PSY FINAL
Someone experiencing difficulty with symptoms associated with ADHD might be prescribed _________.
A - Adderall
Engaging in two tasks at once, such as talking on a cell phone while driving, can be considered _________.
A - Divided attention
As a general rule, our short-term memory span is roughly equal to the amount of material we can internally rehearse in about ________.
2.5 seconds
In the first Spider-Man movie, there is a scene where Spider-Man throws two villains through a window. In the next moment, the window appears intact. It is likely that if you were to watch this scene which of the following would be true?
A - You wouldn't notice the window had repaired itself because you would be focused on the action.
Famous sports figures are often paid to endorse products such as energy drinks and insurance carriers. Which of the following relate to this form of advertising?
All of the above
Which of the following statements about conformity is true?
Animals, such as whales and chimpanzees, clearly demonstrate conformity.
A cultural anthropologist states that the tendency for individuals to build monumental structures pointing to the heavens, from earth mounds to modern skyscrapers, is an example of each generation's tendency to pay their respects to powers beyond their control that reside in the cosmos. According to this anthropologist, these various monumental structures are examples of:
Archetypes
On an important job interview, you want to make the best impression possible. If you commit a social faux pas, where in the interview process would it cause the most damage in the eyes of those evaluating your likeability and fitness within the organization?
At the beginning
Someone suffering from sleep apnea would probably be prescribed _________.
B - A CPAP device
Extraverted Ellen is more likely than Introverted Ida to: (Select all that apply)
Be more outgoing and adventurous
An effective strategy for improving one's immediate memory capacity is to group information into meaningful patterns. What is the technical name for this strategy?
Chunking
Which of the following is not associated with narcolepsy?
D - Night terrors
Order these memory terms from first to last to illustrate the general timeline of memory.
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Jon and John are twins but look nothing alike, which makes them ______________ twins.
Fraternal
Steve and Sarah are biologically able to have children, while separate medical examinations indicate that both Helen and Harry are capable of having children but are not reproducing. Helen and Harry would be considered to be ______________ individuals.
Functionally infertile
Sperling's partial report technique provides evidence for _________.
Iconic memory
The ______________ is the source of psychic energy and is located completely in the ______________ region of the mind.
Id, unconscious
At a casino, one can find slot machines. Which schedule of reinforcement would most likely govern the payout of slot machines?
Intermittent
Which of these is an example of a schema?
Knowing the order of events at a restaurant: Walk in, be seated, order, eat, pay, leave.
After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is taken away. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called?
Negative punishment
Which of the following best illustrates the effects of biological constraints?
Not being able to train an animal to act in a way that disrupts its normal foraging
A personality test that has a fixed format in the way individuals can respond to the items on the test and the way individuals can score the test is a(n) ______________ technique.
Objective self-report
Artistic Anne is likely to score high on the ______________ factor of the Five Factor Model.
Openness
Psychology has identified three major types of learning. Which type(s) of learning is/are most likely associated with solving a mathematical word problem?
Operant conditioning Social/observational learning
During what psychosexual stage would breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding your infant be of critical importance to the subsequent personality development and adjustment of your child?
Oral
You might also have trouble remembering where you left your keys on Monday, but instead due to ____________ interference; memories of where you left your keys Tuesday-Friday make it more difficult to remember where you left your keys on Monday.
Retroactive
Having a secure and stable environment (e.g., a home) exemplifies which of Maslow's need levels?
Safety
According to Phillip Zimbardo, what type of attributions would he use to explain the behavior of participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Situational
Match the description with the concepts.
Stereotype Assuming that a perception of a group based on some common characteristics applies to anyone with common features Attitudes A person's thoughts‚ ideas‚ and opinions Prejudice Negative beliefs/active dislike of a group of people with common characteristics that differ from oneself Discrimination Treating a person/people differently based on group membership
Positive reinforcement is positive in the sense that ____________. (Select all that apply)
The behavior results in the addition of a positive stimulus The behavior is strengthened or increases in frequency
Bandura had children watch a video of an adult hitting and punching a blow-up bobo doll and created a condition where the adult was dressed like a cartoon cat. How did the subsequent reactions of the child differ?
