PSY midterm

Researchers have recently shown that, during the process of _____, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased.

reconsolidation

The myelinated axons of which nerves carry pain information to the brain?

fast fibers

How often should those who practice transcendental meditation engage in this activity?

20 minutes, twice a day

Bernice has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in about

5 months.

Which region of the brain regulates basic bodily functions, such as heart rate and breathing, and in which division is it located?

medulla, located in the hindbrain

Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every 2 weeks. He decides to "cram" for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the "Law of Effect," the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been

reduced.

Jake just turned 25 and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense?

"Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."

According to the global workspace model, which of the following would Angelina be most likely to say if the temporal lobe of her cerebral cortex were stimulated?

"I hear things."

Carlos is in a particularly bad mood because his sister failed to repay a loan he gave her and she refuses to talk to him about it. Carlos then decides to watch some football on TV because his favorite football team is playing. Given Carlos's emotions, which of the following is he likely to think about as he watches the game?

"I'm sure my team is going to lose today."

Jolie is writing a research paper that focuses on the physical development of the brain and body. She is emphasizing how these changes prepare the child for voluntary movement, such as rolling over, sitting, and walking. What would be the best title for this paper?

"Maturation in Infants"

Martavis is wondering whether extrasensory perception (ESP) really exists. If he is using the steps of critical thinking, what is the first thing he should ask himself?

"What am I being asked to accept or believe about ESP?"

Demetrius, a 10-year-old, is taking the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test. If he consistently answers questions correctly at the level of a 12-year-old, then according to Wilhelm Stern's original scoring method, Demetrius's intelligence quotient is

120

After many years of working, Seton has decided to go back to college, and he feels nervous about taking his first exam. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, why is Seton's nervousness a good thing?

A moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance on exams.

Kaitlyn has three favorite perfumes. One is floral, one is musky, and one has a citrus smell. What is the most likely explanation for how the receptors in her olfactory epithelium transduce these smells for interpretation by the brain?

A unique pattern of several receptors is stimulated by each perfume, and this pattern is interpreted by the brain.

Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he doesn't expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view?

Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects.

Leola is reading about the nature/nurture debate in psychology. She will find that most psychologists have reached what conclusion about this debate?

Both nature and nurture influence our psychological development.

Patient B.F. has anterograde amnesia. Which of the following will he be able to do?

All of the answer options are correct.

Tom awoke from the strangest dream. He remembers vivid emotions, sights, and even smells, but the content was very scattered and illogical. Why might this be so?

All of the options are correct.

Religious ecstasy and meditation both can lead to experiences of altered consciousness. Why?

Both practices allow practitioners to direct attention away from the self.

Which of these statements about contemporary psychology is NOT accurate?

Few cognitive psychologists recognize the importance that the brain plays in cognition.

Wesley is walking to the kitchen in his house when he suddenly sees a mouse run across the floor. Wesley's brain first processes the information about the mouse. Then at the same time he feels the emotional response of fear and the physical response of increased heart rate. In this case, Wesley's experience is consistent with the __________ theory of emotion.

Cannon-Bard

Japhet knows that while rods are spread throughout the retina, cones are concentrated around the fovea. From this knowledge, what might Japhet infer?

Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.

Which of the following is true about the functions of dendrites and axons?

Dendrites detect information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons transmit information.

Which of the following is an example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Fourteen-month-old Noreen's first word was "ball." Now she calls anything round that rolls a "ball."

Cheryll's baby is born blind and deaf and has both heart defects and brain damage. Which type of teratogen did Cheryll most likely experience during the pregnancy?

German measles (rubella)

According to this school of thought, the whole of personal experience is different than the sum of its parts.

Gestalt theory

According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following?

Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships.

Verdell has a test in his psychology class next week. If he remembers the tips that the psychology textbook gave him, which study approach will be the most effective?

He should space out his studying and leave time for active reviews.

Dr. Ruiz is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following research questions is she LEAST likely to pursue?

How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults?

Coleman has an IQ of 130 and tends to do very well in school. This suggests that which of the following is true about IQ tests as measures of intelligence?

IQ tests are valid.

Dr. Grodner is conducting an experiment on age-related changes in memory. He is comparing how well retirees and high school students perform on a memory task. In order to conveniently schedule research participants, he has the older adults come to the lab during the day, since they are retired. The students come to the lab in the evening, after they are finished with school and other activities. What is the problematic confound in this study?

If memory turns out to be something that varies by time of day, it is problematic that the older adults all do the study in the morning and the younger adults do the study at night.

Split-brain patient G.C. is in line at a coffee shop when he witnesses a woman in his right visual field about to trip over an electrical cord on the floor. What happens next?

Luckily, because the incident is taking place in his right visual field, G.C. is able to warn the woman about the cord before she trips.

According to the consolidation theory of why sleep is important, which of these activities would be a particularly bad idea?

Meredith's plan to pull an all-nighter studying for her Chinese exam

Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health?

Moses, who is happily married

Which story most strongly suggests that emotions have a biological basis?

Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like.

Which of the following options is a significant disadvantage of self-report research techniques?

People can introduce bias into their answers.

Joy and Shawn have a good marriage, but they disagree about food. They buy two different loaves of bread each week, one white and one wheat, so that they each have the bread they like best. Which of these choices is the MOST likely cause of their different preferences?

Shawn and Joy ate different types of bread as children, and they still each prefer to eat the bread most familiar to them.

Nicola has been playing roller derby for several months now, but she hasn't seen many improvements in her skills lately. She is at the rink three nights a week, but she's starting to feel that there's no point to practicing so hard as it isn't paying off. Given what you know, which of these statements applies to Nicola?

She has low self-efficacy.

Dr. Tucker incorporates principles from behaviorism into her therapy practice when she thinks it may be effective in helping her patients. Which of the following is an example of how Dr. Tucker might use her knowledge of behaviorism to help people with psychological problems?

