PSY test 2

Peak years of operation (1900-1914) (Ellis Island)

- 5,000-10,000 immigrants pass through each day - That was making people nervous, so laws were invented

Before 1850 census

- Categorization included free Whites (not indentured servant)

Most research has focused on whites as the norm

- Comparing minorities to whites Some research has shown differences in - Promotions - Performance evaluations - Training - Opportunities for mentoring - Job related attitudes (job satisfaction, commitment)

Relevant to the workplace

- Discrimination against customers, racial profiling, perceptions that people of color are unqualified

1930 census

- Distinguished between immigrant White and native White

1940 census

- Dropped category of immigrant Whites

Cox and Nkomo (1990)

- Emphasized the absence of race as a variable in organizational research study - Noted invisibility of people of color Since 1990 a substantial amount of research has been conducted which includes race and ethnicities

Changes occurring in U.S immigration

- Immigration from Northern/western Europe (Germany, Ireland, Britain, Scandinavian countries) slowed - Increase in immigration from: Southern/Eastern Europe (Jews, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks) - Non- Europeans from Syria, turkey, and Armenia

Italians During WWII

- Mandatory curfews imposed - Forced to carry bright pink enemy alien passbook - Searched at will - Property can be confiscated. Property that seemed dangerous (flashlights, radios, cameras, firearms) seized

Italians and Germans were

- More widely assimilated - Had widespread public reception - More political power (i.e. mayors of large cities)

Reverse discrimination

- No legal meaning - Belief that white men experience discrimination due to efforts to include and reduce discrimination of minorities - Favoring minorities and women at the expense of white males Research consistently shows that Whites are more negative towards affirmative action programs than other groups Reverse discrimination is uncommon

Confusion over who is white and not white

- Syrians white, then not white - Asian Indians not white, then white, then not white - Arabians white, then not white Cases where people had to "prove" their whiteness in order to become a US citizen

Brodkin (1998)

- The transformation of Jews in America from another race to white -Social construction of race in America - Inconsistency in categorization of white and non-white groups over time

Immigrant quota act (1921) and National Origins Act (1924)

- These two together Limited number and nationality of those allowed into US - Ended era of mass immigration into New York

An (imperfect) indicator of discrimination is a number of EEOC complaints

- Very few cases in which whites complain that they were discriminated against due to race Multiple audit studies (keeping a parallel between all of the studies) conducted in major US cities confirm the likelihood of Whites to be the preferred over Blacks and Latino's

EEOC v. In- Town Suites Management (a retaliation case)

- White district manager complained about race discrimination in the company; exclusion of African American and other minorities from management positions - Reprimanded, threatened with performance improvement plan, and fired Remedy: implement a non- retaliation policy; advise employees on this; training on EEOC obligations

High school education, full time employment

- White men (43,000), then Asian men (37,000) then black men (33,000)

After 1850 Census

- Whites (all whites are free)

Japanese compared to European Americans

-suffered more due to racism, economics, and lack of political allies, lack of organized groups

Brodkin and Healy both suggest that a variety of ethic groups became "white" by

1. Actions of the government 2. Recognizing that the way to become American was to assert their Whiteness (in contrast to blacks) 3. Intermarriage; diluted the strength of these differences 4. The invisibility of their ethnicity

Issues specific to minority owned business

1. Anti-immigrant hostility from consumers and clients 2. Possible lower labor standards for society as a whole due to very low wages or unpaid labor

Why are they opening their own businesses?