Those in the cartoon condition had similar overall aggression but less imitation
Janice learns how to play the guitar with these steps: how to hold the guitar properly, how to generate sound from the strings, how to tighten/loosen the strings, and how to read sheet music. Her music teacher provides praise when she's mastered each step. This illustrates which of the following phenomena?
To generate the new behavior of guitar playing, Janice has to progress through a lot of new steps. The nonreinforced steps aren't listed, but the successive steps listed do get Janice closer and closer to what we'd consider playing the guitar.
All forms of prejudice are learned.
True
The Curtis family hired Betty, a young person with a severe mean-streak that the Curtises were unaware of, to sit for their 4 year-old-son, Greg. That evening, Betty would repeatedly hide from Greg. When Greg would pass one of her hiding places, she'd jump out behind him and scare him (yelling 'BOO!' loudly) and he'd get so scared he'd cry. Two weeks later, the Curtises again hired Betty to sit. When she arrived, Greg saw her and began to cry.
Unconditional stimulus Boo Neutral/conditional stimulus Betty Conditional response Crying Unconditional response Crying
Which of the following is NOT one of the effective encoding strategies discussed in the text?
Using massed practice
What is another word for occasion setter, or a cue that sets the biological clock?
zeitgebers
Sort this list of memory "sins" such that the top three are the "sins of omission" listed alphabetically by the first letter of the term, while the bottom four are the "sins of commission" listed alphabetically by the first letter of the term.
Absent-mindedness Blocking Transience Bias Misattribution Persistence Suggestibility
Match each premise with a correct response below:
Affective attitude component Despite the car being discontinued Drew wants a Pontiac Solstice convertible because it looks so awesome! Cognitive attitude component Jules prefers SUVs because passengers are statistically more likely to live in the event of an accident. Behavioral attitude component Sam prefers country music so he purchased a country music CD. Cognitive dissonance Inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors.
The experience of Kitty Genovese in the mid-1960s began over a half-century of research in what area?
Bystander effect
The term circadian rhythm refers to which of the following?
C - A 24-hour cycle of arousal and relaxation
Xander participated in a study where he heard two messages, one in each ear. His task was to listen to one message while ignoring the second. Xander participated in _________.
C - A dichotic listening experiment
Dreaming occurs during which stage of sleep?
D - REM sleep
True or False: The amount of time studying and the amount of learning are always positively correlated.
False
H.M. had what portion of his brain removed?
His hippocampus
Imagine that you are interested in whether viewing a specific film impacts performance on a later task. You show one group of people a movie depicting a horse race, another group of people a movie depicting a horse eating an apple on a farm, and a third group of people views neither movie. You think that if you give all groups of people the jumbled-up word "cersa", the people who watched the horse race will be more likely to re-arrange the letters to make the word "races" compared to people who watched neither video. In contrast, you think the people who watched the horse on a farm will be more likely to re-arrange the letters to make the word "acres" compared to people who watched neither video. This task is a test of ___________ memory.
Implicit
According to the Fundamental Attribution Error, when making attributions about other people, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions, whereas when making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions.
Internal; external
When people join cults, particularly those that predict the end of the world (e.g., the Doomsday cult), what happens when the world does not end as expected? (Select the best answer.)
Members remain committed to the cult, believing that they saved the world.
Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.
Positive Reinforcement Increases a response by adding an event Negative Reinforcement Increases a response by removing an event Positive Punishment Weakens a response by adding a stimulus Negative Punishment Weakens a response by removing a stimulus
After the occurrence of a response, a consequence is added. If the response occurs less often in the future, what is the operant process called?
Positive punishment
Which of the five basic operant processes is viewed as the "operant process of last choice?"
Positive punishment
Alice forgets that she has a term paper in her history class until the night before it is due. Although she forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the ___________region of her mind.
Preconscious
When meeting new people, we tend to make snap-judgments as the basis for impression formation, which is best explained by ______________.
Primacy effects
"Chicken sexers" are people who are experts at determining the sex of a baby chick based on only a momentary glance, as shown in the video above. Research has shown that professional chicken sexers are very accurate at their task, yet have very little insight into how they actually make their decisions. What kind of memory is this process likely to tap?