She helps teach behavior modification techniques to patients with anxiety, so they can practice desired behaviors.

Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles. Given that she is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her?

She is likely to be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

According to the notion of general intelligence, if Cici is very good at math, how would you expect her to do in other subjects, such as writing?

She will perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math.

David is taking a class about learning and motivation and he has to work in the laboratory two times a week teaching a rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses allows David to control the reinforcement and punishment that the rat receives. The name for this device used for investigating learning in animals is called a

Skinner box.

Teenager #1 returned home late from a date and his parents grounded him for a month. Teenager #2 also arrived home late, but his parents told him that if he is home on time on subsequent dates, he will get an increase in his allowance. Which teen should we expect to return on time on later dates?

Teen #2

Why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep?

The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness.

Barbara has fallen and dislocated her shoulder. The doctor knows he is going to cause her a lot of pain while he puts her shoulder back into its proper position. He gently braces her arm and just before resetting the shoulder, he pinches Barbara hard on the arm. How will this affect her pain when he puts her shoulder back into position?

The pinch will temporarily distract Barbara and decrease her awareness of the shoulder pain.

Your dad has a bad habit of texting while he drives. You've reminded him how dangerous this can be, but he wants to know why texting poses such a hazard. Which of the following is the most scientifically informed response?

There is a limit to how much attention is available for our conscious experience, which is what helps us respond quickly to new information--an important ability when driving a car.

How do hormones reach their target destination after they are released from endocrine glands?

They travel through the bloodstream.

Janna and Sarah are identical twins who were raised apart. Lisa and Shirley are nonrelated adopted siblings who were raised in the same home. Which pair would you expect to be more similar in personality traits like intelligence and shyness?

This question cannot be answered without knowing how intelligent or shy the people who raised these siblings are.

Think about the research of Nisbett and Wilson (1977) into the effects of subliminal perception. If you were a participant in that study and saw the words "ocean" and "moon" as a pair and then you were asked to name a brand of laundry detergent, which answer would you be most likely to give?

Tide

Which pioneer in psychology helped develop the school of thought called structuralism?

Titchener

Carlos accidentally added an extra tablespoon of sugar into a cake batter. This probably won't matter much, although the same tablespoon of sugar would be noticeable if he put it in his cup of tea. What explains this difference?

Weber's law

Your roommate tells you that he is planning to conduct an observational study for his senior thesis. Which of the following questions would you ask to demonstrate that you understand how observational studies are designed?

Will your research take place in the lab or in the natural environment?

Are researchers allowed to deceive participants in their studies?

Yes, but when the study is over the researcher has to reveal the study's real goals and explain why the deception was necessary.

You are doing an experiment to test whether exercise improves self-control in children. Half of the children will jump rope for five minutes before being left alone in a room with a bowl of candy. The other half of the children will color for five minutes before being left alone in the room with the candy. You plan to measure how long it takes for each child to begin eating the candy as well as how much candy the children consume. Which statement about your research is true?

Your dependent variable has two operational definitions.

Diane is taking a shower and when she hears her son flush the toilet she gets a rush of very hot water. This happens several times. One day when Diane is at a friend's house she hears someone flush a toilet and she twitches just a bit. Diane's twitching to the sound of a toilet flushing is an example of

a conditioned response.

Nikki is in middle school and she loves to read and write short stories, which means that she usually gets very good grades in her English class. Nikki's parents start to pay her $5 for every book that she reads and $10 for every A that she gets on the stories that she writes for English class. According to self-determination theory, the impact of this reward system is likely to be

a decrease in Nikki's intrinsic motivation to read books and write stories.

While reading about George Sperling's research investigating visual sensory storage, Umar is surprised to find out that one particular factor caused a significant decline in participants' ability to remember what was seen. What was this factor?

a longer delay between when participants saw the three rows and when they had to report one of them

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to

a mental set.

Dora scored high on an intelligence test. Further testing will possibly find all of the following except

a short attention span.

Lawrence is watching a video in his psychology class that talks about how Little Albert was conditioned to fear a specific item. What was the source of Albert's fear?

a white rat

Lewis completes a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice completes a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. In these examples, Lewis has probably completed an __________ test and Alice has completed an __________ test.

achievement; aptitude

Research has shown that even infants can display empathy, or the ability to feel the emotions of another person; for example, when an infant sees another baby crying and soon begins crying herself. This type of learning is most likely a result of

activation of mirror neurons.

Dana's professor has been in a good mood all month, ever since a shiny engagement ring appeared on her hand. Dana is hoping that this good mood influences how the professor grades her latest essay. According to the __________ theory, Dana may be in luck.

affect-as-information

What is the most widely used and abused depressant in the world?

alcohol

Lula brings her 2-year-old daughter Peipei to see a new doctor. Lula leaves the room and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Lula returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment with her mother.

ambivalent

Jesse has an infection in his middle ear, and through this, he is experiencing firsthand the role that the middle ear plays in hearing. The structures of the middle ear primarily serve which purpose?

amplify sound vibrations

Kristina wants to paint the living room a bright blue. Maya prefers the dark blue paint. In other words, they disagree about the __________ of the light reflecting from the two colors.

amplitude

Bonnie is protective of her friend Jamie, especially after Jamie had surgery to remove part of her brain to prevent seizures. Bonnie has noticed that Jamie seems too willing to trust strangers, and she also seems undisturbed by sudden noises that signal danger. Which part of Jamie's brain was probably removed?

amygdala

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing the emotional importance of a stimulus, as well as generating immediate emotional and behavioral responses?

amygdala

What is empiricism?

an approach to gaining knowledge about behavior and mental processes by observation and measurement only

Vivianna knew that if she saved a little bit of money each week, she would be able to afford to go with her friends to Las Vegas over spring break. The trip to Vegas served as __________ to keep Vivianna motivated.

an incentive

As she begins the process of going through puberty, which of the following physical changes will occur in Ardella's brain?

an increase in gray matter

During a trip to the north, Rodrigo wrote to Larissa about the first time he saw snow falling. To do so, he pictured it in his mind to recall the experience. When he wrote to her, he used the word "snowfall" for the first time. Rodrigo picturing the snow is an example of a(n) __________ representation. In Rodrigo's letter, the word "snowfall" is a(n) __________ representation.

analogical; symbolic

According to filter theory, having limited __________ helps us to function in the world, because otherwise we would be swamped with irrelevant sensory information.

attention

When Sabrina listens to the orchestra play "How Can I Remember," her ability to process the sensation of the beautiful music is caused by the

bending of hair cells in the basilar membrane.