1. Glass ceiling- once you work in a company and realize you can't advance inspires you to start your own company 2. Limited skills- newer immigrants or refugee immigrants have limited language skills so they open service business (restaurants, stores, laundry mats) 3. Informal networks- connections they have through family or what have you helps them start a business

Legislation about Chinese immigrants

1. Naturalization act of 1870*- Restricted immigration into the U.S to white people and people of African descent (i.e. slaves/ for slave labor) 2. Chinese exclusion act of 1882*- first federal legislation to bar immigrants based on national origin • Very severely and purposely restricted entry of Chinese laborers into the U.S • Was in place for several decades • As a result, the population of Chinese in the U.S declined, there was a lack of new immigrants because they weren't allowed in the country, and there was an imbalanced male to female ratio; 19:1 in 1860, 27:1 in 1890 because of lack of Chinese births. • Many Chinese returned back to China. Men wanted to find wives, or they were in America to get money for their families and then went back.

Organizational recommendations:

1. Organization leaders, management, and human resources should recognize that - Not all Asian Americans are educated - Some have been subject to exclusion and differential treatment 2. When underrepresented in different job categories or when evidence of the glass ceiling - Make efforts to include Asian Americans in nondiscrimination policies and affirmative action 3. Be aware of cultural differences in self promotion - Ask about interest, include in assessment center activities, provide with mentors 4. Some discrimination against Asians occurs due to perception that they have done too well -Organizations should be aware of that 5. Perceptions of language barriers may also hinder progress - Be sure there are real barriers and not perceived ones - Many Asians are born in the US and are native English speakers - May experience differential treatment based on imagined lack of English fluency

Asian American experiences at work

1. Positive stereotypes Good at math, technically astute, highly educated, wealthy 2. Negative stereotypes Lack leadership skills, poor communication skills, and arrogance 3. Stereotypes get in the way of hiring or promoting best person for the job -Consider job requirements based on job analysis -Consider person's actual KSAOS (Knowledge, skills, abilities, other characteristics) and job demands

Individual recommendations:

1. Positive stereotypes may cause Asians to be overlooked as a minority group - Not being seen as needing assistance or needing help ensure treated fairly 2. Individuals should make desire to be considered for management and other promotional opportunities known 3. Obtain as much education as possible in a preferred field - Don't allow self to be steered into technical field due to expectations of others

Social costs for opening a business

1. Struggle for business survival 2. Long hours 3. High failure rates 4. Unpaid/low wages for family members 5. Strain on family

Organization recommendations for racism/white privilege

1. Whites must be actively included in diversity efforts - Resist diversity efforts if feel excluded or threatened 2. Message that diversity is not a "us" or "them" situation - Not taking away from whites - Advantages to everyone of increased diversity 3. Facilitate mentoring of non-dominant group members by Whites - Mentoring programs, mentoring training, recognition for mentors 4. Monitor initial salaries, salary increases and promotion programs for fairness - Formalization of HR programs reduces gender and race discrimination in earnings 5. Formalize and monitor programs as much as possible

Where do they live?

1/4 American Indian Ancestry and/or tribal membership required More than 1/2 a million AI live on reservations or trust lands (about 12% of AI) 175,200 residing on Navajo lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah Young, Rural Population

Legislation about Japanese immigrants

Gentleman's agreement- 1908, National Origins Act- 1924: Both of those wanted to limit Japanese worker immigration U.S Supreme Court-1922: ruled that Japanese, and those of other Asian descent were ineligible for naturalized U.S citizenship. They could come to the U.S but, couldn't become citizens if they were of Asian descent

Laws about Indians

1830 Indian Removal Act Andrew Jackson authorized the expulsion of 14,000 Indians. They were sent to Okalhama and Arkansas (trail of tears, involuntary move, caused a lot of deaths) Prior to 1860 Indians were not part of the census 1860- only those in reservations 1890- included those living off and on reservations

What did they come to USA and when?

