PSY- Chapter 6 w/ answ.

"How can we reduce suicide risk for our kids?" asks the high school counselor, the day after one of the school's star athletes commits suicide. Your BEST answer, base on research is: a. "Postvention often helps" b. "there really is little you can do, other than watch the student carefully." c. "close the school for a week, and let the students' parents help them deal with the loss." d. "Recerse modeling works best."

a. "postvention often helps."

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression? a. a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed b. a finding that people show negative thoughts only after they become depressed c. a finding that biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative thoughts d. a finding that social rewards are not related to happiness

a. a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: a. an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine b. especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylocholine, and their metabolites c. particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites d. an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin

a. an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine

at a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? a. assessing suicide potential b. understanding and clarifying the problem c. establishing a positive relationship d. assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

a. assessing suicide potential

which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? a. behavioral b. biochemical c. cognitive d. psychoanalytic

a. behavioral

behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: a. depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards b. depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards c. depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports d. depressed mood cannot be aleviated by positive experiences

a. depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered to be a sociocultural approach? a. depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations b. depression is thought to result from individual pathology c. depression is thought to be best treated within the family and in the real world rather than in the clinic d. depression is thought to be best treated by use of a multidisciplinary treatment team

a. depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations

some believe that allowing terminally ill elderly people to legally commit suicide will lead to a perceived "duty to die," involving: a. elderly people committing suicide because they think they should b. family members of the terminally ill becoming increasingly involved in the suicide process c. subtle pressure on people to sign contracts saying they will commit suicide under certain conditions dl younger and younger people wanting the right to commit suicide legally

a. elderly people committing suicide because they think they should

which of the following is the BEST example of the social contagion effect? a. if you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater b. the suicide of family member is extremely stressful to other in the family, c. the suicide of a close family member or friend can have a life-long impact on person d. celebrity suicides do not have as great an impact on indiciduals as the suicide of a close family member

a. if you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater

which interpersonal problem area identified by interpersonal psychotherapist is MOST like the cause of depression suggested b y psychoanalysis? a. interpersonal loss b. interpersonal deficits c. interpersonal role dispute d. interpersonal role transition

a. interpersonal loss

based on the evidence about suicide rates, which of the following intervention strategies should prevent the MOST suicides? a. intervention focuses on middle-aged adults--they have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly b. intervention focused on children--they have a relatively low suicide rate, but it is rising extremely rapidly c. intervention focuses on those over 75-- they make far more suicide attempts than other age groups, although they have a low suicide rate d. intervention focused on teenagers-- they have the highest suicide attempt and suicide completion rates of any age group

a. intervention focused on middle-aged adults--they have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly

biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: a. low activity levels of serotonin b. high activity levels of serotonin dopamine c. high levels of 5- hydroxyindoleactic acid d. elevated number of serotonin receptor sites

a. low activity levels of serotonin

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes: a. mania b. dysthymia c. depression d. cyclothymia

a. mania

Which of the following is TRUE about research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for treating unipolar depression? a. research studies show its effectiveness b. it is no more effective than placebo therapy c. 80 to 90 percent of depressed people show almost total elimination of symptoms d. although people become less depressed, their thought patterns don't change

a. research studies show its effectiveness

which of the following would a psychodynamic therapist be MOST likely say about studies regarding the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy for depression? a. the therapy does not lend itself to empirical research b. therapists' reports of individual recovery and progress should be disregarded c. the therapy is less effective than other methods d. more empirical studies need to be done before drawing conclusions

a. the therapy does not lend itself to empirical research

People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects would make the greatest changes in which aspect of life? a. what they eat b. the type and amount of exercise they get c. their sex lives d. the amount of time they could spend in the sun

a. what they eat

although all of the following mental disorders are of concern for increased suicide risk, the LEAST likely to be linked to suicide is: a. depression b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. alcoholism d. schizophrenia

b. PTSD

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: a. a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder b. a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. c. high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins d. no compelling evidence for depression to be found in relatives of a depressed individual

b. a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients

which of the following represents the greatest risk of death to teenagers; in order from least concern to most concern? a. drug overdose, cancer, suicide b. accidents, homicide, suicide c. suicide, drug overdoses, accidents d. homicide, suicide, cancer

b. accidents, homicide, suicide

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, " The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n): a. overgeneralization b. arbitrary inference c. selective abstraction d. magnification and minimization

b. arbitrary inference

Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a ______ therapy program. a. cognitive b. behavioral c. interpersonal d. psychoanalytic

b. behavioral

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with? a. seasonal b. catatonic c. recurrent d. melancholic

