism of Action - Opiods

Mu and Kappa are opioid receptors that affect pain perception and an important region for pain perception is the mid brain. Morphine-like neurotransmitters such as eukephalins and endorphins affected the brain as well as the pituitary and adrenal glands. The function of delta is not as understood.

13.5 The primary psychoactive agent in "magic mushrooms" is:

PSilocybin

8.6 The foul-smelling sedative _________ was referred to as a "chemical straitjacket" and was probably the major drug used for severely disturbed patients in large mental hospitals by the 1950s.

Paraldehyde

12.8 What is the major therapeutic indication for morphine and other opioids?

Reduction of pain

8.8 Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin are referred to as:

SSRI's

13.9 Which neurotransmitter is most relevant for the effects of LSD on the brain?

Serotonin

12.3 Approximately how many times more potent is morphine compared to opium?

Ten times more potent

11.4 Which of the following is false regarding energy drinks?

The original Red Bull had more caffine than a cup of coffee

Mechanism of Action - Cannabis

There are two types of receptors that bind to THC and cannabinoids. CB1 is found in the body, but mostly in the dense regions of the brain. Basal ganglia affects body movement and coordination. Hippocampus affects memory storage. Cerebral cortex affects regulation of higher cognitive function. Cerebellum affects fine body movement. The nucleus accumbens affects reward system. Widespread potential action, more abundant than morphine or heroin for example. CB2 is in immune cells outside the brain. Cannabinoids may affect modulation of immune response.

12.4 Approximately how many times more potent is heroin compared to morphine?

Three times more potent

11.5 Caffeine produces its effects by interfering with _____________________.

adenosine

14.10 Which of the following is a factor that contributes to shifting attitudes towards cannabis?

all of the above an increasing amount of scientific evidence suggesting cannabis is not as toxic as originally thought arresting individuals for possession of cannabis is increasingly thought not to be a good use of tax payer dollars recognition that if cannabis was legal the taxation of its manufacturing and distribution could generate additional income for government

11.10 Which of the following can develop if a regular user stops caffeine use?

all of the above headache fatigue depression

13.1 Based on studies conducted by Roland Griffiths and colleagues, participants exposed to psilocybin

both B and C had experiences with substantial personal and spiritual significance reported sustained positive changes in attitude, mood, and behavior

11.7 Excessive use of caffeine is referred to as:

caffeinism

10.2 Most of the tobacco produced in the 1800s was:

chewing tobacco

8.7 ________ antipsychotic drugs were introduced before the mid-1990s whereas __________ antipsychotic drugs were introduced after the mid-1990s.

conventional, atypical

13.8 PCP (angel dust) produces _________ visual effects than LSD.

fewer

11.1 According to legend, the psychoactive properties of caffeine was discovered when a farmer noticed his ______ started dancing around after eating coffee beans.

goats

11.9 High levels of caffeine consumption among college students:

have been associated with lower academic performance

12.10 Combining opioids with sedatives can ____ the likelihood of __________.

increase, respiratory depression

14.7 What is the primary acute physiological effect of cannabis?

increased heart rate

10.10 Combining counseling and pharmacological treatments ______ the odds of quitting smoking.

increases

14.4 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937:

made it almost impossible for anyone to have anything to do with cannabis

13.7 PCP (angel dust) produces _________ changes in body perception than LSD.

more

9.10 The abstinence syndrome that develops as a result of stopping alcohol is medically _______ severe and ______ likely to cause death than withdrawal from opioid drugs (e.g., heroin).

more, more

9.6 One major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is

proportion of body fat

8.3 What is the most common form of treatment for mental disorders?

psychoactive drugs

13.2 The __________ of plants contributed to the development of spiritual and religious traditions and folklore in many societies across the globe.

psychoactive effects

*8.5 Psychotic patients suffering from general paresis were originally treated with:

stimulants antibiotics depressants malaria

9.3 The original temperance movement suggested:

that beer and wine should be drank in moderation but distilled spirits should be avoided

11.6 The half-life of caffeine in humans is about:

three hours

13.4 Albert Hofmann considered LSD to be:

valuable psycho-therapeutic tool

10.3 Some of the earliest anti-tobacco efforts focused on smoking among:

women

14.3 When was the earliest reference to cannabis?

~2700