Psy-Exam 2

What characterizes a typical night's sleep?

- NREM sleep non-rapid-eye-movement sleep - REM sleep rapid-eye-movement sleep These occur in continuous cycles with one following the other. One cycle of NREM sleep in adults = 70-90 minutes this consists of four distinct stages, each of which can be identified by brain wave pattern. A period of REM sleep follows NREM sleep, which is why many researchers refer to REM sleep as the fifth stage of sleep. A complete sleep cycle consists of one period of NREM sleep (not necessarily containing all four NREM stages), followed by one period of REM sleep (which tends to increase in duration as the night progresses). Generally a complete sleep cycle lasts for about 80-120 minutes, and we go through this cycle approximately four or five times during eight hours of sleep each night. Over the course of a typical night's sleep we experience two distinctly different states or types of sleep know as: Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM sleep) Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM sleep) One cycle of NREM sleep lasts for about 70-90 minutes and consists of 4 different stages. Each cycle is represented by different brain wave patterns. characteristic of sleep cycle

According to Bandura, what occurs first in observational learning?

- Reproduction - Motivation - Retention - Attention

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that causes a response that is learned

The schedule of reinforcement that is most resistant to extinction is what?

A variable interval schedule

What type of brain waves does a hypnotized person display?

Alpha and delta waves

Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves what?

Attention

What is another name for operant conditioning?

BF Skinner

What EEG pattern is associated with normal, waking, alert states?

Beta

What is the hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks?

Melatonin

What is involved in the sense of smell?

Olfaction

Dreaming is typically associated with which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

Roger used to feel the effect of one or two alcoholic drinks; he now needs four or five to feel the same effect. Roger is experiencing what?

Tolerance

The initial stage of learning a response is called what?

acquisition

Stage 1 sleep is referred to as having what types of waves?

brain waves (called sleep spindles) alpha and theta waves

Taste buds are in groups known as what?

chemoreception

A cat that associates the sound of a can opener with being fed has learned through what kind of learning or conditioning?

classical conditioning

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is due to what?

conditioned response

The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with what sleep state?

deep sleep

The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as what?

extinction

Pavlov's dog salivates each time it hears a bell. Now, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What does this explain?

extinction has occurred

A dog has learned to associate a small blue light coming on with being fed. Now, however, when a small light of any color comes on, the dog salivates. Why does this occur?

generalization

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from what disorder?

insomnia

Immediately entering REM sleep is a symptom of what sleep disorder?

nacolepsy

A mother takes away her son's favorite toy when he misbehaves. Her action is an example of what?

negative punishment

Salivation in response to food, shivering from exposure to a low temperature, and coughing in reaction to throat congestion are example of automatic stimulus-response connections or what else?

reflexes

What does a situation that involves learning include?

requires some relatively permanent change to occur

Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs doing what?

salivating right before the food was placed in their mouths

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called what?

spontaneous recovery

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses, the unconditioned stimulus was what?

the loud banging noise

What is stimulus generalization?

the transfer of behavior (learned response) from one stimulus to another stimulus that is similar in nature; in Little Albert's case, Little Albert was afraid of not only white, furry rats but any white and furry objects.

When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The loud noise is what kind of response?

the unconditioned stimulus

The schedule of reinforcement that results in the greatest increase in behavior is what?

variable ratio