b. catatonic

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _______ symptoms. a. emotional b. cognitive c. motivational d. behavioral

b. cognitive

There has been a significant increase in the number of physicians prescribing antidepressants in the past few decades: a. because the results of drug therapy are vastly superior to those of cognitive therapy b. despite the success of cognitive therapy c. even though behavior therapy shows better results d. because successful drug therapy is only effective in the short term

b. despite the success of cognitive therapy

Lithium has been found to: a. be useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder b. enhance the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs in unipolar depression c. increase the effectiveness of drugs used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder d. be more effective in treating bipolar disorder when used in conjunction with ECT than when used alone

b. enhance the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs in unipolar depression

research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to: a. voices commanding them to kill themselves b. feelings of demoralization c. overdoses of antipsychotic drugs d. a feeling of invincibility

b. feelings of demoralization

all of the following factors contribute to the high suicide rate among the elderly EXCEPT: a. loss of close friends and relatives b. geographical location c. loss of status d. feelings that they are burdensome to others

b. geographical location

a developing body of research shows that antidepressant use in children and adolescents: a. substantially increases overall suicide risk b. increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk c. decreases suicide risk for some individuals, but increases the overall suicide risk d. does not lower suicide risk, as it does for adults

b. increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk

which of the following is an example of effective adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder? a. electroconvulsive therapy b. individual or group therapy c. hospitalization of the patient d. Prozac in combination with lithium

b. individual or group therapy

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: a. symbolic (imagined) loss b. learned helplessness c. artifact theory d. body dissatisfaction

b. learned helplessness

which of the following does NOT make one at higher risk for suicide? a. experiencing mood and thought changes b. learning about suicide in abnormal psychology c. having and alcohol abuse problem d. experiencing uncontrollable and repeated stressful events

b. learning about suicide in abnormal psychology

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future? a. almost zero--so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression b. low--so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression c. moderate--researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression d. high--researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression

b. low--so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression

one problem with analogue studies of depression is that: a. people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression b. one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression c. computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans experience those symptoms d. genetic correlational studies don't necessarily demonstrate causal links between genes and depression

b. one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression

Which one of the following is MOST consistent with a contingency management approach? a. providing sympathy when the person talks about depressed feelings b. praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities c. limiting the contact family members have with the person d. analyzing the person's irrational thoughts

b. praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions, and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. humanistic

b. psychodynamic

which of the following statements MOST accurately the relationship between religion and suicide? a. a country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion b. the degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion c. countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates d. religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries

b. the degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion

electroconvulsive therapy would be MOST recommended when: a. depression is mild to moderate b. the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs c. suicide is not judged to be a significant risk d. the patient first comes to therapy

b. the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs

the person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is: a. Beck b. Freud c. Seligman d. Lewinsohn

c. Seligman

which one of the following is the MOST likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide? a. there is a chemical in alcohol that triggers a suicide response in the brain b. alcohol is less well metabolized by those who are depressed c. alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgement d. pound for pound, women get drunk on less alcohol than men

c. alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgement

a society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of peole with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls: a. egoistic suicide b. altruistic suicide c. anomic suicide d. intragroup suicide

c. anomic suicide

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanation of depression? a. psychodynamic and cognitive b. cognitive and behavioral c. behavioral and sociocultural d. sociocultural and biological

c. behavioral and sociocultural

what would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? a. recurrent depression b. seasonal depression c. catatonic depression d. melancholic depression

c. catatonic depression

which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in a story-telling test demonstrate? a. behavioral b. biochemical c. cognitive d. sociocultural

c. cognitive

if your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using: a. psychodynamic therapy b. behavioral therapy c. cognitive therapy d. sociocultural therapy

c. cognitive therapy

Which of the following is not an example of a biological treatment for depression? a. electroconvulsive shock b. antidepressant medication c. contingency management d. herbal remedies

c. contingency management

a milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episode is called _____ disorder. a. dysthymic b. anhedomic c. cyclothymic d. anxiety

c. cyclothymic

long-term stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT: a. serious illness b,. occupational stress c. divorce d. an abusive environment

c. divorce

which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression? a. lack of desire to eat b. a negative view of oneself c. experiences of sadness and anger d. staying in bed for hours during the day

c. experience of sadness and anger

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: a. is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus b. is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression c. is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression d. is probably correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship

c. is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression

the behavior of those who engage in self-injurious behavior such as cutting: a. fits into the criteria for suicide behavior disorder b. represents a clear effort to end one's life c. may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide d. is relatively uncommon and declining in frequency

