psy test 2

conservation

- mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes

Growth patterns

Cephalocaudal principle vs proximodistal principle.

examples of early intervention programs in the US

EIP program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems, intended to prevent problems from developing project head start

Gross motor skills vs fine motor skills

Fine motor skills are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue. Gross motor skills are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.

kwashiorkor

Malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate amount of protein in the diet. It is different from marasmus, which is a total lack of nutrition in the diet. The term kwashiorkor is derived from an African term which means 'first- second child'. This is because it usually affects children who are weaned away because of the birth of a second child.

what are social rules for using language called

Pragmatics - social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a given social situation.

sudden infant death syndrome risk factors

SIDS - death within the first year of life due to unknown reasons, with no apparent illness or disorder. *sleeping stomach down instead of flat on back *low birth weight with low Apgar score *having a mother who smoked during pregnancy, or being around smoke during infancy * soft bedding , sleeping in an overheated room, or wearing two or more layers of clothing during sleep(most SIDS occur in autumn and winter)

what is co sleeping

a cultural practice in which infants and sometimes older children sleep with one or both parents

empathy

ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress.

easy temperament

adapted well to new situations and were not extreme in emotional reactions

five primary emotions

are the most basic emotions, the ones we share with animals, such as anger sadness fear disgust surprise happiness

Types of parenting style

authoritative authoritarian permissive disengaged

self-reflection

capacity to think about oneself as one would think about other persons and objects

disorganized-disoriented attachment -

classification of parent child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outbursts of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon parents return.

insecure-resistant attachment

classification of parent child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon the parent's return.

insecure-avoidant attachment -

classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parents absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns

egocentrism

cognitive inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another person's perspective

assimilation

cognitive process of altering new information to fit an existing scheme

accomodation

cognitive process of changing a scheme to adapt to new information like the folders for cars and trucks, you assimilate them into these files. then you see an escalade and you do not have a file for that, so your brain accommodates and makes a new file called SUV.

preoperational stage -

cognitive stage from age 2-7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically - for example, through the use of language - but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations.

piaget's preoperational stage-

conservation, egocentrism, animism

physical punishment

corporal punishment - authoritarian - physical punishment of children

scaffolding

degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop.

brain plasticity

degree to which development can be influenced by environmental circumstances. like in the ben carson video where they remove half of the brain of a young girl, and because she is so you, her brain plasticity will adapt her remaining brain to cover the areas that are missing. the brain's ability to adapt.

treatment for ADHD

diet, meds, and activity

ZPD

difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

marasmus

disease in which the body wastes away from a severe nutritional deficiency in general. It is usually found in very young infants and very young children. It can be prevented by breastfeeding. It is actually caused by the total or partial lack of nutritional elements in the food over a period of time.

difficult temperament

do not adapt well to new situations and their moods were intensely negative more frequently than other babies

what are important qualities for preschools

education and training of teachers class size and child teacher ratio age appropriate materials and activities teacher-child interaction

sociomoral emotion

emotions evoked based on learned, culturally based standards of right and wrong; also called secondary emotion

hostile aggression

entails signs of anger and intent to inflict pain or harm on others

secure attachment

healthiest classification of parent-child attachment, in which the child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore, protests when separated from parent, and is happy when the parent returns

emotional contagion

in infants, crying in response to hearing another infant cry, evident beginning at just a few days old.

substage 1: simple reflexes 0-1 month

in this stage cognitive ability is based mainly on the neonatal reflexes - sucking, rooting, and gasping. this stage is centered around assimilation since at this age you are not adapting to your surroundings

substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes 8-12mo

in this stage, for the first time the babys actions begin not as accidents but as intentional, goal directed behavior. so rather than exercising one scheme at a time, the infant can now coordinate schemes. like moving something out of the way to get to something else. exercising 3 schemes, moving something aside, reaching and grasping.

substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions 1-4 mo

infants activities in relation to the world becomes based less on reflexes and more on purposeful behavior. infants in this substage learn to repeat bodily movements that occurred initially by chance. like putting their hands in their mouth, they find it pleasurable and start to repeat the movement. the movement is primary because it focuses on the infant's own body, and circular because once it is discovered it is repeated intentionally

temperament

innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity, and sociability. characterized in 3 ways, easy, difficult and slow to warm temperament

types of aggression

instrumental aggression hostile aggression relational aggression

relational aggression

involves damaging another persons reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

thomas and chess' categories of temperament and how to identify

temperament - innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity, and sociability. temperament is categorized 3 ways easy- difficult - slow-to-warm -

animism

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

sensorimotor stage in Piagets theory

the first 2 years of cognitive development, which involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

telegraphic speech

two word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as THE and AND. like back in the old days when you would send a telegraph and had to pay per word. saying "see doggie" "big car" "more cookie" "mommy gone".

piagets sensorimotor state and its 6 substages

sensorimotor stage in Piagets theory substage 1: simple reflexes 0-1 month substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions 1-4 mo substage 3: secondary circular reactions 4-8 mo substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes 8-12mo

speech development

12-18 mo slow expansion 18-24 mo the naming explosion 24-36 mo becoming adept at language at 18 mo, most toddlers speak about 50 words, usually in holophrases. By 24 mo, most speak about 200 words and combine some words in telegraphic speech. By their third birthdays, most can easily use the language of their culture in full sentences

Gender identity

3-4yr gender intensifies; 6-7yr gender constancy children learn gender identity by age 2, but do not learn gender constancy until age 6 or 7 . During early childhood they often become rigid in their views of gender roles. Parents are key agents of gender socialization especially fathers, and conformity to gender roles is enforced by peers as well.

