PSY 525

Without any water replenishment, the typical human being will die in about: a. 1 day. b. 3 days. c. 5 days. d. 7 days

3 days

Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during: a. Addiction b. Play c. Romantic love d. Work

Addiction

If a student asked questions, offered suggestions, and expressed his preferences for how to learn the lesson, he would be rated as scoring high on __________ engagement. a. agentic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. emotional

Agentic

Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory? a. All external events have a controlling aspect. b. All external events have an informational aspect. c. All external events promote intrinsic motivation. d. All people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy.

All external events promote intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following statements is true? a. All needs direct behavior, but only some needs energize behavior. b. All needs energize behavior; but needs differ from one another in how they direct behavior toward different goals. c. People experience acquired needs more intensely than they experience innate needs. d. People experience psychological needs more intensely than they experience physiological needs.

All needs energize behavior; but needs differ from one another in how they direct behavior toward different goals.

The ____ specifically regulates the emotions involved in self-preservation, such as anger, anxiety, and fear. a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. reticular formation

Amygdala

_____ is the need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one's behavior, and it reflects the desire to have one's choices and preferences rather than environmental events determine one's actions. a. Autonomy b. Competence c. Relatedness d. Self-actualization

Autonomy

If a student pays very close attention to the learning materials, puts a lot of effort into the learning, and persists in the learning for an extended period of time, she would be rated as scoring high on ___________ engagement. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. emotional d. social

Behavioral

______ refers to how actively involved a person is during the activity in terms of being on-task and displaying effort and persistence. a. Agentic engagement b. Behavioral engagement c. Cognitive engagement d. Emotional engagement

Behavioral engagement

When an individual possesses very high personal skills and competencies for a given activity and then engages in an activity with a very low opportunity for challenge, he or she will most likely experience: a. boredom. b. extrinsic motivation. c. flow. d. intrinsic motivation.

Boredom

______ engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies. a. Behavioral b. Cognitive c. Emotional d. Social

Cognitive

Structure enhances engagement because it involves and satisfies the need for: a. being appreciated. b. competence. c. relatedness. d. autonomy.

Competence

______ is the so-called stress hormone that is typically released from the adrenal gland to prepare the body for a social-evaluative threat, such as public speaking. a. A-peptide b. Cortisol c. K-peptide d. Oxytocin

Cortisol

Which of the following is an example of using hormonal activity to measure motivation? a. Cortisol release into the bloodstream b. Electrical changes on the surface of the skill, as with a lie detector machine c. Eye behavior, such as blinks and glances d. Facial expressions to show a specific emotion

Cortisol release into the bloodstream

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation? a. Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance. b. Do this in order to get that. c. Doing, or saying, is believing. d. Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value.

Do this in order to get that.

__________ are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events. a. Cognitions b. Emotions c. Motivations d. Motives

Emotions

Which of the following statements best summarizes the conclusions revealed by investigating the childrearing antecedents of implicit motives such as achievement or power? a. An adult's implicit motives develop from genetic (biological) dispositions. b. An adult's implicit motives develop mostly from genetic dispositions but also from socialization experiences acquired through learning. c. An adult's implicit motives develop from early childrearing experiences. d. Few childrearing experiences explain adults' implicit motives because implicit motives change over time as one's adult life experiences (e.g., occupation) change.

Few childrearing experiences explain adults' implicit motives because implicit motives change over time as one's adult life experiences (e.g., occupation) change.

Consider mating strategies. Which of the following represents must-have "necessities" in determining one's preference to select a mate? a. For both men and women, kindness is a necessity. b. For both men and women, being the same age is a necessity. c. For men, physical attractiveness is a necessity in women; for women, social status is a necessity in men. d. For men, social status is a necessity in women; for women, physical attractiveness is a necessity in men.

For men, physical attractiveness is a necessity in women; for women, social status is a necessity in men.

According to the _____ hypothesis, when body weight (or proportion of body fat) drops below its in-born homeostatic balance, then increased hunger and increased eating behavior become more probable a. Glucostatic b. Lipostatic c. Osmometric d. Volumetric

Glucostatic

Cannon's conceptualization of _____ arose from his observations of the bloodstream's inherent tendency to maintain a constant water content, salt level, temperature, oxygen level, and so on. a. Drive b. Homeostasis c. Need d. Osmosis

Homeostasis

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation? a. brain activity b. cardiovascular activity c. electrodermal activity d. hormonal activity

Hormonal activity

The ____ controls the autonomic nervous system, hence the body's fight-or-flight system (from sympathetic and parasympathetic activation). a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. reticular formation

Hypothalamus

According to McClelland, Koestner, and Weinberger (1989), the best predictor of people's behavior is a(n)___________ motive. a. Implicit b. explicit c. psychological d. tertiary

Implicit

___________ are acquired emotional and behavioral potentials to act that are activated by particular situational incentives. a. Identified ways of regulating behavior b. Organismic needs c. Psychological needs d. Implicit motives

Implicit motives

If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations? a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases. b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases. c. Both decrease. d. Both increase.

Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.

_____ emerges spontaneously from psychological needs, personal curiosities, and innate strivings for growth. a. Achievement motivation b. Extrinsic motivation c. Identified regulation d. Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation

The duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given the opportunity to do so (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called: a. choice. b. effort. c. latency. d. persistence.

Latency

Which of the following statements is true about sexual motivation? a. Human sexual motivation is determined mostly by the rise and fall of hormones. b. In women, the correlation between physiological arousal and psychological desire is high. c. Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently. d. Women with small or petite eyes are rated as more physically attractive than are women with large eyes.

Men and women experience and react to sexual desire very differently.

Atkinson conceptualized the _____ as a force within the person to prefer and to seek out achievement situations, and the _____ as a force within the person to escape from (or be anxious about) achievement situations. a. Maf; Ms b. Ms; Maf c. Naf; Ns d. Ns; Naf

Ms; Maf

The study of extrinsic motivation revolves around three central concepts. Which of the following is not one of those concepts? a. Incentive b. Need c. Punishment d. Reward

Need

___ is any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being. a. Drive b. Homeostasis c. Need d. Pain

Need

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being. a. Cognitions b. Emotions c. Motives d. Needs

Needs

______ is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the "tend and befriend" coping response. This hormone raises levels of trust in others. a. A-peptide b. Cortisol c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

Oxytocin

With which of the following statements would an intrinsic motivation theorist most readily agree? a. People are inherently active. b. People are inherently passive. c. People seek rewards and avoid punishments. d. Most human motivation arises from the motivating aspects of the environment.

People are inherently active.

People fail to self-regulate their bodily appetites for three primary reasons. Which one of the following is not one of those reasons? a. People fail to monitor what they are doing, as they become distracted or overwhelmed. b. People can lack standards of how to behave (how much to eat, drink). c. People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals. d. When not currently experiencing biological urges, people underestimate how powerful these urges can be.

People pay relatively too much attention to their long-term goals and relatively too little attention to their short-term goals.

In understanding how interpersonal competition affects people's intrinsic motivation, each of the following statements is true, except: a. Competition undermines intrinsic motivation when the social context pressures people to win. b. Losing in competition undermines intrinsic motivation because of its effect on decreasing the person's sense of competence. c. People experience high intrinsic motivation in competition when competition allows them to feel both highly autonomous and highly competent. d. People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation.

People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation.

_____ is the time between when a behavior first starts until it ends. a. Choice b. Effort c. Latency d. Persistence

Persistence

Which of the following is not a core aspect of relatedness support? a. Cooperation and teamwork b. Friendly communication c. Individualized conversation d. Positive feedback

Positive feedback

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation? a. Automated b. Behavioral c. Enactive d. Psychophysiological

Psychophysiological

_____ is the need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved with significant others in warm relationships. a. Autonomy b. Competence c. Relatedness d. Self-actualization

Relatedness

A(n) ___ is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement. a. Consequence b. Incentive c. Need d. Reward

Reward

A(n) _____ is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur. a. Consequence b. Incentive c. Need d. Reward

Reward

Which of the following is a benefit of extrinsic rewards? a. Rewards can increase autonomous self-regulation. b. Rewards can promote conceptual understanding of the information to be learned. c. Rewards can promote creativity. d. Rewards make an otherwise uninteresting task suddenly seem worth pursuing.

Rewards make an otherwise uninteresting task suddenly seem worth pursuing.

Which one of the following is not a "hidden cost of rewards?" a. Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort. b. Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation. c. Rewards tend to undermine the development of autonomous self-regulation d. Rewards tend to undermine conceptual understanding and the quality of learning.

Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort.

Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available? a. Acetylcholine b. Testosterone c. Cortisol d. Serotonin

Serotonin

Which of the following is not considered to be evidence that people have a psychological need for relatedness? a. Once formed, people are reluctant to break social bonds or relationships. b. So many people from so many different cultures eventually get married. c. Social bonds between people seem to form so easily. d. We go out of our way to create a relationship when given the opportunity to interact with others in face-to-face interactions.