1884-1908 more than 150,000 Japanese migrated to Hawaii and worked on the sugar plantations. Worked for low pay. Many of them were indentured servants- they would agree to come to Hawaii and work for 3 years with little or no pay to pay their passage

Ellis Island

1892-1960 - Federal immigration station - Millions of new immigrants - Close to 40% of all US citizens can trace at least one ancestor to Ellis Island

Migration to Urban Areas

Government efforts to move AIs to places having more employment opportunities 1950s U.S. Government - relocation programs large scale migration to metro areas more job opportunities less cohesion fewer relationships with other AIs and family discrimination

American Indians

descendants of people indigenous to the US 48 mainland states term most commonly used by this group Other notes: people know them by what's shown through the media Original inhabitants Originally everybody was getting along but then violence came about

AI/AN education

76% high school degree × 14 % college degree or more × Compared to: × Non-Hispanic whites, 87%; 30% × Blacks, 83%; 20% × Asians, 89%; 53% × Hispanics 62%; 13% × Higher than Hispanic group, but lower than those of Asians, Whites and Blacks

Legislation

AI/AN on reservation or trust lands × governed by tribal regulations × some federal laws specifically exclude reservations and trust lands × Outside reservation or trust properties × covered by federal legislation prohibiting race and national origin based discrimination × Title VII EEOC Action × EEOC s ued an Arizona Diner × National Origin bias against Navajos and other Native Americans. × Title VII of Civil Rights Act × RDs roadside diner (Page, Arizona; adjacent to Navajo reservation) EEOC Case × Unlawful English-only policy- "The owner of this business can speak and understand only English. While the owner is paying you as an employee, you are required to use English at all times. The only exception is when the customer cannot understand English. If you feel unable to comply with this requirement, you may find another job." × Precluded from speaking native Navajo in workplace × Terminated if they refused to sign agreement Prohibition against discrimination based on religious practices (Title VII ) ×

Organizational careers (Castillo, 2008):

9,000 employees, service industry, 6-year period - No differences in starting salary - Smaller salary growth for women and minorities - Factors that may contribute to salary differences (job experience, performance, work unit, supervisor) controlled Women and minorities lower salary than white men even when same performance Perception of reverse discrimination

Incomes

: Asian Americans are the most highly educated groups, so expect incomes to exceed all other groups - Asian males lag behind white males in income - Asian females have higher income than white females at same education levels - Concentration of Asians living in high cost of living cities (New York City vs. Iowa City) - Household may be misleading- extended family units - Based on more workers, support more family members

Glass ceiling and Asian Americans

: Haven't made it to top levels of companies even though they have a big role - May have to do with stereotyping. Perceived as having good technical skills, poor interpersonal skills. - Stereotyped to be passive, non-confrontational, lacking in communication skills and language skills Those misconceptions may prevent Asians from advancing in organizations They are not given the chance to learn the skills they are stereotyped as not having Evidence of glass ceiling at state, federal, and local levels of government. - College and university administration - Professional school faculty positions - Judiciary system - Corporations

AI/AN Earrings

AI/AN Earnings lower than those of Whites; similar to those of Blacks and Hispanics × High poverty rates; highest for all groups except Blacks × Those who are AI/AN alone (one race) poverty rates are 24% × 1/4 live in poverty × Compared to 9% for non-Hispanic Whites Lack of health insurance 32% × Worse than any other group × Varies but 11% has been fairly typical for Whites × Seem to fair the worst of all racial and ethnic groups

Irish

Fleeing from poverty, famine, and religious prejudice - Arrived with no resources - Muscle work (dug canals, construction gangs) - Police officers and firefighters (common occupations) - First generation worked at unskilled or semi-skilled occupations - Next generation worked at increasingly skilled trades: plumbing, boilermakers

AI workplace

American Indian religious beliefs differ from dominant beliefs in U.S. × Some AI practices are long in duration; may need to take time off work × Wearing hair uncut may be for spiritual reasons and should be accommodated Research on American Indians at Work × Little research on organizational experiences of American Indians × Relatively small proportion of American Indians in population × Fewer in formal organizations × Invisibility of some people of American Indian ancestry Whitbeck et al. (2002) × Sampled about 300 adult American Indians living in U.S. Midwest × Correlation between perceptions of discrimination and depressive symptoms × Keep in mind problems with correlational data × Social support and participation in traditional cultural practices buffered from discrimination × Weaver (2003) - found that AI were less likely to feel secure in their jobs and were less satisfied with their financial situation than Whites