Piaget's concrete operations

The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. In other words, they are able to understand that other people have their own thoughts. Kids at this point are aware that other people have unique perspectives, but they might not yet be able to guess exactly how or what that other person is experiencing. This growing ability to mentally manipulate information and think about the thoughts of others will play a critical role in the formal operational stage of development, when logic and abstract thought become critical.

Signs toddler is ready for potty training

staying dry 1-2 hours during the day regular, timely bowels anticipation for the event directly asking for underwear and to go to the toilet

zone of proximal development/scaffolding

ZPD - difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. scaffolding- degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop.

overextension

is the direct opposite of underextension, in which they use a word in too broad a manner, often speaking in overgeneralizations. To continue in the example above, but in the form of overextension, the young boy is once again in the park, but this time, he sees a police officer riding on a horse, points, at the horse and says "Dog!" It is obviously not a dog, but to the young boy, anything with four legs and not a person is a "dog". While this is of course flawed speech, it is a sign that the child is advancing in their thought processes. The child is now starting to develop mental categories and concepts (Studies done by: Behrend, 1988), and will soon be able to distinguish horse from dog.

underextension

is when a person uses a word in a very restricted fashion, most commonly seen used by children that are just gaining mastery over language. To give an example of underextension, a young boy that sees a dog in the park will not say it is a dog, for only THEIR dog is a dog. In their mind, they think that a word is referring to a very specific instance of a certain concept other than all types and examples of the concept. (Studies done by: Caplan & Barr, 1989) You may point at the strange dog in the park, but the child would shake their head and tell you no. Upon getting home, they will point at Howard lying in the corner and say "Dog!" Bear with them, they are learning.

substage 3: secondary circular reactions 4-8 mo

just like above this deals with circular reactions. the difference here is that primary circular involves activity that is restricted to the infant's own body, whereas with the secondary circular reactions involve activity in relation to the external world. like kicking a mobile, seeing the movement and repeating that action

importance of Harry Harlow's monkey experiment

known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development

strange situation

laboratory assessment of attachment entailing a series of introductions, separations, and reunions involving the child, the mother and an unfamiliar person

object permanence

like playing hide and seek (4mo) awareness that objects (including people) continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them

controversial

liked by some children, disliked by others. can be aggressive at times but friendly at times

usefulness of 'baby einstein' videos

media stimulation does NOT help infancy cognitive abilities. research has shown detrimental influence on cognitive abilities. It is better to talk to and read to the children.

rejected

most often disliked and rarely liked, very aggressive

neglected

neither liked or disliked, often overlooked completely

slow to warm temperament

notably low in activity level, reacted negatively to new situations, and had fewer positive or negative emotional extremes extreme

authoritative - high/high

parents who are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness

authoritiarian - high/low

parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

disengaged- low/low

parents who are low in both demandingness and responsiveness

permissive-low/high

parents who are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

symptoms of teething

period of discomfort and pain experienced by infants 5-9 months old as their new teeth break through their gums. symptoms are drooling, discomfort/pain, temperature

four categories of social status

popular rejected neglected controversial

cooing

pre language oo-ing and ah-ing and gurgling sounds babies make beginning at about 2 months

handedness

preference for using either the right or left hand in gross and fine motor activities

Proximodistal principle

principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward. begins with the trunk then out.

Cephalocaudal principle

principle of biological development that growth tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downward to the rest of the body. begins with the head and moves down.

popular

rated as liked and rarely disliked

babbling

repetitive pre language consonant-vowel combinations such as 'bababa' or 'dododododo' made by infants universally beginning at about 6 months. 2 mo cooing 4-8 mo babbling 8-10 mo 1st word

secure base

role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

what purpose is the visual cliff experiment

wanted to know if depth perception is a learned behavior or if it is something that we are born with. In order to study this, Gibson and Walk conducted the visual cliff experiment. Gibson and Walk (1960) hypothesized that depth perception is inherent as opposed to a learned process. To test this, they placed 36 infants, 6 to 14 months of age, on the shallow side of the visual cliff apparatus. Once the infant was placed on the opaque end of the platform, the caregivers (typically a parent) stood on the other side of the transparent plexiglas, calling out for them to come or holding some sort of enticing stimulus such as a toy so that the infant would be motivated to crawl across towards them. It was assumed if the child was reluctant to crawl to their caregiver, he or she was able to perceive depth, believing that the transparent space was an actual cliff. The researchers found that 27 of the infants crawled over to their mother on the "shallow" side without any problems. A few of the infants crawled but were extremely hesitant. Some infants refused to crawl because they were confused about the perceived drop between them and their mothers. The infants knew the glass was solid by patting it, but still did not cross. In this experiment, all of the babies relied on their vision in order to navigate across the apparatus. This shows that when healthy infants are able to crawl, they can perceive depth. However, results do not indicate that avoidance of cliffs and fear of heights is innate

instrumental aggression

when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it