Seven-year-old Samantha suffered trauma to the language centers in the left hemisphere of her brain as a result of a bicycle accident. Although she did have some language deficits after the trauma, she eventually was able to recover much of what she'd lost because new growth in nonaffected areas of the brain made up for the damage. The ability to recover from brain trauma in this fashion is an example of

brain reorganization.

An intense examination of a single individual, often in unusual or infrequent situations, is called a(n)

case study.

Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. That way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to remember a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique?

chunking

Dwayne loves going to Las Vegas. Even when he is inside the casinos, where there are no windows to give him light cues, he still feels sleepy by midnight, because his body still is influenced by __________ rhythms.

circadian

After returning from the vet, Dave noticed that his dog, Smooches, began to shake and whine whenever she was near his car. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting?

classical conditioning

When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride gave her motion sickness and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has never wanted to eat corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play?

classical conditioning

Whereas Chuck used to feel confident, alert, energetic, and sociable when using this drug, he now feels paranoid and has developed some violent and psychotic tendencies.

cocaine

Cindi wants to start practicing daily meditation, but she is trying to decide which approach is most appealing to her. She can't decide between __________ meditation, where you focus attention on one specific thing or phrase, and __________ meditation, where you let your thoughts flow freely without examining them or reacting to them.

concentrative; mindfulness

Minnie has signed up to take a class in developmental psychology. She can expect that the course will study the changes that occur between __________ and __________.

conception; death

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the __________ and her fear is the __________.

conditioned stimulus (CS); conditioned response (CR)

A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that

conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.

Professor Jacobs conducts a lot of research. He always makes sure that his study records are stored in a locked cabinet inside of a locked office. Only he and his lab manager have both keys. Which ethical issue does he wish to address through these protective measures?

confidentiality

Little does she know it, but while Ileana is having a great time at camp, making new friends and learning new skills, some of her neural connections, especially in her hippocampus, are growing stronger, and new synapses have been constructed. What is the name of this process by which experiences become lasting memories?

consolidation

Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her an experience-filled and educationally rich childhood. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the

contributions of nature and nurture.

Gregory has had epilepsy his whole life, and recently it has become very severe. Medications have not helped and his doctors are worried that the ongoing seizures could cause brain damage if they move from one side of his brain to the other. To prevent this, doctors will perform a medical procedure to disconnect Gregory's two cerebral hemispheres from each other by cutting his.....

corpus callosum

While he was excited and trying to tell his mother what happened, 4-year-old Connor yelled, "Mommy, I just, over that hill, jumped!" Which of the following is lacking in this sentence?

correct syntax

Joaquin worked really hard to write his first history paper. He went to the library and took thorough notes about everything he read. But later he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars, so without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called

cryptomnesia.

When Lauren visits her grandfather she loves walking with him because he names all the species of trees and plants that they see. When Lauren's grandfather recalls these facts he is demonstrating __________ intelligence.

crystallized

Beliefs, values, norms, rules, and customs that people learn from those who share a language or environment comprise

culture.

Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She doesn't ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that __________ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future.

deep

It is a Thursday night and Clarice has to make a difficult decision: will she go with her friends to a concert in the city, or will she stay in the dorm and study for tomorrow's chemistry quiz? If she chooses to study, she is showing which ability?

delay of gratification

Joseph suffers from a condition that is caused by Alzheimer's disease. His first symptom was a series of minor memory problems, but over time the condition got worse, and now he has trouble performing daily routines, such as cooking, and can no longer live alone. Which term best describes Joseph's medical problem?

dementia

In the cycle of the scientific method, statistics help you

determine whether your hypothesis is supported.

Kaylene is making pasta for her family's dinner, and has a big pot of tomato sauce simmering on the stove. Kaylene tastes it and then adds salt. Two minutes later she tastes it again but it tastes the same. Clearly the added salt did not exceed Kaylene's __________ threshold.

difference

Whenever Karen enters her apartment, her cat Slivers comes running toward her and wraps around Karen's ankles. One day, Karen has to work late, so she asks her friend Brennan to go to her house to feed Slivers. Slivers did not show any affection to Brennan, even though he was giving her food. Slivers is demonstrating

discrimination.

At her husband's funeral, Elaine noticed that her son did not talk much to the other mourners and did not show any outward signs of grief. Elaine knows that visible grief isn't always a sign that grief is more intense. She knows her son misses his father. Overall, the funeral demonstrated that some aspects of how people demonstrate emotions are dictated by society and have been learned from childhood. In this case, Elaine has been observing which of these?

display rules

In one study, hypnotized participants asked to drain color from colored images showed diminished activity in the visual cortex regions associated with color. This did not occur with participants who were not hypnotized. Which theory of hypnosis is supported by this result?

dissociation theory

After Dustin broke up with Jordan, Jordan sat around his apartment for weeks, doing nothing but thinking of Dustin and feeling sad. He would have been better off if, instead of ruminating on undesired thoughts or feelings, he had tried this strategy.

distraction

Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with?

driving while listening to the radio

When he first meets the people at his new job, Jared tries hard to impress them with his experience and achievement. The fact that he attempts to build and maintain others' positive impressions of him demonstrates that he is motivated by

egosystem goals

According to the text, the most important prenatal phase of development for organ formation is the ________ period.

embryonic

Jasmine is very good at identifying and understanding the emotions of others. These skills make her very good at her job as a therapist. Jasmine is probably high in which kind of intelligence?

emotional

Janay is at a movie with her girlfriend, and the two are enjoying the rich visual scenes on the screen. As the visual information enters Janay's nervous system it is changed into a neural code that her brain can understand. As this occurs, Janay starts to create a memory of the movie through the process of

encoding.

The communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts and actions is called the __________ system.

endocrine

While hiking in the mountains in Alaska, Pete encountered a giant grizzly bear. He immediately felt his heart rate increase, his breathing become rapid, and sweat drip down his back. These events were most likely due to effects of the neurotransmitter called

epinephrine.

Rhiannon wants to get a pet. She is considering several options, including a dog, cat, rabbit, ferret, and guinea pig, all of which she thinks would be good pets. Rhiannon's thinking shows that she is categorizing the concept of "pet" in a way that is consistent with the __________ model.

exemplar

Karina loves kiwis and cranberries. Both are __________ for the category of __________.

exemplars; fruit

Deano, a high school senior, is attracted to novelty and risk taking, has a lousy relationship with his parents, and generally feels invincible. He may be at risk for

experimenting with alcohol and illegal drugs.

Emilio practices with the wrestling team every day after school because he knows his father wants him to be a star athlete. He has no real interest in wrestling; in fact, he hates it. But he does it to try to win his father's approval. Emilio's motivation to continue wrestling appears to be best explained by

extrinsic motivation.

After Suzi's purse was stolen, the police asked her to look at mug shots to try to identify the perpetrator. After looking at several images, Suzi felt that they became blurred together in her mind and she no longer felt confident that she would be able to identify the man who stole her purse. In fact, she could no longer recall even whether he had a moustache. The suggestibility of memory raises serious questions about using __________ for courtroom evidence.

eyewitness testimony

Francois is studying the effects of concussion on memory. He wants to observe the brain activity of victims as they perform memory tasks in real time. Which of the following brain imaging methods is the most appropriate for the study?

fMRI

When Lin is eating at a Thai restaurant, the chemical modules in the food are detected by the taste receptors in his tongue. Once the taste receptors generate action potentials, these signals are sent to Lin's gustatory cortex of the brain by way of the __________ nerve.

facial

Stuart is walking past his bedroom door and accidentally slams his elbow into the door frame. The pain is sharp, immediate, and intense. The next morning his pain is a dull ache that bothers him throughout the day. The initial pain Stuart felt was caused by __________ fibers, whereas the pain he felt the next morning was caused by __________ fibers.

fast; slow

Which of the following is an example of a primary emotion?

fear

Sydney has been drinking during her pregnancy. By doing so, she is putting her baby at risk of a severe disorder called

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

When our assignment of __________ to an image is ambiguous, we can shift back and forth between seeing two different images in one picture; what we thought was part of the background can also shift to look like the most important part of the picture.

figure and ground

Sandy has a huge crush on Casey. When he is nearby, Sandy doesn't pay attention to anything or anyone else. Psychologist Donald Broadbent explained that we selectively attend to the most important information in this model, which he developed.

filter theory

Chef Louise knows that both smell and taste contribute to the experience of

flavor

Chris loves a certain song that starts off at a low pitch, but finishes with the lead singer singing it at a higher octave. In other words, Chris likes the way the __________ changes over the course of the song.

frequency

Charles Spearman viewed intelligence as having one underlying factor, which he called which kind of intelligence?

general

When Ibrahim was 6 years old, he was terrified by the family's parrot, which flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he's been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of

generalization.

Emma is 53 years old, and now that her children are grown and out of the home she is focusing on other things. For example, she likes volunteering at the community center teaching art classes to teenagers to help them develop artistic interests and skills. According to Erikson, Emma is most likely in which psychosocial stage?

generativity versus stagnation

The units of heredity, which partially determine an organism's characteristics, are called

genes

Laura's mother died from Huntington's disease. Unfortunately, after opting to take a genetic test, it was determined that Laura's __________ predisposed her to Huntington's disease.

genotype

In high school, Theodore was diagnosed with dyslexia, a reading-based learning disability. Now that he is in his first semester of taking college classes, what should he do about this challenge?

get in touch with his college's disability support services

Which of the following is an example of a secondary emotion?

guilt

Ricky accidentally backed into another car in a parking lot, leaving a small dent in the door. Because he did not have the money to pay for the damage, he quickly drove away before anyone saw him. Later Ricky felt anxiety, tension, and agitation over the incident. Psychologists refer to this emotion as

guilt.

On the first day of Jake's summer job at the fish market, he was so overwhelmed by the smell that he was concerned about being able to stay on at the job. What form of non-associative learning would lead us to predict that Jake will not have to quit due to the smell?

habituation

When Martin first drives his new car home, he notices that there is a lot of road noise coming in through the windows. After a few weeks of driving, however, he barely notices that noise. Martin is most likely experiencing non-associative learning through

habituation.

Which of these, located in the cochlea, detect(s) sound waves and transduce(s) them into signals ultimately processed in the brain as sound?

hair cells

Ecstasy has an energizing effect similar to that of other stimulants, but it also has the properties of __________, which may be why the drug has become popular at clubs and raves.

hallucinogens

Nichella likes to take psychoactive drugs that impact her perceptual experiences. When she is using these drugs, she has sensory experiences that were not caused by any actual event or stimulus. Nichella is most likely using

hallucinogens.

Dr. Ryan teaches a first-year experience class to new college students. He tells them that in order to reach their long-term goal of getting their college degrees they need to "Just keep working toward your goal every day, even if you experience a set-back, and eventually you will get there." Dr. Ryan is telling students that they will be better able to earn their college degrees if they

have grit.

According to the work of Ebbinghaus, in order to reduce the amount of time it would take to relearn material, one should do which of the following?

have more initial exposures to the material

Julio and Antonio are monozygotic twins. Both boys have the same eye color, but Antonio is taller and better at sports. Based on this information we know that they

have the same genotype, but different phenotypes.

