Psy Exam 3

Carol Gilligan

a research assistant of Kohlberg, who consequently developed her own ideas of moral development. In her groundbreaking book, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development

The small structure in the brain that plays a key role in scrutinizing incoming information for its emotional importance is known as the ________.

amygdala

Physical Development

A developmental domain that focuses on growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Cognitive Development

A developmental domain that focuses on learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Gender Dysphoria

A diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex.

Attachment

A long-standing connection or bond with others.

Habit

A pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

Emerging Adulthood

A period of lifespan development spanning from 18 years old to the mid-20s, characterized as an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love.

Continuous Development

A perspective that views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills.

Discontinuous Development

A perspective that views development as taking place in unique stages that occur at specific times or ages.

Humanism

A psychological approach that emphasizes free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.

Instinct

A species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned.

Hierarchy of needs

A spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self- actualization.

Set-point Theory

A theory that asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.

Distorted Body Image

A type of body dysmorphia that causes individuals to view themselves as overweight even though they are not.

Binge Eating Disorder

A type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress.

Bulimia Nervosa

A type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

Sexual Orientation

An emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both.

Gender Identity

An individual's sense of being male or female.

Defense Mechanism

An unconscious, protective behaviors designed to reduce ego anxiety.

Teratogen

Any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage to a developing embryo or fetus.

John Bowlby defined ________ as the bond or tie that an infant forms with its mother.

Attachment

Combined Approach

Bridges Western and indigenous psychology as a way of understanding both universal and culturally specific variations in personality.

Carl Jung

Collective Unconscious and Attitudes toward life, working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one's personality; extroversion and introversion.

Karen Horney

Coping styles, focus on the role of unconcious anxiety.

Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Emotional experiences are determined by individual appraisal of the stimulus.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive.

Indigenous Approach

Has led to the development of personality assessment instruments that are based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied.

Nature

In psychology, one's biological and genetic background.

Nurture

In psychology, one's environment and culture.

Alfred Adler

Individual Psychology, which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority.

Infant reflexes, interest in novelty, a desire to explore and manipulate objects, an impulse to play, and basic cognitive skills are all examples of ________.

Innate Human Characteristics

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

James-Lange

Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg reviewed people's responses and placed them in different stages of moral reasoning

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Learning Approaches

Learning approaches focus only on observable behavior.

Cultural Display Rule

One of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable.

Self-concept

One's thoughts and feelings about one's self.

Motor Skills

Our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Locus of control

Our beliefs about the power we have over our lives.

Self-efficacy

Our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences. Self-efficacy affects how we approach challenges and reach goals.

Behavioral Perspective

The perspective that personality as significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Psychosexual Stage of Development

The stages of child development in which a child's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous zones.

Emotion

The subjective state of being, often described as feelings.

Neurosis

The tendency to experience negative emotions.

Drive Theory

The theory that deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis.

Social-cognitive theory

The theory that the concepts of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a part in personality development.

Transgender Hormone Therapy

The use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex.

Facial expressions can mean different things at different times depending on social and cultural influences.

True

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Congruence

When one's thoughts about one's real self and ideal self are very similar-in other words, when one's self-concept is accurate.

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.

extrinsic

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he or she could be classified as experiencing __________.

gender dysphoria

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

Because language is too complex to be learned bit by bit, linguist, Noam Chomsky, argued that the human brain must contain a(n) ________.

language acquisition devise

Postformal stage

many developmental psychologists disagree with Piaget, suggesting a fifth stage of cognitive development

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

motivation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

"Mommy here," "my toy," and "go 'way bug" are examples of a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words known as ________.

telegraphic speech

Ideal self

The person one would like to be.

Psychosocial Development

A developmental domain that focuses on emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time.

Components of Emotion

Physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial theory of development, suggesting that an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

Cultural-Comparative Approach

Seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity.

Cognitive Empathy

The ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others.

Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.

Id

The aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex.

Ego

The aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one's personality that is visible to others.

Superego

The aspect of the personality that serves as one's moral compass, or conscience.

Reciprocal Determinism

The idea that cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously.

Observational Learning

The idea that much learning is vicarious; we learn by observing some else's behavior and its consequences.

Yerkes-Dodson law

The idea that simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower.

Adolescence

The period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood.

Real self

The person one actually is.