c. may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide

over the past couple of decades, the correlation between number of antidepressant prescriptions and younger patient suicide rates has been: a. nonexistent b. positive; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, so does the younger patient suicide rate c. negative; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, the younger patient suicide rate decreases d. first negative(in the 1990s), then positive (in the twenty-first century)

c. negative; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, the younger patient suicide rate decreases

estimates of the number of suicides that occur in the U.S. probably underrepresent the total because of all of the following EXCEPT: a. it's hard to know for sure whether a death is a suicide or an unintentional accident b. some families don't acknowledge suicide because of the stigma associated with it c. parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides d. its are to know whether drug overdoses are accidental or not

c. parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides

the fact that very angry people are not significantly more suicidal than other people argues MOST strongly against which explanation for suicide? a. sociocultural b. modeling c. psychodynamic d. biological

c. psychodynamic

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from: a. learned helplessness b. irrational expectations c. regression to the oral stage d. learned anxiety turned inward

c. regression to the oral stage

the mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as: a. anxious and irrational b. angry and aggressive c. sad and hopeless d. tense and manic

c. sad and hopeless

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication? a. MAO inhibitors b. tricyclics c. second-generation antidepressants d. vagus nerve stimulators

c. second-generation antidepressants

The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeated experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy? a. there has not been enough research about the diagnosis b. it does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis c. the diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome d. there are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis

c. the diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome

In the U.S. the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is: a. the same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women b. lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women c. the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women d. lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women

c. the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women

which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender and suicide? a. women attempt suicide more often than men b. men use more lethal means to commit suicide than women c. women succeed at committing suicide more often than men d. the elderly are more likely to commit suicide than children

c. women succeed at committing suicide more often than men

according to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the U.S. among: a. african americans b. euro-americans c. native americans d. asian americans

c., native americans

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are: a. substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression, and about as likely to have recurrent episodes b. substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression, and less likely to have recurrent episodes c. about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, and about as likely to have recurrent episodes d. about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes

d. about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes

if you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is practicing: a. premarital instructional therapy b. psychoeducational therapy c. role transition therapy d. behavioral marital therapy

d. behavioral marital therapy

Apparently tricyclics work by: a. blocking the production of norepinephrin and serotonin b. blocking the reuptake of the tricyclic by the neurotransmitter c. blocking the ingestion of the tricyclic d. blocking the reuptake of norepinphrine and serotonin

d. blocking the reuptake of noredpinephrine and serotonin

if you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n): a. reuptake of serotonin b. insulin-induced coma c. increase in energy and creativity d. brain seizure

d. brain seizure

someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional Style Questionaire, which is designed to measure the therapy's effectiveness. The theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely: a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. sociocultural d. cognitive

d. cognitive

ambivalent about dying, Jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter, Jay is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: a. death seeker b. death initiator c. death ignorer d. death darer

d. death darer

Which of the following statements is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression? a. women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression b. men have less frequent bouts of depression c. women have longer-lasting bouts of depression d. men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

d. men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

Behaviorists would be MOST likely to say that depressed people must improve their social skills because: a. the performance of socially unacceptable behavior is irrational b. it is important to reinforce the client's depressive behavior c. depressed people may be experiencing interpersonal role transition d. positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

d. positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing: a. the "baby blues" b. postpartum psychosis c. hormone withdrawl syndrome d. postpartum depression

d. postpartum depression

the explanation of suicide as due to loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression is consistent with which theoretical perspective? a. cognitive b. humanist c. behavioral d. psychodyanmic

d. psychodynamic

Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by: a. interpersonal therapists b. cognitive therapists c. couples therapists d. psychodynamic therapists

d. psychodynamic therapists

Based on the available research, we can conclude that: a. listening to particular kinds of music can trigger suicide b. failed suicide attempts may trigger listening to particular kinds of music c. teenagers are usually listening to particular kinds of music when they commit suicide d. sometimes listening to particular kinds of music is related to suicide attempts

d. sometimes listening to particular kinds of music is related to suicide attempts

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT: a. distractibility b. inflated self-esteem c. decreased need for sleep d. suicidal ideation

d. suicidal ideation

at the time of the suicide, a suicide victim was receiving psychotherapy and had left a clear suicide note. This suicide victim is: a. the most common kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, and they leave a suicide note b. a somewhat uncommon kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, but they do not leave a suicide note c. a somewhat uncommon kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, but they do leave a suicide note d. the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, and they do not leave a suicide note

d. the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, and thy do not leave a suicide note

to receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: a. two weeks b. two months c. one year d. two years

d. two years