Procedural memory
Processes that are fast, feel effortless, and can be completed while doing a second task are called ______________.
automatic
Alejandro and Savannah are on a first date. As they drive, Alejandro notices the smell of Savannah's shampoo. Throughout the evening, whenever she is close to him, he not only smells her shampoo but his heart quickens and the palms of his hands become damp. The following week, while walking down the hall at school, Alejandro smelled Savannah's shampoo. As a result, his heart skipped a beat and he started to sweat. Match the correct term to the corresponding name of the event from the example.
Unconditional stimulus Savannah Neutral/conditional stimulus The smell of Savannah's shampoo Conditional response Increased heart rate and sweating Unconditional response Increased heart rate and sweating
Selena has just been assigned to play point guard on her college basketball team. If she is able to run the ball down the court while paying attention to the position of the other players and initiate offensive plays, we can consider her dribbling ________.
B - Automatic
According to the self-serving bias, if you get an "A" on your next exam, what attribution are you most likely to make?
"I am really smart!"
Tim has had an operation to treat his severe epilepsy. As a result of this operation, the two halves of his brain are unable to communicate with one another. If I were to show him an image of a rose on the left and an image of a cat on the right, you should expect that which of the following is true?
A - He will be able to report seeing a cat but would draw a rose with his left hand.
Of the following, who is most likely to experience the sin of persistence?
A person who survived a recent violent car crash
Match the name of the phase in the left column with its definition in the right column.
Attention matches Learner thinks about the trainer's response(s) Retention matches Trainer models and learner tries to imitate trainer Production matches Learner imitates response without trainer's modeling Motivation matches Reinforcement/feedback provided when response is correct
Billy has developed the habit of yelling in public places. Billy's dad is concerned about this behavior and has started counting the number of public outbursts Billy exhibits. On Monday, Billy yelled in public three times; on Tuesday he yelled 4 times; and on Wednesday he again yelled three times. On Thursday morning, Dad told Billy that from now on (starting on Thursday) each time Billy yelled in public he would be spanked. On Thursday Billy yelled in public three times and received three spankings. On Friday he yelled four times and was spanked four times. Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.
Baseline Monday‚ Tuesday‚ and Wednesday Frequency Number of times yelling in public occurred each day Treatment Thursday and Friday Target behavior Yelling in public
The tendency for certain neutral stimuli to more easily (i.e., with fewer pairings) become conditional stimuli is termed ____________.
Biological preparedness
When asked to create a story in response to one of 17 cards from the ______________, David focuses his story around the middle-aged man on crutches standing in the front of other soldiers and the sense of guilt and embarrassment he feels because he can no longer support his comrades in combat.
C - Thematic Apperception Test
During a car accident, Noah struck the right side of his head. Since the accident, he has stopped shaving the left side of his face. It is possible that Noah suffers from ________.
C - Visual neglect
An anthropologist is looking at the social behavior of jungle tribes on South Pacific islands over many centuries. He finds evidence that there is a tendency for groups of individuals from some islands to prefer democratic governments while others prefer dictatorial styles of tribal rule. The tendency of these tribes to seek a form of organization illustrates the shared wisdom of the ages stored in the:
Collective unconscious
Professor Tess compares the similarity of personality test scores from a sample of twins, which means he is investigating the ______________ for this sample of twins.
Concordance rate
On the first day of police officer training class, you give your 10-item test of anxiety and a more established 45-item test of anxiety to the trainees. You then collect the scores of a separate, self-report measure of anxiety provided by each trainee after they have completed their first experience in a high-speed training exercise. Your test predicts the self-report measures just as well as the longer, more established test. Your efforts represent an attempt to assess the ______________ validity of your test.
Concurrent
Match the condition to the appropriate scenario.
Conditioned insomnia matches For the last several nights‚ Sabine has had trouble sleeping. She tosses and turns throughout the night and can't seem to get her brain to quiet down. Now she notices that even the thought of another restless night makes her anxious. Idiopathic insomnia matches Ever since Jerome was a young child‚ he has had difficulty sleeping. He has tried several different types of therapies‚ but none seem to permanently alleviate his symptoms. Cataplexy matches Abner went to see "The Monster that Ate Chicago" with his friends. During a particularly frightening part of the movie‚ he discovered that he could not lift his arm to pick up his soda‚ and in fact could not move much at all. Hypnopompic hallucinations matches Everly woke up from a sound sleep; although her body was paralyzed‚ she had the sensation of levitating above her bed. She also saw three sinister beings crouched at the foot of her bed. REM sleep disorder matches At night when Diana sleeps‚ she thrashes about while she dreams. Her roommate says it is almost as if she is acting out her dreams.
