psy t

62. In summation notation, the Greek uppercase letter sigma is used to signify A. "some." B. "sum." C. "don't sum." D. "dim sum."

"sum."

32. What is the formula for the arithmetic mean as calculated from a frequency distribution? A. "summation of fx" divided by N B. "summation of the absolute deviations" divided by N C. "summation of x" divided by N D. None of these

"summation of fx" divided by N

142. Generally, which correlation coefficient best reflects the relationship between the number of calories consumed and body weight? A. +1.00 B. -1.00 C. +.8 D. -.8

+.8

134. In a normal curve, approximately 68% of all scores fall A. above the mean. B. below the mean. C. between the mean and 1 standard deviation below the mean. D. None of these

. None of these

87. Kurtosis refers to steepness in the ________ of the distribution. A. center B. positive end C. negative end D. outliers

. center

81. If the results of an examination are negatively skewed, the exam questions were likely: A. easy. B. difficult. C. biased. D. quite novel in many respects.

. easy.

63. One general statement that can be made with regard to the use of statistics in analyzing test data is that the choice of statistic frequently depends on A. the "school of statistics" learned by the person doing the analysis. B. the degree of precision in measurement that is required. C. the importance of the findings in the grand scheme of things. D. the attention to detail that the project requires.

. the degree of precision in measurement that is required.

8. Dr. Joni Mihura reported that there are over ____ psychology journal articles in the PsycINFO data base that are classified as empirical studies. A. 10,000 B. 100,000 C. 1 million D. 10 million

1 million

67. There are 100 scores in a distribution of test scores and the average deviation (AD) is 12. The AD of 12 tells us that the 100 scores in this distribution varied, on average A. 12 points from the mean. B. 12 points from each other. C. 12 points from 100. D. None of these

12 points from the mean.

114. If the mean of a distribution is 5 and the standard deviation is 3, what is the z score that is equivalent to a raw score of 11? A. 2 B. -2 C. 55 D. 4

2

135. If a test-taker earns a z score of +2 on a test, approximately how many other testtakers obtained higher scores, assuming the distribution of test scores is normal? A. 2.5% B. 14% C. 16% D. 25%

2.5%

14. According to Dr. Joni Mihura, multiscale personality tests may contain over ____ and sometimes over ____ scales that need to be separately evaluated. A. 50; 100 B. 100; 200 C. 200; 400 D. 400; 800

50; 100

103. Which of the following values could be a stanine score? A. 0 B. 6 C. 7.6 D. All of these

6

120. Which of the following is the equivalent T score for an IQ score of 115 on an IQ test that has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15? A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70

60

50. If the standard deviation of a set of test scores is equal to 25, the variance is equal to A. 625. B. 5. C. 50. D. 12.5.

625.

118. In a normal distribution of scores, approximately what percentage of test scores falls between +1 and -1 standard deviations from the mean? A. 50% B. 66% C. 75% D. less than 1%

66%

38. The mean for the set of scores 8, 9, and 7 is A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 24.

8

33. For the distribution of test scores 85, 76, 71, 86, and 92, the arithmetic mean is equal to A. 71. B. 85. C. 82. D. 80.

82.

90. The distribution of scores from a "Citywide Math Test" scores results in a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 12. Here, a score equal to 2 standard deviations above the mean would be: A. 72. B. 82. C. 84. D. 94.

94

140. Which statement is TRUE concerning a coefficient of correlation? A. A correlation coefficient is an index of the causal relationship between two variables. B. A correlation coefficient may be useful in prediction. C. It covaries with the standard deviation. D. It came about as a result of someone asking Francis Galton what his "sign" was.

A correlation coefficient may be useful in prediction.

139. Correlation coefficients range from -1 to: A. +1. B. 0. C. + infinity. D. +10.

A. +1.

94. A raw score of 82 coming from a distribution of scores with a mean of 76 and a standard of 4 is equal to a z score of: A. +1.5. B. -1.5. C. +4. D. -2.

A. +1.5.

88. Which of the following is TRUE of kurtosis? A. Computer programs provide an index of skewness that ranges from -3 to +3. B. Computer program provide an index of skewness that ranges from -1 to +1. C. No widely accepted definition of this concept exists. D. It was first conceived and named by a Swedish statistician named Kurt.