So many people from so many different cultures eventually get married.

In the dynamics-of-action model, which of the following is a synonym for inhibition? a. Pf b. Ps c. Taf d. Ts

Taf

______ is associated with high competition, status-seeking, and sexual motivation. It is most strongly related to status-seeking behavior after social status has bene questioned or threatened. a. Cortisol b. K-peptide c. Oxytocin d. Testosterone

Testosterone

Consider two different ways of motivating others by using rewards. First way: "Good job, you improved your penmanship nicely." Second way: "If you improve your penmanship today, then I'll give you a reward."Why is the first way more effective and less harmful (in terms of side effects) than is the second way? a. The first way offers people a clear, easy-to-follow structure in which to behave. b. The first way is very informational; it informs the person's sense of a job well done. c. The first way makes assessment of the penmanship easier and more objective, and this is true for both the student and the teacher. d. The first way is not more effective because people do not respond well to verbal reinforcers.

The first way is very informational; it informs the person's sense of a job well done.

The following example reveals the importance of which theme in the study of motivation? The worker who has an interesting job and works with supportive co-workers will perform better and be happier on the job than will the worker who has a boring job and works with conflictual co-workers. a. Motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. b. Types of motivation exist. c. To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions. d. We are often not consciously aware of the motivational basis of our behavior.

To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

Among the following questions, which is considered to be a core, perennial question within motivation study? a. Is human behavior mostly conscious or mostly unconscious? b. Under what conditions do people learn best? c. What causes behavior? d. Why are people happy?

What causes behavior?

Can theories of motivation be used to recommend practical applications to improve people's lives? a. No, the real world is just too messy for practical applications of theories of motivation. b. No, typically theories are guidelines with little or no truly useful applied value. c. Yes, once validated, theories can be used to recommend practical applications. d. Yes, so long as practical application takes precedent over theoretical speculation.

Yes, once validated, theories can be used to recommend practical applications.

One key negative side of a high level of the implicit motive for power is the person's tendency toward: a. a lack of empathy for others b. illness (or getting sick) c. passion d. traumatic experiences

a lack of empathy for others

Winter asserts that high-power individuals tend to gather an assortment of power symbols, or "prestige possessions." According to the text, power-seeking individuals are more likely to own: a. a Volkswagen beetle. b. rare coins. c. an Ipad. d. a rifle.

a rifle

The autonomy-supportive behavior of _____ revolves around communicating words and sentiment such as "I see", "Yes", "Okay", and "What can we do differently this time?" a. acknowledge and accept expressions of negative affect b. display patience c. introduced valued extrinsic motivators d. provide explanatory rationales for requests

acknowledge and accept expressions of negative affect

According to the text, the need for ___________ involves establishing, maintaining, and restoring relationships with others, mostly to escape from and to avoid negative emotions such as disapproval and loneliness. a. intimacy b. affiliation c. social contact d. family

affiliation

Winter and Stewart (1978) reported that the need for power is a desire to make the physical and social world conform to their personal image or plan for it. Which of the following responses is not one of the three characteristics attributed to individuals high in the need for power? a. impact b. control c. affiliation d. influence

affiliation

In Atkinson's formula to predict achievement-related behavior (Ts = Ms x Ps x Is), Ms represents: a. an individual's score on the PSE. b. the instigation force in the stream of achievement behavior. c. the strength of an individual's achievement motive. d. all of the above

all of the above

The structure responsible for detecting and generating motivational states to respond to environmental threats and dangers is the: a. amygdala. b. anterior cingulate cortex. c. nucleus accumbens. d. reticular formation.

amygdala.

The _____ is the brain's information-processing conflict detector. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. ventromedial prefrontal cortex

anterior cingulate cortex

If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat's behavior likely be? The rat would likely: a. appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful. b. become hyper-aggressive, perhaps even attacking the cat. c. freeze with fear. d. show intense avoidance, probably trying to find a quick place to hide.

appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful.

One function of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate: a. approach motivation and emotion. b. arousal. c. behavioral inhibition during unexpected, surprising, or novel events. d. withdrawal motivation and emotion.

approach motivation and emotion.

The impetus (desire) to do well relative to a standard of excellence for an achievement-oriented individual involves: a. performing better than others, as in winning a competition. b. performing a specific task well, as in solving a crossword puzzle. c. performing better than one has performed in the past, d. as in swimming faster than ever before.

as in swimming faster than ever before.

