PSY 525 Final

The psychological meaning of failure for a mastery-oriented individual is:

"The more I fail, the harder I need to try."

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

"What I do will work."

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

"Why try?"

________ is a cognitive process that evaluates the significance or environmental events in terms of one's well-being (e.g., "Is this situation significant to me and my well-being?).

Appraisal

In a cognitive view of emotion, which of the following statements is most true?

Appraisals of environmental events cause emotion.

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

Avoid the daily mistake

Which of the following is the best explanation of why feeling good because of positive affect generates so many positive outcomes

Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment.

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."

Carl Rogers

Self-efficacy is not the same as ability. In what way does self-efficacy predict coping and performance above and beyond how one's ability predicts coping and performance?

Circumstances are always ambiguous and unpredictable and hence require coping.

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Emotions function as one type of motive.

________ is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.

Openness

In the social sharing of emotion, which of the following statements is the only false one?

Social-affective sharing helps the sharer categorize the emotional episode as a generally positive one or as a generally negative one.

_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.

Socially defined

For a person with little self-efficacy and much self-doubt, task difficulties and setbacks usually open the door to the experience of:

confusion and anxiety that spiral performance toward disaster.

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.

control causality orientation

_____ follow(s) secondary appraisals.

coping responses

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or by cognitions, the conclusion reached by the text is that:

emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.

According to the text, _________ affords people the ability to appraise situations with high discrimination and to respond with a vast array of situationally appropriate emotional reactions.

emotion knowledge

The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own experience is called:

emotion knowledge.

When a person automatically mimics another's emotional expression and begins to synchronize his or her own emotion with the other person's in terms of expression, vocalization, postures, and movements, what emotional phenomena has occurred?

emotional contagion

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they _____ than when they _____.

engaged their friends; made a good bowling score

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the _____ condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.

escapable shock

The _______ component of emotion gives emotion its communicative aspect.

expressive

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions:

facilitate or inhibit that behavior.

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:

facilitator

Some facial expression of emotion are more difficult to recognize than are other facial expressions of emotion. Which of the following emotions is considered the most difficult for people to recognize from the facial expression alone?

fear

The person who experiences increased heart rate and decreased skin temperature is probably feeling:

fear

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Level of worry:

for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.

Unlike emotions, moods:

function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about.

Positive conditional regard is:

giving love and affection for obedience and achievement.

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that:

good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness.

People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages.

happy

Compared to people in neutral moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive affect):

have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.

The cognitive foundation underlying personal empowerment is:

high self-efficacy.

In the learned helplessness experiments with human beings as subjects, what stimulus is typically used to deliver the aversive, traumatic event?

noise

Who is the most susceptible to the illusion of control phenomenon?

non-depressed individuals in situations that allow little or no actual control

In the face of an uncontrollable event, a person who copes actively and expresses assertive emotions such as frustration and anger is showing a _____ effect to that event.

reactance

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to:

suffer high anxiety during social interaction.

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity):

suffer more psychological distress.

The finding that heart rate and skin temperature increase for one emotion (e.g., anger) but decrease for another emotion is an important finding because it _______ of emotion.

supports the James-Lange theory

Of the following emotion regulation strategies, which is generally recognized as the least effective strategy?

suppression

A strong sense of efficacy allows a performer to remain highly ___, even in the face of situational stress and problem-solving dead-ends.

task-focused

All cognitive emotion theorists endorse the position that:

the appraisal, not the stimulus event itself, causes emotion.

What did Lazarus's view of emotion add to Arnold's?

the idea that each discrete emotion involves its own unique appraisal

Lazarus's theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is relational? Relational means that emotion arises from one's relationship:

to environmental threats and benefits

Mood exists as a blend of two dimensions, which are:

valence and arousal

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

vicarious experience.

When one student who doubts his computer skills watches another student cope very well with the demands of a computer, the first student's efficacy expectation rises. The student's increased efficacy expectation was due to the influence of:

vicarious experience.

In his study with undergraduates solving anagrams, Mikulincer (1988) found that an exposure to one unsolvable anagram produced a(n) _____ effect, while exposure to four unsolvable problems produced a(n) _____ effect.

reactance; helpless

When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ________ and ________ regulate emotion well while ________ does not.

reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.

secondary

A(n) _____ involves both a cognitive search through available coping options and a prediction of whether each option will or will not be successful in managing the stressor.

secondary appraisal

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?

self-actualization

Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality.

self-determination

The following question represents which motivational construct: "If things start to go wrong during my performance, do I have the resources within me to cope successfully and turn things around for the better?

self-efficacy

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced. What dimension of emotion does this illustrate?

sense of purpose

According to Lazarus's theory of emotion, the primary appraisal of failing to live up to an ego ideal leads in a reliable way to the emotional experience of:

shame

Which of the following is not one of the four core components of emotion?

significant life event

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one. People generally follow social preferences and priorities because:

social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle.

According to Plutchik's analysis of emotion, which of the following does not contribute to the mix of experience that causes emotion?

social roles

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to:

solve problems in a creative way.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial feedback does one thing, namely:

emotion activation.