Cardelia is visiting the National Aquarium in Washington, D.C., and is watching the seahorses swim with various fish. She begins thinking about the human brain, and remembers that one major structure, which is important in the formation of new memories, gets its name because it is shaped like a seahorse. Which brain structure is Cardelia thinking about?

hippocampus

Jessie suffered damage to her brain and had difficulty forming new memories. Jessie's injury was most likely to the __________, which is a structure located in the brain region called the __________.

hippocampus; forebrain

According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is developing a sense of

identity.

Charlie is a 16-year-old boy who has always been a straight-A student. Recently Charlie has started to struggle in his math and science classes so his teachers assign him to a special study hall for students who need academic help. Even though Charlie has thought of himself as academically gifted he wonders whether he is actually academically challenged. Given this information, Charlie is most likely experiencing a crisis of _________ versus ______________.

identity; role confusion

Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is

in a high-stress environment.

At what point do taste preferences begin to develop?

in the womb

Melia's company has offered her the chance to move from Philadelphia to North Carolina. She does not really want to relocate, but the company has offered her a promotion, moving expenses, and a big pay raise if she agrees. These external rewards that are designed to motivate Melia to relocate are best described as

incentives.

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of __________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement.

insight

Jason is stuck on a math problem that he can't seem to solve even after going over his computations multiple times. He decides to take a break and come back to it after dinner. While eating, the key to the solution suddenly comes to him. This is called a(n)

insight.

Hilda is 80 years old and finds herself spending more time looking back on her long life. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development.

integrity versus despair

When asked a question about information processed in his right hemisphere, split-brain patient J.W.'s left brain could not verbalize an accurate reply. However, he still came up with an answer that showed a logical attempt to construct a word that made sense. In this way, the left hemisphere is often called the

interpreter.

After a series of semiserious intimate relationships, 25-year-old Stacy is seriously considering finding a life partner. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development.

intimacy versus isolation

Alexandra and her best friend had a fight, after which they didn't speak for months. Then Alexandra came across a ticket stub from a concert the two girls had attended together, and suddenly she recalled happy memories of times she spent with her friend. She then decided it was time to call her friend and try to make up. How did the ticket stub help Alexandra access these memories?

it served as a retrieval cue that was encoded with the other happy memories.

Whereas the hormone __________ is involved in fat regulation, __________ originates in the stomach and triggers hunger.

leptin; ghrelin

Gloria does a lot of weight training between soccer games. As she strengthens her muscles, she is able to run harder and faster during games. In the same ways, when synaptic connections between neurons become strengthened, the activity between them increases. This biological mechanism that underlies learning is called

long-term potentiation.

Tracy learned to keep her tent from sagging by strengthening connections between its support poles. For Tracy to learn, changes in her brain that involved the strengthening of connections between neurons likely occurred. This process is known as

long-term potentiation.

Abraham is at a bar with some friends when he sees an attractive woman at another table. He strikes up a friendly conversation with her, and after a while she gives him her email address. Abraham repeats the email address to himself over and over again while he signals to a friend that he needs a pen so he can write it down. Abraham is using __________ to keep the information active in his working memory.

maintenance rehearsal

Gila has noticed that as the evening goes on she gets sleepier. She is in a room that has very little light, and as the sun goes down she gets more and more sleepy. Which hormone is being released in her body that impacts this feeling of being sleepy?

melatonin

This popular drug alters consciousness by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increases its release, and in the long term, it can cause considerable damage throughout the brain and body.

methamphetamine

During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The observers all cringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain of the fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, the action of __________ might underpin the observers' behavior.

mirror neurons

Krista's best friend has a huge crush on a guy in their physics class. When Krista hears he is now single, she immediately tells her friend. A few days later, though, her friend tells her the same news, as if she hadn't heard it from Krista in the first place! What type of distortion error has Krista's friend made?

misattribution

Nora met Greg at the scene of her recent bike accident. She remembers the way her heart fluttered and her palms became sweaty as he helped her pick up her bent bicycle and load it into the back of his truck. It could have been love at first sight, or maybe it was simply

misattribution of arousal.

While studying for her final exam in an anatomy and physiology class, Fabienne tries to create a sentence where the first letter of each key term represents an important concept that she will need to know. Fabienne is using the retrieval cue of __________ to help her remember the key terms.

mnemonics

Alphonse watches the way his brother shovels the driveway in order to clear a spot for their grandmother's car. Alphonse then goes outside, takes another shovel, and starts shoveling the snow off of the walkway from the driveway to the front door. Alphonse uses the same technique as his brother. This demonstrates learning through

modeling

As Fatima gazes out onto the mountain landscape, she is able to tell what is near to her and what is far away by using both __________ cues, like occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, and __________ cues, like disparity.

monocular; binocular

In a study on the biological bases of learning, lab rat A is given a drug that blocks dopamine activity in its brain. Thereafter, the rat is placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement. We should expect that the rat will have

more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.

Although she and her roommate have the same exact ringtone, Lakisa can always tell when the ringing phone is coming from her side of the room. She can do this because of the difference in time the sound takes to reach her left versus her right ear, and also because the sound reaching the ear closest to the phone is....

more intense.

While studying the different types of long-term memory, Mary finds it helps if she starts by thinking about how each kind of memory is defined. Which of the following would be the best way for her to think about the definition of procedural memory?

motor skills and habits

Punit is an excellent trumpeter who plays any new music he is given without errors. Punit most likely has exceptional musical intelligence according to which theory of intelligence?

multiple intelligences

A fatty material that covers and insulates some axons to allow for faster movement of electrical impulses along the axon is called the ________ sheath.

myelin

After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's parents take her driver's license away for a month. This is an example of

negative punishment.

Stanley gets a bad sunburn one day at the beach. When he goes back to the beach a few days later, he slathers on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. Later that day he has a nice tan but no painful burn. In this case, Stanley's habit of using of sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of

negative reinforcement.