A. Computer programs provide an index of skewness that ranges from -3 to +3.

151. What is the relationship between the coefficient of determination and the correlation coefficient? A. The larger the correlation coefficient, the larger the coefficient of determination. B. The larger the correlation coefficient, the smaller the coefficient of determination. C. The relationship between them would have a correlation coefficient of zero exactly. D. The larger the correlation coefficient, the more variance can be attributed to error or chance.

A. The larger the correlation coefficient, the larger the coefficient of determination.

154. Which of the following is most directly associated with the process of predicting scores using regression techniques? A. a standard error of the estimate B. a standard error of the mean C. a standard error of measurement D. a standard error of the difference

A. a standard error of the estimate

109. Which of the following is NOT typical of an interval scale? A. an absolute zero point B. continuous variables C. rank-orderings D. an interval

A. an absolute zero point

115. Most scores on tests that measure psychological variables A. are continuous. B. are discrete. C. are error-free. D. lack discretion.

A. are continuous.

153. What is the correlation coefficient of choice when two variables are ordinal? A. the Spearman rho B. the Mooney-O C. the Anna-O D. None of these

A. the Spearman rho

147. To calculate a Pearson r using one of the formulas presented in the text, it is necessary to know A. the standard scores for both variables. B. the standard score for only one variable. C. percentiles for both variables. D. raw scores for each variable.

A. the standard scores for both variables.

51. If all scores in a set of test scores were the same, the variance would be equal to A. zero. B. one. C. two. D. None of these

A. zero.

27. In a grouped frequency distribution A. the total of the frequency column is equal to the total number of scores in the distribution. B. test-score intervals replace the actual test scores. C. each test score must fall in only one test-score interval. D. All of these

All of these

61. A distribution of test scores can be described by A. a measure of central tendency. B. a measure of deviation. C. a graph. D. All of these.

All of these.

110. If the mean of a distribution is 7 and the standard deviation is 2, what is the z score that is equivalent to a raw score of 3? A. 2 B. -2 C. 3 D. 6

B. -2

96. T scores have a mean of ________ and a standard deviation of ________. A. 20; 10 B. 50; 10 C. 100; 15 D. 100; 10

B. 50; 10

92. Approximately what percentage of scores in a normal distribution falls between the mean and 1 standard deviation above and below the mean? A. 34% B. 68% C. 95% D. less than 1%

B. 68%

146. Which of the following is TRUE of the Pearson r? A. It has a distribution that approximates the tetrachoric r if the data are not linear. B. It is legitimately used only when the two variables are linear. C. Pearson actually had very little to do with its development. D. It can never be larger than the Spearman rho if the data represent two true dichotomies.

B. It is legitimately used only when the two variables are linear.

95. What is an advantage of T scores over z scores? A. z scores have no negative numbers B. T scores have no negative numbers C. T scores are more precise D. a T score has greater statistical flexibility

B. T scores have no negative numbers

148. A correlation coefficient that is significant at the p < .01 level A. has a 99% chance of being accurate. B. could have been expected to occur by chance alone one time or less in 100. C. could have been expected to occur by chance alone 99 times or more in 100. D. accounts for about 1% of the variance.

B. could have been expected to occur by chance alone one time or less in 100.

98. What is the primary advantage of normalization of a skewed distribution? A. greater validity B. easier comparability to other scales C. greater reliability D. eliminates negative numbers

B. easier comparability to other scales

53. Test users who treat ordinal data as if they were interval data must be constantly alert to the possibility of A. a highly skewed standard error. B. gross inequality of intervals. C. extreme kurtosis in a graphed distribution of test scores. D. legal challenges from the ACLU.

B. gross inequality of intervals.

86. If few scores fall on the negative side of the distribution, the distribution is ________ skewed. A. positively B. negatively C. symmetrically D. asymmetrically

B. negatively

150. The coefficient of determination is calculated by A. multiplying the correlation coefficient by 100. B. squaring the correlation coefficient and multiplying by 100. C. multiplying the correlation coefficient by the sample size. D. squaring the mean of each of the variables and then summing them.

B. squaring the correlation coefficient and multiplying by 100.

85. Arithmetic mean is to ________ as median is to ________. A. semi-interquartile range; standard deviation B. standard deviation; semi-interquartile range C. variance; standard deviation D. dispersion; variance

B. standard deviation; semi-interquartile range

104. If a person scores at the median on a test, and if the scores on the test are normally distributed, the individual will be in which stanine? A. the first B. the fifth C. the ninth D. the fifteenth

B. the fifth

102. When test scores are found to be normally distributed, they take on the shape of the familiar "bell curve." In these kinds of graphs, which variable is on the y (vertical) axis? A. the test score B. the frequency C. the deviation from the mean D. the standard deviation

B. the frequency

143. A perfect correlation is indicated by A. +1.00. B. -1.00. C. 0. D. Both +1.00 and -1.00.

Both +1.00 and -1.00.

71. The tail portion of a normal curve is the area of the curve between A. 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean. B. -2 and -3 standard deviations below the mean. C. Both 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean and -2 and -3 standard deviations below the mean. D. None of these

Both 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean and -2 and -3 standard deviations below the mean.

107. What do ordinal and nominal scales have in common? A. Both contain continuous variables. B. Both contain equal units of measurement. C. Both permit classifications. D. Both contain mutually exclusive variables.

C. Both permit classifications.

122. Which of the following is an advantage of the stanine score over other standard scores? A. It has greater reliability because it is a single digit. B. It has greater validity because of its three decimal places. C. It is easily manipulated because it is a single digit. D. It has greater precision because of its three decimal places.

C. It is easily manipulated because it is a single digit.

84. In a distribution that is symmetrical, which of the following is true? A. The distances from Q1 and Q4 to the median are the same. B. The distances from Q1 and Q2 to the median are the same. C. The distances from Q1 and Q3 to the median are the same. D. The distances from Q2 and Q3 to the median are the same.

C. The distances from Q1 and Q3 to the median are the same.

97. What standard score has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of approximately 2? A. decile B. T C. stanine D. z

C. stanine

39. T score is to 50 as: A. z score is to 10. B. percentile is to 100. C. stanine is to 5. D. stanine is to 9.

C. stanine is to 5.

89. Which of the following describes the shape of the normal curve? A. positively skewed B. negatively skewed C. symmetrical D. bimodal

C. symmetrical

152. The correlation coefficient of choice when both sets of measurements are in rank-order form and when fewer than 30 pairs of measurements are involved is A. the Pearson r. B. the tetrachoric r. C. the Spearman rho. D. the ROTC.

C. the Spearman rho.

93. What does the "tail" of a normal distribution refer to? A. the area of the normal curve between 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean B. the area of the normal curve between 2 and 3 standard deviations below the mean C. the extremes of the distribution D. the bottom of the distribution

C. the extremes of the distribution

111. Which of the following is always located between the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3)? A. the mean B. the range C. the median D. None of these

C. the median

99. If a particular measure yields scores that are normally distributed, this may be characterized as a desirable feature of that measure. A normal distribution of scores is desirable because A. it provides evidence that the measure is valid, reliable, and psychometrically sound. B. it shows that both the testtakers and the test users were quite diligent in completing their respective tasks. C. the proportion of testtakers having scores in specific ranges can be estimated accurately. D. it reflects a good sampling procedure used in selecting the normative group.

C. the proportion of testtakers having scores in specific ranges can be estimated accurately.

3. Imtiaz et al. (2016) studied the relationship between cannabis use and physical health. Colin (2015) studied the correlates of police use of force. The two studies had something in common; it was the fact that they both A. were conducted in Denver, Colorado. B. employed police officers as subjects. C. used meta-analysis to draw conclusions. D. All of these

C. used meta-analysis to draw conclusions.

123. A testtaker who scores at the 5th stanine is scoring A. above average. B. below average. C. within the average range. D. in an unspecifiable range; it depends on the test.