American Indian/Alaskan Native Women

American Indian/Alaskan Native Women × Many disadvantages due to both race and gender discrimination × High infant mortality × High rates of victimization by violence × Involuntary sterilization- several cases in the 1970s × Questionable removal of children from homes' Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

Education

Asian Americans have a higher education rate than any other ethnic group - Nearly 50% of Asians have a bachelor's degree compared with 30% of whites, 17% of African Americans, and 11% of Hispanics On the other end of the spectrum, they are more likely to not complete high school compared to whites

Japanese

Began arriving in May of 1843. Going to Hawaii and California for work.

Chinese

Began arriving in the 1850, seeking work.

Guidelines for internment

Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order 9066 • It stated that anybody of Japanese ancestry (1/8th or more) were sent to live in these internment camps • They were branded as "enemy aliens" and forced into 10 camps around the U.S • Many of the Japanese sent to these camps were native born Americans. 2/3 of them were citizens. ¼ of them were younger than 25 years old • U.S government recruited soldiers from the camps to fight for the U.S. Several soldiers came home to see that their family had been put in a camp • Centers (camps) were open for 3 years; people in camps lost their privacy and possessions. • When the Japanese returned home; their property were destroyed, vandalized, or stolen • It's estimated that there was a loss of 3.7 billion dollars from the camps and all of this

Race as a social construction

Can't determine who is white and who isn't

Casinos/gaming

Common misperception is that most AI/AN are rich due to casinos Source of revenue for a very small number of tribes. Has increased employment opportunities and economic development for associated Indian nations Majority of reservations are in isolated rural areas × Some tribes view gaming as contrary to values and refuse to participate.

Discrimination cases: Race

EEOC v. West Front street Foods - Charlotte NC, grocery store - Settled for 30,000 - Allegedly fired white non- Hispanic meat cutter based on race; replaced by less qualified Hispanic Remedy: written anti-discrimination policy; train employees on the policy and on discrimination laws

Filipino

Earliest Asian immigrants First arrived in what in known as the Louisiana area in 1763.

German

Early immigrants fled from homeland due to violent conditions - Later immigrants came to US for work - Most Germans settled in rural areas and worked in agriculture - Close together in community (German towns) - Bakers, butchers, distillers, machinists, and tailors

Education, Earnings, and Employment

Earnings of non-Hispanic White males generally higher than other groups - Focus on full time average income of men by education level (return on investment)

More discrimination within same culture

English viewed later immigrants as dirty, immoral unintelligent, and dishonest. - Sought to avoid interactions with them at work and at home - Pattern: later immigrants' higher status than more recent ones

Four major immigration groups

English, Irish, Italian, and German

Tribal Self-Governance Act (1994)

Estimates that 60% of American Indians marry those who are not AL Contributes to diversity in AI population Increases in multi-racial category Recognition by the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Overt discrimination and exclusion

European American immigrants: some white ethic groups faced overt discrimination and exclusion in the early years of the US - Nearly 40 million Europeans migrated to US between the 1820s and 1920s - Clashes between Irish, German, and polish immigrants - Pecking order of whites with earliest immigrants (English) at top down to most recent immigrants - Germans, Irish, Italians, Polish

History of American Indians in North America

European Americans focused on assimilating Indians into American Society Many American Indian children were forced to attend American schools Forbidden to speak native languages Attempts to convert to Christianity Lost language and religions Loss of many cultural practices