Joseph is studying the different types of learning presented in the textbook chapter. Which of the following is a type of learning about one simple stimulus from the external world?

non-associative learning

Which of the following pairs of variables would be an example of a negative correlation?

number of times a person brushes his or her teeth and likelihood of getting cavities

Your family recently adopted a dog from an animal shelter. Initially, the dog seemed nervous and territorial, but after a few weeks, she became affectionate and calm. Which of the following must play some role in the dog's behavior?

nurture

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later, your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of __________, your older daughter has acted as a __________.

observational learning; model

Sammy is doing research that involves placing objects in the visual fields of visually impaired elderly men. He wants to discover what specific neurons fire in response to the features of the objects. The study requires electrodes to be implanted in the men's brains. You would suggest that Sammy place the electrodes near the ________ lobe of the participants' brains.

occipital

Domenica hates that she blushes at the slightest sign of embarrassment. However, blushing may serve which of the following purposes?

offering a type of biological, nonverbal apology

Bradley is watching his twin daughters play on a playground seesaw, and is fascinated by the way only one side can be up or down at a time. He thinks about color vision, and recognizes that this is similar to how the __________ theory describes his ability to see just one color of a color-pair at a time.

opponent-process

Eriq has been diagnosed with diabetes, which means that his body does not release enough insulin to help manage the glucose levels in his blood. The part of the body responsible for producing insulin is the

pancreas.

Yasmeen and her girlfriend recently got into a major fight, and there was a lot of yelling and screaming before Yasmeen stormed out of the house and drove away. Now, thirty minutes later, she is calming down due to increased activity in her __________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. The subfield of psychology that is most likely to hold some answers for Marwan is ________ psychology.

personality

Susan has an alcohol addiction that encompasses __________, in that she needs more and more alcohol to feel high, and __________, in that she feels she needs to drink to maintain her social life.

physical dependence; psychological dependence

According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development?

physical, cognitive, socio-emotional

The structure responsible for governing the release of most hormones from other endocrine glands is the ________ gland.

pituitary

Devonte was in a terrible accident as a child. His mother was holding him when she lost her balance and fell down. Devonte's head struck the table, and his brain was injured. Over time, however, his brain was able to change itself to "make up" for the damage, and as an adolescent Devonte has no negative effects of the injury. What term describes the ability of Devonte's brain to change in this way?

plasticity

After his stroke, Brian slowly recovered function in his right arm. The property of the brain that supports learning and recovery of functions lost after brain trauma and that reflects the interactive nature of biological and environmental influences is called

plasticity.

Research finds that the more frequently you brush your teeth, the less likely you are to develop cavities that will need to be filled. This relationship between variables depicts a...

positive correlation.

Peter goes to see a psychotherapist because he has been slacking off on the job in recent weeks. He wants help getting more focused and productive. His therapist, Dr. Swanson, helps Peter enter a relaxed state and then begins to give him ideas that might help alter Peter's behavior when he is at work in the future. In this situation, Peter is being exposed to __________ suggestions.

posthypnotic

The probability of an action potential being propagated from neuron to neuron is increased when the __________ neuron's signal is __________.

postsynaptic; excitatory

Damian is a new driver and likes to speed, but he usually abides by the posted speed limit because he doesn't want to get a ticket or lose his driving privileges. What level of moral reasoning is Damian working from?

preconventional

Antoinetta has just developed a skill called object permanence. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Antoinetta is most likely about to progress to the __________ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

The concept of __________ can partially explain why 2-year-old Jason quickly acquired a fear of fire but did not show any fear of his mother's shoes.

preparedness

When Dennis gets into his hot tub after a long day at work, he smiles and enjoys the feeling of the massaging bubbles from the jets. This stimulates the _____ receptors in his skin.

pressure

In addition to pain receptors, there are five types of __________ at the base of hair follicles and throughout the skin.

pressure receptors

When she goes to the grocery store, Mykaeya leaves her shopping list at home. She is able to remember the first few things on her list and the last few things on her list, but she can't remember the items in the middle of her list. Her memory for the start of her list demonstrates the __________ effect, while remembering things at the end of the list is an example of the __________ effect.

primacy; recency

Basic visual information including orientation, size, and movement of objects is housed in which part of the brain?

primary visual cortex

Roberto has just moved to a new address. When he is filling out an information page on a website he automatically starts to type in his old address and then has trouble remembering his new address. What memory process explains why Roberto forgot his new address?

proactive interference

Imani is about 4 miles away from her office when her car gets a flat tire and she has to pull to the side of the road. She now starts thinking of how she can get her car fixed and get to work on time. Imani is engaged in the process of

problem solving.

As he is leaving the house in the morning, Jason's wife calls out to him, "Don't forget that we have a parent-teacher conference at 2:00 today!" Jason replies that he won't forget. This kind of memory, which involves remembering a future event, is called __________ memory.

prospective

The systematic, objective study of our mental activity and behavior is called

psychology

Your friend Dave has concluded that the rock band U2 is the greatest band of all time. If you carefully consider the information that would test the validity of this claim, you are engaging in a form of thought called

reasoning.

Jess has quit smoking, and she's trying very hard not to even think about cigarettes or how much she wants one. However, she feels like this plan has backfired as she thinks about cigarettes every waking moment. What phenomenon has Jess encountered?

rebound effect

Chavonne was very stressed out and decided to get a massage. In order to fully experience the stress-relieving benefits of touch, the three functions of Chavonne's nervous system had to be intact; that is, her nervous system had to be able to do which three things (in the order listed)?

receive sensory information, process it, and then respond to it

Which of the following steps can be taken to reduce the impact of stereotype threat on students who are taking a standardized test to determine what college to which they might be admitted?

removing questions that ask students for their race

Once Neal left home for college, he found it difficult to recall the street names of his childhood neighborhood and even the names of his old classmates. What type of forgetting has affected Neal?

retroactive interference

You go to the hospital to visit Patient N.L., who has had memory problems following a sports injury three weeks ago. Patient N.L. recognizes his team of doctors, is able to speak, and is able to remember who has visited him that day, but he did not recognize his girlfriend or parents, and he did not remember where he lived or went to school. You're not surprised to learn that he has been diagnosed with

retrograde amnesia.