C. within the average range.

105. How wide is the interval encompassed by a stanine? A. 10 points B. It depends on the particular test that was administered C. 1/4 standard error unit D. 1/2 standard deviation unit

D. 1/2 standard deviation unit

145. Charles Spearman is credited with A. developing a type of correlation coefficient. B. developing a way to predict the accuracy of a test. C. developing factor analysis. D. All of these

D. All of these

54. To make data more manageable, it is sometimes converted to graphs or tables. Graphs or tables can be created from A. nominal level data. B. ordinal level data. C. ratio level data. D. All of these

D. All of these

155. Graphed data details the relationship of time spent studying for a midterm examination and final grade on that test. An outlier indicates that one student spent many hours spent studying but failed the examination. This leaves the professor wondering: A. how effective the student's study habits are. B. what else is going on in the life of the student. C. whether the student has a natural aptitude for the subject matter. D. Both how effective the student's study habits are and what else is going on in the life of the student.

D. Both how effective the student's study habits are and what else is going on in the life of the student.

106. The nominal scale is a type of measurement that uses A. an absolute zero point. B. continuous variables. C. rank-ordering. D. None of these

D. None of these

149. If the correlation coefficient is equal to .30, the coefficient of determination is equal to A. .90. B. .999. C. 9. D. None of these.

D. None of these.

91. What is the relationship between the mean, the median, and the mode for a distribution of scores that is normally distributed? A. The mean and the median are larger than the mode. B. The mean and the median are smaller than the mode. C. The mean and the mode are larger than the median. D. The mean, the median, and the mode are equal.

D. The mean, the median, and the mode are equal.

52. Users of psychological tests are frequently tempted to treat ordinal data as if it were interval data. This is the case because of the A. difficulties that would be encountered if the data were treated as ratio data. B. frequent need to do more than simply rank order test scores. C. data manipulation capabilities given the equal intervals between points measured. D. added flexibility of interval level data for statistical manipulation.

D. added flexibility of interval level data for statistical manipulation.

100. Psychologists often treat data from _______________ scales as though they were from _______________ scales because the latter are more versatile statistically. A. nominal; ratio B. interval; nominal C. ratio; ordinal D. ordinal; interval

D. ordinal; interval

11. Commentators on Eysenck's (1952) article, such as ____, pointed out several problems with Eysenck's methodology. A. John Exner B. Gene Glass C. Albert Bandura D. Hans Strupp

Hans Strupp

121. Approximately what percentage of scores falls below an IQ score of 130 if the mean of the IQ test is 100 and the standard deviation is 15? A. 50 B. 30 C. 85 D. None of these

None of these

112. John received a z score of 0.5 on an exam. Peter received a T score of 60 on that same exam. What can be said about their relative performance on the exam? A. There is not enough information to compare John's and Peter's exam scores. B. Peter received a higher raw score than John on the exam. C. John received a higher raw score than Peter on the exam. D. The two test-takers actually received the same score on the exam.

Peter received a higher raw score than John on the exam.

82. In a positively skewed distribution, which of the following is true? A. Q3-Q2 will be greater than the distance of Q2-Q1. B. Q3-Q2 will be less than the distance of Q2-Q1. C. Q4-Q2 will be greater than the distance of Q2-Q1. D. Q4-Q2 will be less than the distance of Q2-Q1.

Q3-Q2 will be greater than the distance of Q2-Q1.

7. Dr. Joni Mihura's Rorschach research had the effect of inspiring the creation of the A. R-PAS. B. R-CAS. C. R-SPA. D. R-SAC.

R-PAS

4. Dr. Joni Mihura's career is distinguished by the fact that she was the only woman who served on the research council for the A. Rorschach Comprehensive System. B. MMPI-2 & Rorschach Comparison Project. C. Psychological Bulletin special issue on the Rorschach. D. PsychInfo Rorschach data base.

Rorschach Comprehensive System.

35. When graphing ratio data, why is it preferable to set the ordinate of the y-axis at 0? A. It is simply the traditional way of doing things, and has no inherent benefit. B. Setting the ordinate to other values may yield an exaggerated impression of the changes in the variable. C. Doing so is the best protection against statistic-based challenges regarding methodology, findings, and conclusions. D. Ratio-level data has a theoretical range from 0 to plus or minus infinity.

Setting the ordinate to other values may yield an exaggerated impression of the changes in the variable.

113. Kate received a z score of 1 on a reading test. What do we know about Kate's performance, assuming that the reading test scores are distributed normally? A. She scored better than 84% of other students. B. She scored better than only 2/3 of the other students. C. She scored worse than only 2/3 of other students. D. She scored worse than 84% of other students.