A person who communicates an interpersonal tone of, "I am your ally; I am here to understand you and to support your strivings" offers a(n) ______ motivating style. a. autonomy-supportive b. competence-supportive c. flow-supportive d. structure-enhancing

autonomy-supportive

The brain area most closely associated with the energization and inhibition of movement and motivated action is the: a. basal ganglia b. hippocampal network c. hypothalamus d. reticular formation

basal ganglia

Which of the following influences has not been found to produce restraint release (i.e., binge eating) in dieters? a. Alcohol b. Anxiety c. being alone d. depression

being alone

According to the dual-process model, autonomy support and psychological need satisfaction represent _____ processes, while interpersonal control and psychological need frustration represent _____ processes. a. bright side, dark side b. dark side, bright side c. major, minor d. minor, major

bright side, dark side

A motivational psychologist would agree with each of the following statements, except: a. changes in environmental conditions cause changes in motivational states. b. motivation includes both approach and avoidance tendencies. c. to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives. d. to flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

c. to adapt optimally, people need positive, approach-based motives rather than aversive, avoidance-based motives.

The greater one's effectance motivation, the greater one's desire to seek out and approach situations that: a. allow the person to relate to others in a way that is warm and meaningful. b. are ambiguous, or at least are creativity-enhancing. c. challenge existing skills and competencies. d. promise positive feedback.

challenge existing skills and competencies.

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is informational means that it: a. communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly. b. is more likely to act as a positive reinforcer than a negative reinforcer. c. provides an incentive to increase motivation. d. signals that extrinsic motivation exceeds intrinsic motivation.

communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly.

_____ is the need to be effective in interactions with the environment, and it reflects the desire to exercise one's capacities and skills and, in doing so, seek out and master optimal challenges. a. effectance, mastery, and making progress b. feeling socially connected and both giving and receiving care and benevolence c. understanding and gaining control over environment events d. volitional action and wholehearted self-endorsement of that action

effectance, mastery, and making progress

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for technology that allows us to look deeply inside the brain to monitor activity during a motivational or emotional state is the: a. BRAIN, Balanced Recording And Imagining Network. b. BOSS, Blood Oxygenation Sampling System. c. EEIT, ElectroEncephalogram Imaging Technique. d. fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

A prerequisite environmental condition that allows people to engage freely in optimal challenges and to experience optimal motivation even in the face of failure is: a. easy successes. b. entity ways of thinking and planning. c. failure tolerance. d. provision of incentives and rewards.

failure tolerance

People high in the need for power desire to have high levels of all of the following except: a. control. b. impact. c. influence. d. friends.

friends.

The hormone _____ generates a desire to eat (hunger), while the hormone _____ generates a feeling of satiety. a. ghrelin, leptin b. leptin, ghrelin c. insulin, secretin d. secretin, leptin

ghrelin, leptin

In the study of children's experience of enjoyment after solving anagrams with different levels of difficulty, children expressed the greatest enjoyment (through smiling) after solving problems that were: a. very easy. b. easy. c. hard. d. very hard.

hard

Which of the following profiles of U.S. presidents has empirical research shown to be associated with the highest presidential effectiveness? a. high power, high intimacy, high activity inhibition b. high power, low intimacy, high activity inhibition c. high power, low intimacy, low activity inhibition d. low power, high intimacy, high activity inhibition

high power, low intimacy, high activity inhibition

According to self-determination theory, the motivation that needs to be most enhanced in asking another person to engage in an uninteresting but important activity (e.g., recycling, cleaning) is to promote: a. amotivation. b. external regulation. c. introjected regulation. d. identified regulation.

identified regulation.

An externally provided rationale works as a motivational strategy during an uninteresting activity because it can: a. calm and alleviate the person's anxiety and arousal. b. increase desired behavior and decrease undesired behavior. c. increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation. d. provide the person with an opportunity to perform high-frequency, not just low-frequency, behaviors.

increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation.

The motivational strategies of (a) adding an extra source of stimulation to the task, (b) setting a goal to strive for, and (c) embedding the activity within a fantasy context are all examples of: a. anxiety-regulating strategies b. interest-enhancing strategies c. intuitive-regulating strategies d. all of the above

interest-enhancing strategies

The environmental incentive that activates the emotional and behavioral potential of the implicit motive for intimacy is: a. doing something well to show personal competence. b. having impact on others. c. involvement in a warm, secure relationship d. opportunity to please others and gain their approval.

involvement in a warm, secure relationship

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ "The task has no appeal or meaning to me."; "I am not interested in this task." a. lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit) b. lack of competence (i.e., competence deficit) c. lack of relatedness (i.e., relatedness deficit) d. lack of safety (i.e., safety deficit)

lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit)

If a person takes an aspirin and the aspirin makes a headache go away, then the person becomes more likely to take an aspirin for a headache in the future. This example illustrates that the aspirin acts as a(n): a. incentive. b. negative reinforcer. c. positive reinforcer. d. punisher.

negative reinforcer.