American Indians as Sports Symbols

In 1970s Oklahoma, Marquette, Stanford, Dartmouth, and Syracuse stopped using Indian mascots. × Debate over the use of Indian mascots × Some view as harmless, while others view it as offensive U.S. Civil Rights Commissions (2001) statement on use of American Indian images and nicknames as sports symbols × Opinion was that: × use of these symbols is insensitive × implies that stereotyping is acceptable × may create a hostile educational environment × r ejected arguments that such images honor American Indians and stimulate interest in Indian cultures × such images prevent people from learning about real American Indians and their current issues NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) voted to penalize 18 schools if they continued to use American Indian nicknames, mascots, or images × Cheerleader and band uniforms included × No Indian images on any uniforms Florida State University Seminoles was one mascot deemed culturally "hostile and abusive" × university administrators, alumni, supporters, and politicians Confusion over this issue × Media reports; Seminole Nation of OK denounced the use of Indian names in sports and images × Seminole Nation voted on a motion to denounce the use of American Indian names and images in sports and other events × Motion failed by an overwhelming majority Letter from Oklahoma Seminole Nation to media to clarify × Support from Tribal Council of the Seminole Tribe of Florida (Florida State University) to use the Seminole Mascot × NCAA decided to allow FSU to keep Seminole Nickname Also on NCAA's list: × Illinois Fighting Illini × North Dakota Fighting Sioux × University of Utah Utes × Utah appealed its inclusion on the list arguing that they had a close and mutually respectful relationship with the Utes × Letter of support from Northern Ute Indian Tribal Business Committee × NCAA accepted Utah's appeal × Examine on case by case basis Continues to be an issue × Some American Indians continue to protest the use of Indian images and names as sports mascots × Argue that political pressure put on tribes to grant approval of the use of the mascots

Individual recommendations for white privilege/racism :

Individual recommendations: 1. Whites have more interpersonal power to make changes than people of color 2. Consider that diversity is beneficial to everyone in the long run - Competitive advantage to organization, more profit, higher pay - More opportunities for all 3. Recogizine privileges associated with whitness 4. Whites may be members of dominant racial and ethic groups but may also belong to the non-dominant groups - Religion, sexual orientation, gender, disability, age, weight - Apply learning from those expierences to experience of race and racial priviledge 5. White women- Unique positon - May benefit from marriage to white male - Earnings and occupational status make them similar to minorities Spouses, fathers, and other male relatives tend to be White, have power to influence beliefs and behaviors of white men - Share experiences of discrimination, the glass ceiling, harassment, and exclusion - Real and persuasive problems rather than isolated and unique incidents 6. Whites more likely to be executives and managers- able to use influence - Creates climate favorable for diversity - Mentors to non-dominant group members - Helps minorities and women move up in organizations; break the glass ceiling

During WWII

Internment of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans • After Pearl Harbor attacks that happened in Dec.1941 there was a lot of paranoia and panic about Japanese Americans living in America - Some Italians and Germans were also sent to relocation centers - Estimates of 2,100 Italians and 10,000-14,000 Germans were arrested for being "enemy aliens"

3 different groups

Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino

Italians

Large number of immigrants between 1876 and 1976 -US largest recipient of Italian immigrants in the world - Started at the bottom of the occupational ladder: dangerous, dirty, and difficult jobs. Crowded dirty working conditions, lack of food. Known for hard work and sobriety - Later became fisherman, shoemakers, waiters, fruit sellers, and tradesman - Rose up the economic ladder: tended to work with hands rather than pursue a college education or professional career

European Americans

Largest and most dominant group in the US

Europeans and African Americans

Many Europeans saw African Americans as threating to their status and livelihood Arrival of Blacks helped the newer European immigrants blend with the established groups - (sociologist Joseph Healy) - White vs. black is different than white ethnic groups vs. one another - White ethnic groups capitalized on status of blacks as "other" using it to become "insiders" - In-group and out-group bias

English

Most consider English to have a crucial role in paving the way for US immigration - Established colonies - Often in search of religious freedom - Foundation for current government

American Indian and Alaskan Natives

Original inhabitants of the U.S smallest porportion of the populution ' often overlooked in studies of diversity in organizations

Who is considered European American?