She scored better than 84% of other students.

45. Which statement is TRUE regarding this distribution of scores? 1, 2, 2, 3 A. The arithmetic mean is not an integer value. B. The distribution is bimodal. C. There is no mode. D. The arithmetic mean is equal to the mode.

The arithmetic mean is equal to the mode.

83. In a distribution that is positively skewed, what is the relationship between the measures of central tendency? A. The mean, the median, and the mode are equal. B. The mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode. C. The mean is greater than the mode, which is greater than the median. D. The standard deviation is larger than the variance, which is larger than the range.

The mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the mode.

46. If a distribution of scores has a few extremely low scores and no corresponding high scores, which of the following would be TRUE? A. The mean would be smaller than the median. B. The mean would be larger than the median. C. The mean and the median would be equal. D. The mean, median, and mode would all be the same.

The mean would be smaller than the median.

44. Which statement is TRUE regarding this distribution of scores? 0, 11, 10, 0, 0, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1 A. There is no mode. B. The mode is 0. C. The mode is 1. D. There are two modes, 0 and 1.

The mode is 1. D. There are two modes, 0 and 1.

133. Which of the following is NOT true of the normal curve? A. The sides taper and touch the x-axis. B. The mean, the median, and the mode have the same value. C. The highest point is the center. D. It is perfectly symmetrical, with no skewness.

The sides taper and touch the x-axis.

74. The T in T-scores came about because this variety of standard score was named after A. Thurstone. B. Titchener. C. Thorndike. D. Terman.

Thorndike.

69. Considering all of the people throughout history who are credited with the development of what is now called "the normal curve," which name does NOT belong? A. Abraham DeMoivre B. Marquis de Laplace C. W. A. McCall D. Karl Friedrich Gauss

W. A. McCall

76. A standard score obtained by a linear transformation is one in which A. a direct numerical relationship to the original score is retained. B. only the directionality of the relationship to the original score is retained. C. the relationship to the original score has been completely erased. D. None of these

a direct numerical relationship to the original score is retained.

26. Frequency distributions may be illustrated in a variety of ways. Which of the following illustrations is the MOST popular of illustrating a frequency distribution? A. a histogram B. a scatterplot C. a pie chart D. a radio dial

a histogram

116. A diagnostic classification listed in a manual as "3.18 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" is an example of: A. a nominal scale. B. an ordinal scale. C. an interval scale. D. a ratio scale.

a nominal scale.

16. Numbers are assigned to each player on the university basketball team. This use of numbers could BEST be characterized as A. a nominal scale. B. an ordinal scale. C. an interval scale. D. a ratio scale.

a nominal scale.

137. A nonlinear transformation is used to convert a raw score to A. an IQ score. B. a z score. C. a normalized score. D. None of these

a normalized score.

141. Generally, what type of correlation exists between hours of study time spent studying for an achievement test and the student's performance on the test? A. it depends what the subject of the test is B. a negative correlation C. a positive correlation D. zero correlation

a positive correlation

68. The U.S. Navy is highly selective when it comes to applications for Navy Seal training. A distribution of test scores on a Navy Seal Qualifying and Screening Examination administered to a class of high school seniors would be expected to yield A. a normal distribution of test scores. B. a negatively skewed distribution of test scores. C. a positively skewed distribution of test scores. D. a trimodal distribution.

a positively skewed distribution of test scores.

75. Today, when someone tells you what their recently measured "IQ" is, the value quoted is most likely A. a standard score. B. a z-score. C. a T-score. D. a quotient.

a standard score.

55. A raw score is so called because it is A. a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical in nature. B. an untreated estimate of performance on a test prior to placement in a frequency distribution. C. ratio level measurement that has not yet been converted into any sort of graphic form. D. None of these

a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical in nature.

144. A correlation coefficient equal to -.98 would indicate A. a weak inverse relationship between the two variables. B. a weak direct relationship between the two variables. C. a strong inverse relationship between the two variables. D. a strong direct relationship between the two variables.

a strong inverse relationship between the two variables.

37. For which type of distribution of scores is the mean the preferred measure of central tendency? A. a symmetrical distribution B. a skewed distribution C. a flat distribution D. a curved distribution

a symmetrical distribution

60. On a bar graph comparing men to women with regard to test scores, one would expect to find the gender variable listed on the A. abscissa. B. ordinate. C. frequency polygon. D. appendix.

abscissa.