You met Jim at a friend's house. You disliked Jim immediately and found him to be rude and self-centered. When some friends were going on a road trip a month later, everyone met on time and Jim showed up 20 minutes late. Even though your friends had good things to say about Jim, all you could think about was how inconsiderate it was of him to arrive late, and it just supported what you already felt about him. This situation is best described as ______________.
Confirmation bias
Bill is aware that he is upset about an upcoming test in his personality psychology class. Bill's feelings are operating in the ______________ level of the mind.
Conscious
Eleanor fell on the sidewalk of a busy street in New York City. She sustained a compound fracture and started going into physical shock. Despite her presence on the sidewalk and her clear distress, hundreds of participants walked past her and even over her without pause. What best explains why no one helped her for nearly an hour?
Diffusion of responsibility
Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.
Duration How long a behavior lasts Intensity The strength/magnitude of a response Baseline Count of a behavior before applying a treatment Frequency Number of times a response occurs during an observation
The psychologist becomes hoarse from his maniacal screaming and loses his voice. Eventually, the woman no longer trembles when the bell is rung. Which phenomenon best accounts for this?
Extinction
Cattell used the statistical technique of ______________ to help identify major dimensions of personality consisting of a combination of traits.
Factor analysis
Women and men have equal levels of physical aggression when you don't consider gender role bias.
False
Responding to the question "Does the apple have a stem?" is _______________ if you imagine the apple next to a grape compared to if you imagine the apple next to a tree. This is evidence in favor of _______________ .
Faster; the inner eye
When information in short-term memory is continually rehearsed, which of the following is true?
It can theoretically last indefinitely
Which hallucinogenic drug acts on serotonin levels in the thalamus?
LSD
Teddy and all of his buddies are busy playing video games at the mall while Betty and all of her girlfriends are planning their next slumber party. Such behavior by this group of boys and girls is characteristic of the ______________ period.
Latency
Several researchers have examined how well deaf participants remember hand signs that represent letters, just as listeners remember letters they hear. In listening, hearing participants perform poorly on immediate memory tests when letters that sound alike make up the to-be-remembered list. Researchers have shown that a similar phenomenon happens in American Sign Language, and they conclude from their results that articulation (the way something is produced) is what matters, not necessarily speech. Given that articulation seems to be very important, what kinds of hand signs would you suspect would be mixed up in native speakers of American Sign Language, the way similar-sounding letters are mixed up in hearing individuals?
Lists of signs that are made up of similar motions are more likely to be mixed up on an immediate memory test.
Which of the following situations would lead to feelings of cognitive dissonance?
Luis has always protested violence and war, but last week he signed up to join the Marine Corps.
Most of Mary's friends are other students that she spent time with on her freshman hall They spent a lot of time together and remained great friends. What best explains this?
Mere exposure effect
If you were asked on an exam to identify the most-widely used and extensively researched clinical personality inventory, what should your answer be?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
To redirect the anger and hostility she feels for her ex-spouse after an unpleasantness, Monica increases the amount of time she volunteers at the shelter for abused women and the elderly relief center. Monica's behavior is an example of:
Sublimation
Which of the following best describes the Stanford Prison experiment?
Participants quickly fell into their roles as prisoners and prison guards.
Although she is in the middle of a messy divorce, Janis still presents a very calm and caring manner while dealing with customer complaints as the director of customer services for a large department store. Janis's behavior while at work is an expression of her:
Persona
What portion of Baddeley's working memory model is responsible for verbal information?
Phonological loop
Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.
Positive reinforcer Stimuli that are added after a behavior to increase the occurrence of that behavior Negative reinforcer Stimuli that are removed after a behavior to increase the occurrence of that behavior Primary reinforcer Unlearned reinforcers that work automatically Exchangeable reinforcer Stimuli that can be bartered for other reinforcers
______________ techniques require individuals to provide responses to ambiguous stimuli.
Projective
Jack feels upset about being laid off from work while Jill is worried that she will have to touch a piece of paper at a meeting that the rest of the members of the meeting will have touched without wearing protective plastic gloves. Jack's concern is an example of ______________ anxiety while Jill's is a concern for ______________ anxiety.