People of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa -includes Irish, English, German, polish, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, French, and Greek Terms: White, Anglo, Caucasian, European American, or non-Hispanic white used interchangeably

Multi-racial

People who belong to more than one race

Asian Indians

Population in US has grown. Between 1980 and 2000 they increased from less than 400,000 to 2 million. - Once categorized as white in the U.S Census - Currently, about 16% of Asian population the US are Asian Indian - This group has more education than all other groups including whites - Opportunities in US draw well educated people They also experienced discrimination and exclusion: 1. lower return on educational investment compared to whites 2. Animosity due to perceived success in education and in the workplace 3. Aftermath of 9/11 terrorist attack lead to harassment and discrimination based on religion and national origin Population: 15.5 U. S million residents report themselves as being Asian or some part Asian 5% of population, California- largest population of Asian Americans, Hawaii- largest proportion of Asian Americans (58% of population of Asian descent.)

Angel Island

Port of entry for people coming from Asia. Several miles north of San Francisco. From 1910-1940 it was open and used to detain and interrogate Asian immigrants. The goal was to deport as many as possible-they would ask people obscure questions about their villages or ancestors and if they didn't know the answers they were deported. Not great conditions, prison like - several people were detained there for months if not years.

AI AN women education

Some American Indian and Alaskan Native women are well-educated with successful careers × Muller (1998) - reported experiences of AI women managers from several tribes in Southwest. × All of the women in sample of 20 managers, spoke English, and all but one were bilingual. × 15 had at least a bachelor's degree. × Worked in variety of jobs from education specialist, director of human services agency, materials manager, tribal administrator. × Reported living in two worlds - required them to navigate between. × Required to navigate between Navajo and Anglo cultures × These differed in ways of: × Interacting × Learning × Authority × Importance of work × Time-orientation × Natural resources × Developed complex strategies and "switching techniques" to work successfully in both worlds. × Switching between two different cultures is often the experience of multiracial group members.

Asians as a model minority

Stereotype: Widely held perception that Asians are determined hard workers which makes them successful 1. You can't stereotype an entire group of people/ make assumptions 2. This put pressure on other groups/ makes implications that they need to work harder to catch up to Asians Can lead to animosity toward Asians from other minority groups and whites Ignores differences among Asians in terms of education, income, and employment. It prevents us from assuming that there might be barriers that Asian Americans are facing because they seem perfect.

How did they get to USA?

They were working on ships, some of them forced to do so. They jumped ship and escaped through the bayous and make their own home down there By late 1800s they were immersed in that area

Asian American entrepreneurs

This assumption is accurate. Asian Americans are more likely to start their own business. - There are nearly a million Asian owned business in the US that are employing over 2 million people and getting over $300 billion in revenue

Much diversity among AI/NA group

Those living primarily on reservations or trust lands, likely to have very different experiences, expectations, backgrounds than those living elsewhere × Education, employment, and earnings vary a great deal depending on residence, appearance, and language among other things

AI AN women workplace

Typically work in sales, clerical, or service jobs × Most likely to work in gas stations, general merchandise stores, and in social assistance positions ×

Education levels often related to country of birth

US natives or voluntary immigrants; more educated.

EEOC v. Nobel Metal Processing (a retaliation case)

Warren MI auto supplier - 190,000 settlement - Termination of white for refusing to comply with discrimination: claimed that company repeatedly overlooked qualified non- white employees for promotion After White employee complained; fired

Did they deal with hostility?

Yes, dealt with hostility and exclusionary legislation

White Privilege

You are privileged to respond "yes" to most of these terms - I can go shopping and be fairly sure I won't be followed or harassed by store detectives - I do not need to worry that my children's teachers and employers will have negative attitudes about them due to race - I can be reasonably sure that if I ask someone to "talk to the person in charge" I will be talking to my own race - I can go home from most meetings feeling like I belong rather than feeling isolated, outnumbered, or out of place - I can take a job with an affirmative action employer without having my coworker suspect that I got it because of my race - I can be late to a meeting without having the lateness reflect on my race - I can go out to a public place or event without being worried that people of my race cannot get in or will be mistreated - If I have low credibility as a leader, I can be assured that my race is not the problem