64. Unlike the arithmetic mean of scores in a distribution, the mode A. may be totally atypical of other scores in the distribution. B. may lie at the extreme end of the distribution. C. is determined by counting the scores and determining which occurs most frequently. D. All of these

all of these

125. The mean should be chosen as the measure of central tendency when the distribution is A. skewed in a generally positive direction. B. skewed in a generally negative direction. C. approximately j-shaped in nature. D. approximately symmetrical in nature.

approximately symmetrical in nature.

77. A nonlinear transformation of test scores into standard scores may be required when the test data under consideration: A. are normally distributed. B. are not normally distributed. C. were originally converted into A scores. D. were not obtained under standardized conditions.

are not normally distributed.

40. A distribution of test scores is: 75, 92, 96, 88, 75, 62, and 88. This distribution can be characterized as: A. unimodal with a mode of 75. B. bimodal with the modes of 75 and 88. C. unimodal with a mode of 88. D. trimodal with the modes of 96, 92, and 62.

bimodal with the modes of 75 and 88.

12. According to Dr. Joni Mihura, some researchers reviewing the findings reported by Eysenck (1952) A. agreed with Eysenck's conclusions. B. disagreed with Eysenck's conclusions. C. both agreed with Eysenck's conclusions and disagreed with Eysenck's conclusions. D. terminated their review prematurely.

both agreed with Eysenck's conclusions and disagreed with Eysenck's conclusions.

57. In a grouped frequency distribution, test-score intervals are also referred to as A. class intervals. B. bandwidth intervals. C. range intervals. D. group intervals.

class intervals.

25. Which is the MOST common factor influencing a decision as to the size of class interval in a grouped frequency distribution? A. the number of scores above the mean B. the size of the mean C. convenience D. the size of the mean and the standard deviation

convenience

9. Dr. Joni Mihura's Rorschach research resulted in A. the development of a more contemporary inkblot measure. B. a ban on the use of the Rorschach with pediatric patients. C. critics removing a recommended moratorium on the Rorschach. D. the creation of an innovative Rorschach "app."

critics removing a recommended moratorium on the Rorschach

80. If the results of an examination are positively skewed, the exam questions were likely A. easy. B. difficult. C. biased. D. part of a make-up examination.

difficult.

1. In a research study, subjects are categorized as either "hospitalized" or "never hospitalized." This type of categorization is referred to as A. random. B. continuous. C. discrete. D. prime.

discrete

24. A frequency distribution typically includes A. the average score and a measure of diversion around it. B. each possible score and how often it occurs. C. an estimate of how spread out the scores are. D. an index of how "popular" a particular frequency is.

each possible score and how often it occurs.

5. Dr. Joni Mihura first began reviewing the literature on the Rorschach to A. ensure that she was using a valid test with her clients. B. ensure that she was teaching her students to use a valid tool of assessment. C. contest the results of an unfavorable score on a state licensing examination. D. prepare a detailed comparison of its efficacy with the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

ensure that she was teaching her students to use a valid tool of assessment.

29. In calculating the mean of a distribution of test scores, the person analyzing the data takes account of A. only the extreme scores in the distribution. B. only the middle scores in the distribution. C. every score in the distribution. D. the standard scores in the distribution.

every score in the distribution.

15. According to Dr. Joni Mihura, meta-analysis for multiscale tests will typically A. focus on one, or a few, but not all, characteristics. B. meta-analyze all of the scales' characteristics. C. meta-analyze data only for the most widely used scales. D. supplement available data with data from published reviews of the multiscale test.

focus on one, or a few, but not all, characteristics.

23. The French word for "black" is a convenient acronym for A. five factors measured by Binet's test. B. four levels of measurement. C. four parts of the partitioned normal curve. D. five families of frequency distributions.

four levels of measurement

59. A histogram is a A. graph with vertical lines drawn at each class interval. B. frequency distribution with horizontal lines at each class interval. C. graphic illustration from history with ratio level data. D. surgical procedure once performed on women to treat depression.

graph with vertical lines drawn at each class interval.