Reality; neurotic
Lars prepares for his exam by repeatedly reading his notes four times. Sadie prepares for her exam by reading her notes once, then testing herself on the contents of her notes three times. Based on Roediger & Karpicke's (2006) data, who would we expect to perform better on the exam?
Sadie
Jacob has felt like he was bad at math ever since one of his teachers in middle school made him feel dumb when he did a problem wrong on the board for all to see. Jacob's insistence that math just "wasn't his thing" lasted throughout high school. Although he passed his courses with C's, his teachers felt that he simply wasn't trying. Once in college, Jacob found out that he was required to complete a college math course. He was hesitant because he was worried about his inability to do well in math. On the first day, the professor did some ice-breaker activities. When asked to describe himself, Jacob stated that he was terrible at math and always had been. After class, the teacher asked to talk with Jacob about his low self-esteem regarding math. The teacher showed Jacob that he had been placed in a higher-level course based on his placement exams, which seemed to indicate that he was better at math than he believed. The teacher was most concerned that Jacob's negative outlook and predetermined belief that he would fail would likely come true unless he replaced those thoughts with more positive ones. It appears that the teacher is most concerned about which of the following?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
You have never been to the university's basketball games, but your friends convince you to go by saying how much fun they are. You have never really gone to large sporting events and are not quite sure what you are supposed to do. At various points during the game, your friends and the other students from your school collectively yell different chants, cheer, and clap. You do not know exactly what to do, but don't want to look foolish for being the only one seated and saying nothing, so you rely on ______________ to demonstrate what to do.
Social norms
When involved in a mathematics competition, Susan was the only female on the team. She grew up being told that boys were better at math than girls. When it was her time to answer math problems, Susan was overwhelmed with the fear of meeting others' expectations that girls were not as good at math as boys. This is an example of which of the following (select the best choice)?
Stereotype threat
Match each name of a phenomenon in the left column with its definition in the right column.
Stimulus discrimination Respond more to one stimulus than to similar antecedents Spontaneous recovery Re-appearance of conditional response after extinction Stimulus generalization Responding in the same way to 2 stimuli Higher order conditioning Pairing a conditional stimulus with a neutral stimulus
A sports psychologist working for a professional football team is considering using a personality test to assess the level of personality adjustment of a group of new players to help the head coach decide which players should be kept on the team. Before evaluating the players using the test, the sports psychologist decides to examine the consistency of the test by administering it to them at the beginning and the end of a six-week training camp. In order to assess the degree of consistency of a personality test, he will want to examine the test's:
Test-retest reliability
Which of the following is an example of "adaptive memory"?
That living things tend to be more memorable than non-living things
Some memory researchers say that a phenomenon exists called the "myth of total time." The myth of total time is the false belief that the amount of time you are exposed to information is directly related to how well you will retain that information. Which of the following examples from the chapter would support this idea?
That people are generally bad at remembering the arrangement of features on a penny.
After which of the following events did Stanley Milgram find it important to examine the extent to which other persons would go due to the demands of an authority figure?
The Holocaust
Match the following individuals with the type of learning each is most clearly associated with.
Watson and Pavlov Thorndike and Skinner Bandura
To avoid groupthink, what would you recommend to a potential leader? (Select all that apply)
a. Encourage the expression of diverse opinions. c. Beware of mind guards. d. Do not pressure people to make decisions. e. If voting‚ use anonymous ballots.
Jim Jones orchestrated the mass suicide of approximately 900 cult members living in Jonestown. This tragedy was the result of which of the following factors? Select all that apply.
aJones isolated members from persons outside the group. bJones was charismatic. cJones controlled the relationships and sexual relations that were permitted. dMembers stayed due to an escalation in commitment.
Which of the following characteristics listed below increase the likelihood of a participant's conformity? Select all that apply.
aTheir gender (females) bEveryone in the surrounding group responds unanimously eCollectivist cultures fNot knowing how to behave