Professor Newton is planning a research study with human participants, who will have to wear a head-mounted eye-tracking device during data collection. While the device is not painful or dangerous, it can be a bit uncomfortable, and some participants may get a headache from wearing the device. In order to conduct the study ethically, Professor Newton must ensure that which of the following is favorable?

risk/benefit ratio

Kim has an IQ of only 85 but can perform amazing feats of memory, such as memorizing the contents of over nine thousand books. A person like Kim, who has a low IQ but shows extraordinary ability in some intelligent process, is known as a

savant

Kendra is studying abroad, and she realizes that, compared to the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently. Perhaps her preexisting __________ are affecting the way she encodes experiences.

schemas

When Martine listens to the sound of her cell phone ringing, several steps take place. When pressure waves in the cochlea move to the basilar membrane, stimulating the sensory receptors in the inner ear, this is the __________ step in the hearing process where __________ occurs.

second; sensation

After Theo turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened, and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' _________that occur during puberty.

secondary sex characteristics

Bronte is participating in a research study to determine how effectively she encodes noises that she hears in her surroundings. She wears headphones and is asked to pay attention to and repeat the message in one ear while hearing a different message in the other ear. Bronte is participating in a __________ task.

selective listening

After years of false starts in disappointing career paths, Bruce feels happy. More than that, he feels that he is living up to his potential and doing what he is meant to do with his life. What state has Bruce reached?

self-actualization

Abraham has been working hard to reach his full potential, both in his relationship with his family and at work. He wants to become all that he is capable of. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Abraham is working to satisfy a need for

self-actualization.

When we initially detect physical stimuli, such as odors, light, and sound, we call this

sensation.

One-year-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________.

sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it

When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise coming from the nearby street. But after a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels like she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change?

sensory adaptation

Todd put a tiny light on one spoke of each of his bike wheels. When Todd rides at night, other people see the lights as circles, and not just as a single point, until Todd comes to a stop. Which memory system allows for this visual effect?

sensory storage

Employing a process known as ____________, when Brice was first training his dog to do a "high five," he gave it a treat for any behavior, such as lifting its paw, that approximated the desired end-goal behavior of a "high five."

shaping

Vidhya takes her 1-year-old son, Venkat, to visit a day care center where she plans to enroll him. Venkat eagerly explores the playroom as long as Vidhya is present. When his mom leaves the room, Venkat becomes distressed and appears to look for her. When Vidhya returns, he quickly calms down and returns to playing. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

share a secure attachment relationship.

Valerie snores so loudly during the night that her son, Kevin, can hear her all the way down the hall. Valerie is also frequently tired during the day and struggles to maintain a healthy weight. Kevin suspects his mother has which sleep disorder?

sleep apnea

Which of the following is NOT a part of the textbook's definition of psychology?

social interactions

"I don't believe that a person can really be hypnotized," Dr. Pilar says. "I think they just act the way they think they are supposed to act when in a hypnotic state." Dr. Pilar is sharing a view that is consistent with the __________ theory of hypnosis.

sociocognitive

Kelvin is pitching for his high school baseball team. He has mastered the art of the curveball, and knows just how to twist his fingers around the seam of the baseball to make the pitch work. The part of the nervous system that helps him feel the seams on the baseball and control his fingers to throw the curveball properly is the ________ nervous system.

somatic

James is a painter who continuously must adjust the tension of his brush-holding hand to execute strokes. The ability to control his grip is supported by the __________ nervous system, a subdivision of his __________ nervous system.

somatic; peripheral

Lucy's parents are worried about the fact that she regularly gets up in the middle of the night and walks around the house while she is still asleep. They take her to the pediatrician, who tells them that they should gently wake Lucy up and take her back to bed when she experiences these bouts of

somnambulism.

Which of the following is part of the central nervous system?

spinal cord

According to one model of memory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches. The model of memory that best accounts for this phenomenon is

spreading activation models.

Claudio is out on a whale watching boat trip. He sees a dolphin near the boat because light waves pass through his cornea and enter his eye through the pupil. Which step of processing in the visual system does this describe?

step 1: physical stimulus

Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. Afterward, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing a

stereotype threat

When Annaliese takes a job qualification exam to work in a science lab, she becomes aware that she is the ONLY woman in a room of 20 people who are taking the exam. She becomes anxious about women being regarded as less capable in sciences, and then she does not do as well on the test as she otherwise might have. In this situation it is MOST likely that Annaliese has been impacted by

stereotype threat.

Marvin feels that all people who wear glasses are very smart and love to read. He does not stop to consider that some people may have medical conditions that contribute to needing glasses. It seems that Marvin's thinking about people with glasses is based on a

stereotype.

Butch's car was recently rear-ended by a woman in a parking lot. Later his best friend tells him that he, too, was recently in an accident in which a woman driver was at fault. Based on these experiences, Butch develops a __________ about female drivers that includes the belief that __________.

stereotype; all women are bad drivers

When Amy stepped on a sharp nail, she felt pain. For her to feel pain, there must have been sufficient __________ of a neuron to create __________, which is the first step in neural communication.

stimulation; an action potential

Keisha had a memorable night at a close friend's wedding. Between the beautiful scenery, the touching vows, and the dancing, this wedding was epic. While the memories have already been encoded, these two phases of memory will allow Keisha to remember and talk about this night for years to come.

storage and retrieval

Howard loves everything about movies, including movie history. He knows that many of the tricks used in special effects have their origins in the research of Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, who conducted experiments on

stroboscopic motion.