66. The range is a measure of variation that is simple enough to calculate, but its value is A. greatly affected by extreme scores in the distribution. B. not affected enough by extreme scores in the distribution. C. extremely limited when a distribution is relatively platykurtic. D. too exaggerated for use with a normal distribution.

greatly affected by extreme scores in the distribution.

73. A z score scale has sometimes been referred to as a "zero plus or minus one" scale because a z score scale A. has a mean set at 0 and a standard deviation set at 1. B. has a mean set at 0 and a standard deviation set at -1. C. has a standard deviation set at 0, and a mean set at 1. D. None of these

has a mean set at 0 and a standard deviation set at 1.

119. A difference between a ratio and an interval scale is that a ratio scale A. is considered a unit of measurement. B. has an absolute zero point. C. is the most common scale used in psychological measurement. D. has an absolute freezing point.

has an absolute zero point.

56. A simple frequency distribution is labeled as such to indicate that the data in it A. occurs with no particular frequency. B. have not been grouped. C. are not particularly complex. D. have only been averaged using the arithmetic mean.

have not been grouped.

108. Psychological assessment instruments often employ an ordinal scale because A. it can quantify categories such as ethnicity, sex, and medical diagnoses. B. it contains equal intervals between numbers. C. it has an absolute zero point. D. it permits rank-ordering of scores.

it permits rank-ordering of scores.

138. The fact that a test score has a normal distribution A. suggests that the test is biased. B. makes it relatively harder to assume that the test measures what it was intended to measure. C. makes it unlikely that the test is suitable for use with populations with psychological disturbances. D. makes the interpretation of tests scores simpler than would be the case if the test score had a non-normal distribution.

makes the interpretation of tests scores simpler than would be the case if the test score had a non-normal distribution.

30. The mean, the median, and the mode are all A. measures of central tendency. B. measures of variability. C. measures of dispersion. D. standard scores.

measures of central tendency.

6. According to Dr. Joni Mihura, the Rorschach is the psychological test with the ___________ meta-analyses for its scales. A. least construct validity B. most construct validity C. most concurrent validity D. least concurrent validity

most construct validity

70. In theory, the distribution of the normal curve ranges from A. +3 to -3. B. 0 to 100. C. 0 to infinity. D. negative infinity to positive infinity.

negative infinity to positive infinity.

42. For which type of data is the mode most frequently used? A. nominal data B. ordinal data C. interval data D. ratio data

nominal data

126. The median is not an appropriate measure of central tendency for A. ratio data. B. interval data. C. nominal data. D. ordinal data.

nominal data.

117. Rank-ordering individuals on the variable of leadership ability is an example of which type of scale? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

ordinal

17. An instructor rank-orders students in her measurement class based on their performance on a quiz of Chapter 3 in the textbook. In this instance, the instructor is using which type of scale? A. nominal B. interval C. ordinal D. comparative

ordinal

21. Alfred Binet conceived the assignment of numbers to the results of a person's response to questions on an intelligence test to be what type of scale? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

ordinal

22. The data from most psychological tests could BEST be characterized as which level of measurement? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

ordinal

49. The median and the interquartile range are __________ in nature. A. reciprocal B. ordinal C. interval D. opposite

ordinal

65. Mode is to nominal statistic as median is to: A. nominal statistic. B. ordinal statistic. C. interval statistic. D. ratio statistic.

ordinal statistic.

58. X is to abscissa as Y is to A. oblongata. B. kudos. C. kurtotic. D. ordinate.

ordinate.

132. A graphed distribution that is relatively flat is referred to as A. leptokurtic. B. mesokurtic. C. platykurtic. D. microkurtic.

platykurtic.

130. Q3-Q2 will be greater than the distance of Q2-Q1 in a distribution of scores that is A. normal. B. positively skewed. C. negatively skewed. D. symmetrical.

positively skewed.

10. As reported in your textbook by Dr. Joni Mihura, a 1952 study authored by Hans Eysenck concluded that A. the Rorschach was inappropriate for administration to children. B. all personality tests lacked reliability. C. psychodiagnosis was more an art than a science. D. psychotherapy doesn't work.

psychotherapy doesn't work.