Southeast recent immigrants

are more likely to be fleeing refugees

Southeast Asian Immigrants

arrived as a result of Vietnam war - Transition was difficult: Many didn't speak English at all. They have very few possessions - U.S Government tried to help relocate people. Tried to spread immigrants all over US but immigrants moved where their family was or where they had better opportunities/ stronger assistance - Large populations in California, Texas, and Washington in urban areas

Asians sometimes targets of animosity

because of their perceived success in educational and business areas - Research indicates that experiences of discrimination and glass ceiling are similar to other minority groups - Issues with access and treatment discrimination - Treatment discrimination- may be steered to particular jobs deemed appropriate for people who are technically strong but have limited English skills. May be denied management jobs due to perceptions that lack leadership skills

Racism involves not just "individual acts of meanness"

but also "invisible systems of conferring racial dominance"

Initial employment discrimination

by English and northern Europeans against white ethic groups who arrived in US later - Irish, Italians, poles, Greeks, French, and Jews. Separation of white ethnic groups in occupations and housing

Another indicator-

disproportionate change in representation of whites in positions of power and status - White men's representation in these positions far exceeds their representation in the population

Disparities in EROI (educational return on investment)

in favor of White men compared to all others exists at every educational level

Entrance criteria for most refugees

is less strict than for regular immigrants refugees entering U.s with fewer skills, less education, and fewer assets which affects their future in U.S.

One of the advantages of being white

is that one badly behaving doesn't reflect on the entire race e.g. timothy McVeigh convicted of bombing us federal building in Oklahoma City Eric Rudolph responsible for 1996 Olympic park bombing in Atlanta These are both white young men, high profile cases - Didn't result in white young men as a group being widely believed to be terrorists

If dominant and in the majority group

less likely to be viewed as homogenous (all the same) - In group and out of group bias - In group heterogeneity (we understand the differences in our group) and out of group homogeneity (we view the group as all the same)

Research and whites and diversity

majority of research focused on experiences of whites - Management - Psychology - Sociology Numerical majority Relatively new area of research-race differences in experiences, outcomes, and opportunities

19th and 20th century laws

passed, and court decisions made about the rights and fate of American Indians in U.S. Different goals at different periods: Termination Assimilation Self-Determination- let's let them decide what they want 1924 Indian Citizenship Act - granted citizenship to Indians born in U.S. 1953 laws passed to terminate Indian Tribes caused more than 100 Indian Tribes to cease to be recognized Change in recent years to one of self-determination Rights of self-governance and decision making American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)

Income differences between white men and white women

reflect gender disparities present across racial and ethnic groups - For white men and white women of all educational levels, women's earnings are about 70-75% of men's - Consistent finding over recent decades although, the ratio changes slightly

Participation in the workforce:

very similar to whites -slightly more Asian American men employed than women - slightly less Asian American women employed than white women Concentrated in managerial and professional jobs - mangers, executives, administrators, physicians, nurses, lawyers, architects, engineers, scientists, and teachers. Represent 15% of the nation's physicians and surgeons. Only 5% of us. More likely to work in service jobs

Bi-modal distribution of education

very well educated or poorly educated

Population: significant trend

white population is declining as percentage of total US population - In 1790: white 81% Black 19% (90% being slaves) - In 1940:90% white - In 2008: 66% white (200 million people

Asian Americans

• One of the most understudied and diverse minority groups • Huge difference in culture, language, experiences, and background • Differences between recent immigrants and American born Asian American

What jobs did they do?

• They were willing to do anything; domestic work, fishing, agriculture, mining. Their work replaced what slaves did. • They were known for getting low pay and horrible, unsafe work conditions. Most known for their contribution to the Trans-continental railroad (goes east to west) • People thought they were taking jobs away from the whites (people were threatened and even lynched)