Pam and Jaquan are going to drive from New York to Los Angeles, where they will attend college, and they have decided to break up the trip into several shorter days of driving instead of trying to drive all the way without stopping. They plan to stop in Chicago, Denver, and Las Vegas before reaching Los Angeles on the fourth day. If they are successful then Pam and Jaquan will reach their goal by having used the problem-solving method of

subgoals.

Tamika has had a strong desire for a ginger ale all day. She isn't sure why, because she rarely drinks this beverage. But her roommate, Abigail, reminded her that last night several of the people they were out with were drinking ginger ale. Which of the following has Tamika experienced?

subliminal perception

After a bad fall while rock climbing, Charisa experienced profound alterations in her ability to initiate voluntary movements, such as moving her eyes or reaching for a cup of water. Which brain structure did Charisa's injuries most likely affect?

substantia nigra

The lower parts of the brain function primarily in __________, whereas the outer layer of the brain functions mainly in __________.

survival; complex thought

The word "oboe" refers to a woodwind instrument that is played in a band or an orchestra. The letters o-b-o-e, however, do not specifically tell you what an oboe is. The word "oboe" is an example of a(n) __________ representation of this musical instrument.

symbolic

The sound of the word "cow" is a(n) __________ for a cow, whereas the sound of the word "moo" is a(n) __________ for the sound a cow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

While on spring break in Acapulco, Maia decided to do some cliff diving. As she stood at the edge of a 50-foot cliff, her heart raced, her respiration increased, and she sweated profusely. Which of the following divisions of Maia's autonomic nervous system had been activated by this experience?

sympathetic

While being put to bed, 2-year-old Tommy says to his mother, "go potty . . . drink water . . .," which is his way of saying he needs to go to the bathroom after drinking water. Tommy's statement best demonstrates

telegraphic speech.

Nakila was born totally deaf. She has never been able to hear a sound. Her physicians note that the structures of her ears are all fine, as are the auditory nerves that send sound information to the brain. "There must be a problem with the ________ lobes, which contain the auditory cortex," the physicians report to Nakila's parents.

temporal

Charles Darwin and William James both understood the importance of

the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics.

Bliss is hooked on a horror television series about serial killers. Based on the number of programs that she has watched, she decides that she is likely to be victimized by a serial killer and purchases an expensive home security system. Bliss is demonstrating

the availability heuristic.

Natural selection is

the basis of evolution.

Keoh is studying for a test tomorrow, and he knows the teacher will ask for the definition of "intelligence." Which of the following details should he NOT include in his definition?

the motivation to be successful in life

Sarah and Ilana strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Ilana thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Ilana that she works at an elementary school, Ilana assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually the janitor. Ilana used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion?

the representativeness heuristic

During which decade of life are most people in their peak physical condition?

their 20's

At two years of age, Reynaldo seems to lack the ability to understand that other people have thoughts and intentions that differ from his own. Reynaldo has most likely not yet developed

theory of mind

Ayelet is a research assistant in a lab at her university. Her lab studies the way sensory information is processed, and their latest results suggest that different neural processes are associated with different types of information, such as recognizing faces, understanding grammatical phrases, and so on. The results support the global workspace model, which posits that

there is no one area of the brain that is responsible for general "awareness" on its own.

Aditya is talking with a woman he wants to ask on a date. He wants to make sure that she likes him before he asks, so he watches the way that she smiles. Aditya figures that if she displays a genuine smile, not a fake one, it is more likely that she feels positively toward him and will agree to go out with him. Aditya is happy when he finally sees a genuine smile, where.....

there were small crinkles at the corners of her eyes.

Marie kept trying to recall the name of the new movie she wanted to see. Although she'd seen the preview several times, she kept drawing a blank on the title. She had the sense that she knew the title, but she could not produce it at that moment. Which type of forgetting was she experiencing?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

When attempting to understand the connection between psychological and physical problems, Freud concluded that

to a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness.

Flynn has been on the streets for several months since the cost of his drug habit made him unable to pay rent. Because of __________ he needs more to get high, and when he cannot afford the drugs, he experiences the severe nausea and chills of __________.

tolerance; withdrawal

The start gun goes off to signal the beginning of the race. Before the runners can interpret the meaning of the noise, however, their sensory receptors must translate the sound waves into neural signals the brain can understand in a process called

transduction.

Every taste experience is composed of a mixture of five basic qualities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and

umami

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a(n) ______________ and the blink was a(n) ______________.

unconditioned stimulus (US); unconditioned response (UR)

Lisha obtained her doctorate degree in 2009. In which setting is Lisha most likely to have worked, based on this information?

university/4-year college

Jonah is trying to solve a new word problem in his math class. Instead of using words, he draws a picture to represent the different parts of the problem and then he is able to solve it using the graphic information. Jonah overcame obstacles by __________ to solve this problem.

using restructuring

Which of the following gives psychologists the best confidence that the conclusions they draw from research are accurate?

using the scientific method in their research

Othello likes going to the casino and playing the slot machine. He realizes that he will not win very often and that he never knows how many times he has to put money in and pull the level before he will win. Othello is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Celeste's new hobby is slacklining, or walking on low ropes loosely strung a few feet off the ground between two trees or poles. To avoid falling, Celeste relies on her __________ sense to maintain balance.

vestibular

Sherlock rewards his older son for cleaning up the garage by giving him $5. Later he is amused when his younger daughter, Lily, comes up to him later and asks, "Daddy, can I clean the garage tomorrow?" Lily most likely learned about the benefits of cleaning the garage through __________ conditioning.

vicarious

5-year-old Laurence observes his father yelling at Laurence's sister after she dropped and broke her dinner plate while removing it from the table. Thereafter, due to __________, Laurence is very cautious when removing his own plate.

vicarious conditioning

Damian noticed that a suspicious car had been circling his neighborhood, so the next time it drove past, he looked at the license plate number. Which type of memory allowed him to repeat the number to himself long enough to find a pen and paper and write it down?

working memory