127. Which of the following statistics is derived by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution? A. average deviation B. variance C. standard deviation D. range

range

20. Which is the only type of scale that has an absolute zero point? A. nominal B. ordinal C. ratio D. interval

ratio

101. The amount of time that passes between the presentation of a word on a computer screen and the reading of a word by a testtaker involves measurement on which type of scale? A. ordinal B. ratio C. interval D. nominal

ratio

18. Yards gained by running backs during a football game is an example of which type of scale? A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

ratio

19. Miles-per-hour is an example of which type of scale? A. nominal B. ordinal C. ratio D. interval

ratio

2. Bjornsen & Archer (2015) found that students who habitually used cell phones during class A. scored better grades than those who did not. B. scored about the same grades as those who did not. C. scored worse grades than those who did not. D. were less responsive to questions raised by the instructor.

scored worse grades than those who did not.

136. A normalized standard score scale is usually derived from a distribution that was previously A. bell-shaped. B. platykurtic. C. symmetrical. D. skewed.

skewed.

131. Kurtosis refers to this characteristic of a graphed distribution. The characteristic is A. dispersion. B. smoothness. C. symmetry. D. steepness.

steepness.

129. Skewness provides an indication of the extent to which the shape of the distribution is A. curved. B. symmetrical. C. flat. D. peaked.

symmetrical.

13. According to Dr. Joni Mihura, a distinguishing feature of meta-analytic research is its A. systematic rules for study inclusion. B. formal screening of research biases. C. both systematic rules for study inclusion and formal screening of research biases. D. its rigor with respect to study author credentials.

systematic rules for study inclusion.

36. Which of the following statistics is the preferred measure of central tendency for a skewed distribution? A. the mean B. the median C. the mode D. None of these

the median

31. A 100-item achievement test is administered to 30 students. Students earn 1 point for each correct answer. In the test results there are three scores of 95. All of the other students score between 10 and 30. What measure of central tendency would be MOST representative of this set of scores? A. average deviation B. the median C. the mode D. the standard deviation

the median

28. Measures of central tendency refer to which part of the frequency distribution? A. the high end of the distribution B. the middle of the distribution C. the low end of the distribution D. the very end of the distribution

the middle end of the distribution

41. Which statistic describes the most frequently occurring test score? A. the mean B. the median C. the mode D. the range

the mode

43. Which is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for all nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales of measurement? A. the mode B. the median C. the mean D. the standard deviation

the mode

47. Which statistic conveys the LEAST precise measure of dispersion? A. the range B. the variance C. the standard deviation D. the semi-interquartile range

the range

48. Which quartile may also be referred to as the median? A. the first quartile B. the second quartile C. the third quartile D. the fourth quartile

the second quartile

79. Which is NOT a part of the formula for calculating a standard deviation? A. each test score B. the total number of items in the test C. the mean of the distribution D. the total number of test scores

the total number of items in the test

78. A student received a z score of 1 on a test of English as a Second Language and the distribution of test scores on that test was normal. This same student received a z score of 1 on another test of English as Second Language and the distribution of test scores on this second test were highly skewed. In all probability, A. these two standard scores mean the same thing. B. the T-scores on both test would be equal to 80. C. the student speaks English better than many native-born Americans. D. these two standard scores do not mean the same thing.

these two standard scores do not mean the same thing.

72. Raw scores may be converted to standard scores A. because raw scores are more readily interpretable than standard scores. B. to better understand a test-taker's performance relative to others. C. Both because raw scores are more readily interpretable than standard scores and to better understand a test-taker's performance relative to others. D. None of these

to better understand a test-taker's performance relative to others.

128. The purpose of deriving a standard deviation of a distribution is A. to average all the scores in a distribution. B. to determine the central value of the scores in a distribution. C. to determine the dispersion of scores around the mean of a distribution. D. to determine the range of scores in each of the quartiles of a distribution.

to determine the dispersion of scores around the mean of a distribution.

124. The main purpose of using statistics is A. to conduct experiments in a replicable fashion. B. to put data into an interpretable form. C. to rank-order data. D. to predict experimental outcomes.

to put data into an interpretable form.

34. A distribution of test scores has a three-way tie for the most frequently occurring score. This distribution could be described as A. trimedial. B. kurtotic. C. trimodal. D. skewed.

trimodal.