Research on sexual orientation—one's preference for sexual partners of the same or opposite sex—suggests that sexual orientation is: a. a choice, one best explained as a choice about identity and relationships. b. a choice, one best explained by exposure to admired role models. c. not a choice, as best explained by a dominant mother and a weak father. d. not a choice, as best explained by genetics and prenatal hormonal influences.

not a choice, as best explained by genetics and prenatal hormonal influences.

When a drill instructor uses orders, commands, directives, and in-your-face shouts to increase recruits' compliance, his approach to motivation relies heavily on: a. offering extrinsic incentives. b. promoting self-regulation. c. providing explanatory rationales. d. satisfying psychological needs.

offering extrinsic incentives

The _____ stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options. a. anterior cingulate cortex b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. insular cortex d. orbitofrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

Cellular dehydration causes _____ thirst, whereas dehydration of the bloodstream leads to _____ thirst. a. long-term; short-term b. short-term; long-term c. osmometric; volumetric d. volumetric; osmometric

osmometric; volumetric

According to the textbook, an environmental challenge does not create the psychological experience of being challenged until one additional ingredient is added to the experience. That ingredient is: a. an obstacle of some kind. b. performance feedback information. c. social comparison information. d. the presence of an audience.

performance feedback information.

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that: a. no research exists on self-esteem because it is best studied through personal experience. b. a great deal of evidence supports this approach to motivation. c. practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation. d. while not perfect, increasing self-esteem is still the most effective approach to motivating other people.

practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation.

For men's faces, the facial metrics associated with physical attractiveness include: a. expressive characteristics. b. neonatal features. c. sexual maturity features. d. large eyes, a small nose, and a small chin.

sexual maturity features.

Which of the following statements is true? Extrinsic rewards: a. enhance creativity, or cognitive flexibility in general. b. successfully help promote autonomous self-regulation. c. lead learners to seek out and approach optimally challenging versions of the task. d. shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains.

shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains.

According to Csikszentmihalyi's flow theory, the worst profile of experience occurs when: a. skill is high and challenge is high. b. skill is low and challenge is high. c. skill is high and challenge is low. d. skill is low and challenge is low.

skill is low and challenge is low.

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation. Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status? a. behavioral engagement b. cognitive engagement c. emotional engagement d. social engagement

social engagement

A _____ is any challenge to the person's sense of competence that ends with an objective outcome, such as success or failure, win or lose, and correct or incorrect. a. dynamic of action b. relationship c. standard of excellence d. status test e. stress test

standard of excellence

When presented with a _____, people generally experience not only positive emotions like hope that energize their approach behavior but also negative emotions like anxiety that energize their avoidance behavior. a. highly competent role model b. self-handicapping opportunity c. situation with high arousal potential d. standard of excellence

standard of excellence

Which of the following is not an environmental condition that satisfies the need for achievement? a. competition b. entrepreneurship c. a moderately challenging task d. success feedback

success feedback

In contrast to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence and personality, the construct of "motivation" has one great advantage, which is that: a. measures of motivation are more reliable than are measures of these other constructs. b. motivation is more psychological in nature than these other constructs. c. motivation is more stable and endures over time more than these other constructs. d. the antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known.

the antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known.

In what ways do needs differ from one another? a. how future-oriented the satisfaction of each need tends to be b. how long it takes (in hours) to satisfy each different need c. the amount of energy each separate need generates d. the goal the person pursues to satisfy each different need

the goal the person pursues to satisfy each different need

Theories help motivation researchers: a. avoid having to collect data to test their hypotheses. b. avoid statistics to analyze the data they collect in their experiments. c. understand the public's priority as to what motivation researchers should study. d. understand the complex phenomena they study.

understand the complex phenomena they study.

The hallmarks of autonomy psychological need satisfaction are: a. effectance, mastery, and making progress b. feeling socially connected and both giving and receiving care and benevolence c. understanding and gaining control over environment events d. volitional action and wholehearted self-endorsement of that action

volitional action and wholehearted self-endorsement of that action