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

1 failure

According to the broaden-and-build theory of positivity, people flourish when they experience what ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions in their daily life?

3 to 1

_______ are short-lived psychological-physiological phenomena the present efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands.

Emotions

________ describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects

Congruence and incongruence

___ refers to the actual, objective relationship between a person's behavior and the environment's outcomes.

Contingency

The _________ muscle(s) lie beneath the eyebrows.

Corrugator

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Different patterns of bodily arousal produce different emotional states.

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?

Emotion is a social construct.

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?

Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.

Which of the following sequence of events best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

I see a dog, my heart races, I feel fear.

Which one of the following best represents Lazarus's concept of primary appraisal?

Is this event a personal threat?

Which of the following is not a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion?

It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children.

Which of the following is not one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?

Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned

____ can be understood as the psychological state that results when an individual expects that life's outcomes are uncontrollable.

Learned helplessness

What is the most important contribution that Weiner's attributional analysis makes to the study of emotion?

People can experience different emotions to the same outcome.

According to Lazarus, a(n) _________ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at stake in the stimulus encounter.

Primary

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

Self Action

________ is an inherent developmental striving. It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation.

Self-actualization

In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that:

both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following

There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:

What can be?

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?

What makes me special?

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

a small number—between 2 and 10

Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to:

academic failure

Strong self-efficacy beliefs are associated with all of the following except:

altering attributions from external to internal.

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?

an almost limitless number

The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon that, over time, fosters:

an optimistic explanatory style.

In Buck's two-system view of emotion, the biological system is relatively _____ in the evolutionary history of human beings, while the cognitive system is relatively _____.

ancient; new

Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?

appraisal emotion action

According to ethologists, who study the smile, smiles:

are socially motivated.

Which emotion regulation strategy is described in this example:

attentional focus

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:

autonomy and openness

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns:

conditions of worth.

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.

People socially share their emotions with others primarily to:

better regulate those emotions.

Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement."

biological emotion researchers only

Based on the text, the opposite of self-efficacy is:

doubt

Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives?

causality orientations

Reappraisal involves:

changing the meaning of a situation.

The most important single theme that emerges from Plutchik's chicken-and-egg analysis of the cause of emotion is:

cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do.

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being."

cognitive emotion researchers only

In the social sharing of emotion, which aspect is closest to a type of therapy in terms of helping the person best alleviate emotional distress and cope better with the emotional situation?

cognitive sharing

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called:

conditional regard.

An _____ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an _____ expectation is a person's estimate of what will happen once the person carries out that behavior.

efficacy; outcome

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed individuals overestimated their control.

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to:

develop their full potential.

Humanistic psychology is mostly about:

discovering human potential and encouraging its development.

Which facial expression of emotion is described by the following: nasalis wrinkles the nose; zygomaticus raises the cheeks; orbicularis oris raises the upper lip.

disgust

According to Maslow, deficiency needs:

dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.

Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation?

holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism

During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on:

how they can remedy the failure.

The following statement describes _____: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z.

incongruence

People often try to control their emotions. The first opportunity within any emotional episode to control that emotion is to:

intentionally select into which situation you put yourself

The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around:

intrinsic motivation and identified regulation.

The consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil:

is not inherent in human nature

Helplessness is:

learned

Maslow estimated that _____ % of the population reaches self-actualization.

less than 1

Greater mindfulness tends to:

lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.

According to Dweck and Repucci (1973), helpless-oriented children tend to quit in the face of failure because they tend to make _____ attributions to explain their failures.

low-ability

A ______ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters with failure.

mastery motivational orientation

Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?

meaning

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:

meditation training

Most people are:

mildly happy most of the time

In learned helplessness experiments with human beings, the verbalization of "so why try" is the prototypical expression of the _____ deficit.

motivational

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents:

moves the person away from the organismic valuation process.

"Failure as a challenge" means that the meaning of failure is a(n):

opportunity for learning and personal growth

The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:

optimistic

A(n) _______ is the personal tendency to explain why bad events happen to the self by using attributions that are unstable and controllable.

optimistic explanatory style

When you blink or squint your eyes, which of the following muscles are activated?

orbicularis oculi

The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating.

organismic valuation process

The most frequent source of a person's day-to-day emotion is:

other people.

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:

participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them.

Expectancy best predicts ________, while value best predicts ________.

performance, choices

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

personal behavior history.

According to an attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and uncontrollable cause generates the emotional reaction of:

pity

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience pressure-driving functioning, emotional suppression, and a tendency to self-aggrandizement after success and self-criticism after failure

positive conditional regard

Positive psychology investigates:

positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.

According to appraisal theories, which emotion would a person experience following these three appraisals of an emotional situation? An important goal was at stake; the goal was attained; the self was the causal agent in bringing the positive outcome to fruition.

pride

In Weiner's attributional analysis of emotion, the immediate consequence of an outcome is an outcome-dependent emotional response, which Weiner calls a _________ of the outcome.

primary appraisal

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:

prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability.